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A fully-revised and updated new edition of a concise and insightful socio-historical analysis of the Cuban revolution, and the course it took over five and a half decades. * Now available in a fully-revised second edition, including new material to add to the book's coverage of Cuba over the past decade under Raul Castro * All of the existing chapters have been updated to reflect recent scholarship * Balances social and historical insight into the revolution with economic and political analysis extending into the twenty-first century * Juxtaposes U.S. and Cuban perspectives on the historical impact of the revolution, engaging and debunking the myths and preconceptions surrounding one of the most formative political events of the twentieth century * Incorporates more student-friendly features such as a timeline and glossary
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Cover
Series page
Title page
Copyright page
Illustrations
Maps
Figures
Series Editor’s Preface
Acknowledgments
Timeline
Introduction
Talking about Freedom
Scholars Weigh In
Why Revolution?
Comparing Capitalism and Socialism
Latin American Attitudes
1 Cuba through 1959
Colonial History
The Colony in the Republic
Revolution: A War, or a Process?
2 Experiments with Socialism
Analyzing the Situation: Economic Backwardness
The 1960s: Experimentation and the Great Debate
The 1970s: Institutionalization and the Soviet Model
Cuba in the 1970s: How it Worked
1986: Rectification
How Democratic was Cuban Socialism?
3 Relations with the United States
The United States and Cuba
In their Own Words: U.S. Policymakers Respond to Revolution
Covert War: Up to the Bay of Pigs
Covert War: After the Bay of Pigs
The Missile Crisis
After the Missile Crisis
The War Continues
4 Emigration and Internationalism
Miami
Beyond Miami
Cuba’s Global Reach: Beyond the Cold War
Cuba and Black Internationalism
Cuba in Africa and Latin America
Civilian Aid Missions
5 Art, Culture, and Revolution
Literature
Film
Music
Sport
Dance
Food
Political Culture and Cultural Politics
6 Cuba Diversa
Race
Gender
Sexuality
Religion
7 The “Special Period”
1993–95: Rapid-Fire Reforms
Social Impact of the Market Reforms
Limits to Capitalism
Charting New Territory
Contradictions: Inequality and Jineterismo
Opting to Leave: The 1994 Exodus
Debate and its Limits during the 1990s
Debating Democracy
Limits to Debate
8 Cuba into the Twenty-First Century
From
Perfeccionamiento
to Recentralization
Disillusionment
Cuba after Fidel: A New Era?
Civil Society into the New Century
U.S. Policy: The Bush Era
Cuba, Venezuela, and the ALBA
Barack Obama and Raúl Castro: A New Relationship?
Analyzing the Changes
Conclusion
Glossary
Notes
Introduction
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
End User License Agreement
Introduction
Figure I.1 Billboard quoting José Martí: “Either Free Forever, or Forever Fighting to be Free.”
Chapter 01
Figure 1.1 Bust of Hatuey in the main plaza of Baracoa in eastern Cuba. “Hatuey: The First Rebel of America. Burned at the Stake in Yara, Baracoa.” Oriente Workers Lodge.
Figure 1.2 Print by Cuban artist Sandra Ramos, “Seremos como el Che” (We will be like Che).
Chapter 02
Figure 2.1 Literacy Museum in Ciudad Libertad outside of Havana, 2000.
Chapter 03
Figure 3.1 Billboard near Playa Girón. “Girón: First Defeat of Yankee Imperialism in Latin America.”
Chapter 05
Figure 5.1 ICAIC headquarters, Havana, 2008.
Chapter 07
Figure 7.1 A
bodega
in Havana, 2009.
Figure 7.2 A dollar store in Havana, 2008.
Figure 7.3 A farmers market in Havana, 2000.
Cover
Table of Contents
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Themes and Interpretations in Latin American History
Series editor: Jürgen Buchenau
The books in this series will introduce students to the most significant themes and topics in Latin American history. They represent a novel approach to designing supplementary texts for this growing market. Intended as supplementary textbooks, the books will also discuss the ways in which historians have interpreted these themes and topics, thus demonstrating to students that our understanding of our past is constantly changing, through the emergence of new sources, methodologies, and historical theories. Unlike monographs, the books in this series will be broad in scope and written in a style accessible to undergraduates.
A History of the Cuban Revolution, Second EditionAviva Chomsky
Bartolomé de las Casas and the Conquest of the AmericasLawrence A. Clayton
Beyond Borders: A History of Mexican Migration to the United StatesTimothy J. Henderson
The Last Caudillo: Alvaro Obregón and the Mexican RevolutionJürgen Buchenau
A Concise History of the Haitian RevolutionJeremy Popkin
Spaniards in the Colonial Empire: Creoles vs. Peninsulars?Mark A. Burkholder
Dictatorship in South AmericaJerry Dávila
Mothers Making Latin AmericaErin E. O’Connor
Second Edition
Aviva Chomsky
This edition first published 2015© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Edition history: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1e, 2011)
Registered OfficeJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
Editorial Offices350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UKThe Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.
The right of Aviva Chomsky to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.
Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Chomsky, Aviva, 1957–A history of the Cuban Revolution / Aviva Chomsky. – Second edition. pages cm Original edition published in 2011. Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-94228-4 (pbk.)1. Cuba–History–Revolution, 1959. 2. Cuba–History–Revolution, 1959–Influence. I. Title. F1788.C465 2015 972.9106′4–dc23
2014040325
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover image: José Fuster, Untitled, 2003. Reproduced by kind permission of the artist.Collection of Janine & Joseph Gonyea III, Photograph by Jonathan B. Smith.
Map 1
Cuba with major cities
Map 2
Cuba with respect to the Caribbean and the Americas
Figure I.1
Billboard quoting José Martí: “Either Free Forever, or Forever Fighting to be Free”
Figure 1.1
Bust of Hatuey in the main plaza of Baracoa in eastern Cuba. “Hatuey: The First Rebel of America. Burned at the Stake in Yara, Baracoa.” Oriente Workers Lodge
Figure 1.2
Print by Cuban artist Sandra Ramos, “Seremos como el Che” (We will be like Che)
Figure 2.1
Literacy Museum in Ciudad Libertad outside of Havana, 2000
Figure 3.1
Billboard near Playa Girón. “Girón: First Defeat of Yankee Imperialism in Latin America”
Figure 5.1
ICAIC headquarters, Havana, 2008
Figure 7.1
A
bodega
in Havana, 2009
Figure 7.2
A dollar store in Havana, 2008
Figure 7.3
A farmers’ market in Havana, 2000
Each book in the “Viewpoints/Puntos de Vista” series introduces students to a significant theme or topic in Latin American history. In an age in which student and faculty interest in the Global South increasingly challenges the old focus on the history of Europe and North America, Latin American history has assumed an increasingly prominent position in undergraduate curricula.
Some of these books discuss the ways in which historians have interpreted these themes and topics, thus demonstrating that our understanding of our past is constantly changing, through the emergence of new sources, methodologies, and historical theories. Others offer an introduction to a particular theme by means of a case study or biography in a manner easily understood by the contemporary, non-specialist reader. Yet others give an overview of a major theme that might serve as the foundation of an upper-level course.
What is common to all of these books is their goal of historical synthesis. They draw on the insights of generations of scholarship on the most enduring and fascinating issues in Latin American history, while also making use of primary sources as appropriate. Each book is written by a specialist in Latin American history who is concerned with undergraduate teaching, yet who has also made his or her mark as a first-rate scholar.
The books in this series can be used in a variety of ways, recognizing the differences in teaching conditions at small liberal arts colleges, large public universities, and research-oriented institutions with doctoral programs. Faculty have particular needs depending on whether they teach large lectures with discussion sections, small lecture or discussion-oriented classes, or large lectures with no discussion sections, and whether they teach on a semester or trimester system. The format adopted for this series fits all of these different parameters.
Now in its second edition, this volume was the inaugural book in the “Viewpoints/Puntos de Vista” series. In A History of the Cuban Revolution, Avi Chomsky provides a compelling and fascinating synthesis of the Cuban Revolution. Drawing on historical literature and primary sources from Cuba, Europe, and the United States, the author takes the reader on a historical tour, from the beginning of the revolution in the Sierra Maestra up to the present day. Along the way, Professor Chomsky covers the emergence of Fidel Castro’s rule, the dramatic confrontation with the United States that included the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis, before considering the revolution’s course and its social and cultural legacies. The first edition of Professor Chomsky’s text was a great success, and we are pleased to present a second edition. This new edition not only brings the story of the Cuban Revolution up to the present and adds a timeline and glossary, but it also updates Professor Chomsky’s analysis as a result of the input from students, faculty, and new scholarship that has appeared in the last five years.
Jürgen BuchenauUniversity of North Carolina, Charlotte
Many thanks to Peter Coveney and Jürgen Buchenau, who proposed this project to me and who have helped it along at every juncture. Several anonymous readers provided welcome suggestions for both the proposal and the manuscript. Thanks also to copyeditor Gail Ferguson and to my sister-in-law Amy Apel for indexing the book. Above all, I must thank Alfredo Prieto and his family. Alfredo has been my guide to Cuba and socio in Cuba-related intellectual and political endeavors over the past decade. Hundreds of hours of conversations in Havana, Maine, Massachusetts, and even Miami, have helped me better understand the complexities of Cuba’s past and present. Alfredo also served as editor extraordinaire for this manuscript, catching errors, reminding me of what I’d missed, and pushing me towards new discoveries. ¡Muchísimas gracias!
1493
Christopher Columbus lands in Cuba
1868
Grito de Yara sets off Ten Years’ War (beginning of struggle for independence)
1879
Guerra Chiquita (second phase of war of independence)
1886
Slavery abolished
1891
José Martí publishes “Our America”
1895
Cuban War of Independence renewed
1898
U.S. intervention/Spanish − Cuban − American War
1901
Constitution incorporates Platt Amendment
1902
U.S. withdrawal
1912
Massacre of Afro-Cubans
1920
CNOC founded; PCC founded
1923
FEU founded
1925
Gerardo Machado president
1933
Machado overthrown, Carlos Manuel de Céspedes installed, then replaced by Ramón Grau San Martín
1934
Constitution; Platt Amendment abrogated
1940
Fulgencio Batista president; 1940 Constitution
1947
Partido Ortodoxo founded
1952
Coup by Fulgencio Batista
1953
Failed attack on Moncada Barracks launches July 26th Movement
1958
Granma sails from Mexico to Cuba
1959
Cuban Revolution victorious; first Land Reform proclaimed; Casa de las Américas founded; ICAIC founded
1960
Urban Reform Law; CDRs established; FMC established; U.S. imposes economic embargo and travel ban
1961
Playa Girón (Bay of Pigs) invasion; literacy campaign; Fidel Castro declares Revolution socialist
1962
Missile Crisis
1963
First Cuban medical mission abroad, in Algeria
1965
UMAP established
1966
U.S. passes Cuban Adjustment Act
1970
Ten Million Ton harvest
1972
Cuba joins COMECON
1975
Partido Comunista de Cuba First Party Congress; U.S. Senate Committee (Church Committee) investigation of assassination plots against Fidel Castro; Cuba sends forces to Angola to help MPLA repel South African invasion; Family Code
1976
Constitution establishes Cuba as a socialist state
1977
Cuban troops support Ethiopia against Somalia
1980
Mariel Boatlift
1982
Foreign investment code
1986
Rectification campaign rolls back market openings
1989
Collapse of Soviet bloc leads to economic crisis
1991
Special Period in Time of Peace declared
1992
Constitutional Amendments allow foreign investment in joint ventures and declare Cuba a secular (rather than atheist) state; Torricelli Bill strengthens U.S. embargo
1993
Dollar legalized; UBPCs created to cooperativize state farms
1994
Farmers’ markets reinstituted; exodus of rafters
1995
Clinton implements Wet Foot, Dry Foot policy;
paladares
authorized
1996
Raúl Castro speech signals slowing of economic reforms; Helms-Burton Act strengthens U.S. embargo
1998
Cuba establishes Latin American Medical School; Pope John Paul II visits Cuba; Varela Project established; Hugo Chávez elected in Venezuela
2000
Exception to trade embargo allows U.S. agricultural exports to Cuba
2003
Convertible peso introduced; 75 dissidents arrested
2004
ALBA launched, beginning with petroleum-for-doctors exchange between Cuba and Venezuela
2006
Year of the Energy Revolution; Fidel Castro cedes presidency temporarily to his brother Raúl and steps down as First Secretary of the Communist Party
2008
National Assembly elects Raúl Castro President of Cuba
2009
Cuban authorities arrest USAID contractor Alan Gross
2010
Dissidents arrested in 2003 freed in accord brokered by Spain and Catholic Church; self-employment revitalized with new categories created and restrictions on size and employment of workers eased
2011
Sixth Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba elects Raúl Castro as First Secretary, approves
lineamientos
(guidelines) for economic and political reform; new housing law allows Cubans to buy and sell real estate
2013
New migration law allows Cubans to travel abroad without obtaining an exit visa
2014
Cubans permitted to purchase new, imported automobiles from state dealers
Map 1 Cuba with major cities.
Map 2 Cuba with respect to the Caribbean and the Americas.
Rarely does popular opinion in the United States diverge so strikingly from scholarly analysis as in the case of the Cuban Revolution.
It’s one of the few events in Latin American history that U.S. students have heard of. When I ask my students to come up with names of important figures in Latin American history, the only one that reliably emerges is that of Fidel Castro. And students are fairly unanimous in their opinions of Castro: “Dangerous,” “evil,” “bad,” and “dictator” are the words they most commonly come up with to describe him. Survey results show that my students’ positions are widely shared among the U.S. population: 98 percent of those surveyed in the United States had heard of Fidel Castro, and 82 percent had a negative opinion of him.1
Fidel Castro has certainly inspired his share of scholarly attention, including numerous biographies. Some are by historians. Some are by journalists. One is by a doctor. There is even a graphic novel recounting Fidel’s life. In a “spoken autobiography” the Cuban revolutionary recounted his own story of his life.
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!