THE METAMORPHOSIS
BY
FRANZ KAFKA
ABOUT KAFKA
Franz Kafka, born in 1883, in Prague, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was an enigmatic and profoundly influential figure in the world of 20th-century literature. His early life was marked by a complex relationship with his authoritarian father, Hermann Kafka, which profoundly influenced his writing.
Kafka received a rigorous education, first at the Deutsche Knabenschule and later at the Altstädter Deutsches Gymnasium, a rigorous academic high school. He went on to study law at the German University of Prague, graduating in 1906. Although he was a qualified lawyer, Kafka found his true passion in writing. He worked various jobs, including an insurance company, to support his literary pursuits.
Kafka's work is renowned for its exploration of themes like alienation, existential anxiety, and the surreal bureaucracies of modern life. His narratives often feature protagonists in bizarre, surreal situations that reflect the complex, often illogical nature of early 20th-century society.
His most well-known pieces are "The Metamorphosis," in which the protagonist, Gregor Samsa, awakens to find himself changed into a monstrous insect, and "The Trial," which tells the tale of a man who is detained and charged with a crime that neither he nor the reader can discover.
Kafka was largely unknown during his lifetime, and the majority of his works were published after his death, despite his enormous influence on literature. One of the main factors in Kafka's posthumous fame was his friend and literary executor, Max Brod, who went against Kafka's wishes to have his unpublished manuscripts destroyed and instead edited and published them.
Kafka was always in unstable health due to laryngeal tuberculosis. He passed away in Kierling, Austria, on June 3, 1924, as a result of this illness. He was laid to rest in Prague-Žižkov's New Jewish Cemetery.
Kafka's unique literary style and themes have inspired the term "Kafkaesque," used to describe situations reminiscent of his dystopian and absurd fictional universes. His influence extends beyond literature into the realms of philosophy, theatre, and film.
SUMMARY
"Metamorphosis" by Franz Kafka is a riveting and deeply symbolic novella that delves into the themes of isolation, identity, and the absurdity of human existence. The story opens with a startling event: Gregor Samsa, a traveling salesman, awakens one morning to find himself transformed into a gigantic insect. This inexplicable metamorphosis turns Gregor’s mundane life upside down.
As Gregor struggles to adapt to his new form, he grapples with feelings of alienation and despair, not only due to his physical transformation but also from the emotional distance of his family. They are unable to accept his new form, leading to a profound exploration of human relationships and the fragile nature of human compassion.
Kafka masterfully weaves a tale that is as much a surreal fantasy as it is a poignant commentary on the human condition. The narrative, rich in metaphor and existential angst, invites readers to contemplate the often Kafkaesque nature of society and the individual’s place within it.
"Metamorphosis" is brilliant because it manages to be both universal in its themes and specific in its strange circumstances. The story's emotional impact is heightened by Kafka's precise, unadorned writing style, which elevates it to the status of a timeless classic that appeals to readers all over the world. This novella is a profound meditation on the human experience, not just the tale of a man who transforms into an insect.
CHARACTERS LIST
In Franz Kafka's "Metamorphosis," the central characters form a small, intimate group, each playing a crucial role in the development of the story. Here is a list of the main characters:
Gregor Samsa: The protagonist, a traveling salesman who wakes up one morning to find himself transformed into a giant insect. His transformation sets the course of the story, exploring themes of alienation, identity, and the human condition.
Mr. Samsa: Gregor's father, who has a strained relationship with Gregor. After Gregor's transformation, Mr. Samsa becomes aggressive and hostile towards him, symbolizing the breakdown of familial bonds and societal rejection of the abnormal.
Mrs. Samsa: Gregor's mother, who is frail and emotionally unstable. She is torn between her love for Gregor and her horror at his transformation, reflecting the conflict between maternal instinct and social expectations.
Grete Samsa: Gregor's younger sister and the only family member initially sympathetic to his plight. She takes care of Gregor but eventually grows resentful and weary of the burden, symbolizing the limits of compassion and the impact of societal pressures on personal relationships.
The Office Manager: A representative from Gregor's workplace who comes to inquire about his absence. His reaction to Gregor’s condition underscores the inhumanity and impersonal nature of the modern work environment.
These characters collectively paint a picture of a typical middle-class family thrust into an extraordinary situation, exploring deep themes of existential angst, familial duty, and the alienating effects of modern life.
Contents
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 1
One morning, when Gregor Samsa woke from troubled dreams, he found himself transformed in his bed into a horrible vermin. He lay on his armour-like back, and if he lifted his head a little he could see his brown belly, slightly domed and divided by arches into stiff sections. The bedding was hardly able to cover it and seemed ready to slide off any moment. His many legs, pitifully thin compared with the size of the rest of him, waved about helplessly as he looked.
"What's happened to me?" he thought. It wasn't a dream. His room, a proper human room although a little too small, lay peacefully between its four familiar walls. A collection of textile samples lay spread out on the table - Samsa was a travelling salesman - and above it there hung a picture that he had recently cut out of an illustrated magazine and housed in a nice, gilded frame. It showed a lady fitted out with a fur hat and fur boa who sat upright, raising a heavy fur muff that covered the whole of her lower arm towards the viewer.
Gregor then turned to look out the window at the dull weather. Drops of rain could be heard hitting the pane, which made him feel quite sad. "How about if I sleep a little bit longer and forget all this nonsense", he thought, but that was something he was unable to do because he was used to sleeping on his right, and in his present state couldn't get into that position. However hard he threw himself onto his right, he always rolled back to where he was. He must have tried it a hundred times, shut his eyes so that he wouldn't have to look at the floundering legs, and only stopped when he began to feel a mild, dull pain there that he had never felt before.
"Oh, God", he thought, "what a strenuous career it is that I've chosen! Travelling day in and day out. Doing business like this takes much more effort than doing your own business at home, and on top of that there's the curse of travelling, worries about making train connections, bad and irregular food, contact with different people all the time so that you can never get to know anyone or become friendly with them. It can all go to Hell!" He felt a slight itch up on his belly; pushed himself slowly up on his back towards the headboard so that he could lift his head better; found where the itch was, and saw that it was covered with lots of little white spots which he didn't know what to make of; and when he tried to feel the place with one of his legs he drew it quickly back because as soon as he touched it he was overcome by a cold shudder.