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- Herausgeber: Booksell-Verlag
- Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
- Sprache: Englisch
- Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021
In "The Querist," philosopher George Berkeley embarks on a profound exploration of the nature of human knowledge and the foundations of belief. Written in a series of provocative questions, the text is a blend of philosophical inquiry and practical concern, reflecting Berkeley's commitment to empiricism and his critique of abstract reasoning. Rich in rhetorical flair, the work stands as a precursor to the later developments of subjective idealism, where Berkeley's distinctive voice challenges readers to reconsider the relationship between perception and reality, emphasizing the importance of community and social utility in understanding the world around us. George Berkeley (1685-1753), an influential Irish philosopher and bishop, is renowned for his innovative ideas that advanced the conversation on idealism and empiricism. His experiences in the intellectual environments of Dublin and later in the Anglican church illuminated his views on perception and existence. "The Querist" arose during a time of political and social unrest in Ireland, reflecting Berkeley's deep concern for the welfare of his countrymen and his desire to infuse philosophical discourse with practical relevance, which encapsulates his role as both a thinker and a public figure. This book is highly recommended for those interested in the history of philosophy, especially in discussions around empirical thought and idealism. Berkeley'Äôs engaging approach not only challenges preconceived notions of reality but also invites readers to examine their own beliefs critically. "The Querist" serves as a vital text for anyone seeking to understand the evolution of modern thought and the indispensable connection between philosophy and everyday life.
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The Querist
Table of Contents
PART IPART IIPART III
Part I
Query 1.
Whether there ever was, is, or will be, an industrious nation poor, or an idle rich?
2. Qu. Whether a people can be called poor, where the common sort are well fed, clothed, and lodged?
3. Qu. Whether the drift and aim of every wise State should not be, to encourage industry in its members? And whether those who employ neither heads nor hands for the common benefit deserve not to be expelled like drones out of a well-governed State?
4. Qu. Whether the four elements, and man's labour therein, be not the true source of wealth?
5. Qu. Whether money be not only so far useful, as it stirreth up industry, enabling men mutually to participate the fruits of each other's labour?
6. Qu. Whether any other means, equally conducing to excite and circulate the industry of mankind, may not be as useful as money.
7. Qu. Whether the real end and aim of men be not power? And whether he who could have everything else at his wish or will would value money?
8. Qu. Whether the public aim in every well-govern'd State be not that each member, according to his just pretensions and industry, should have power?
9. Qu. Whether power be not referred to action; and whether action doth not follow appetite or will?
10. Qu. Whether fashion doth not create appetites; and whether the prevailing will of a nation is not the fashion?
11. Qu. Whether the current of industry and commerce be not determined by this prevailing will?
12. Qu. Whether it be not owing to custom that the fashions are agreeable?
13. Qu. Whether it may not concern the wisdom of the legislature to interpose in the making of fashions; and not leave an affair of so great influence to the management of women and fops, tailors and vintners?
14. Qu. Whether reasonable fashions are a greater restraint on freedom than those which are unreasonable?
15. Qu. Whether a general good taste in a people would not greatly conduce to their thriving? And whether an uneducated gentry be not the greatest of national evils?
16. Qu. Whether customs and fashions do not supply the place of reason in the vulgar of all ranks? Whether, therefore, it doth not very much import that they should be wisely framed?
17. Qu. Whether the imitating those neighbours in our fashions, to whom we bear no likeness in our circumstances, be not one cause of distress to this nation?
18. Qu. Whether frugal fashions in the upper rank, and comfortable living in the lower, be not the means to multiply inhabitants?
19. Qu. Whether the bulk of our Irish natives are not kept from thriving, by that cynical content in dirt and beggary which they possess to a degree beyond any other people in Christendom?
20. Qu. Whether the creating of wants be not the likeliest way to produce industry in a people? And whether, if our peasants were accustomed to eat beef and wear shoes, they would not be more industrious?
21. Qu. Whether other things being given, as climate, soil, etc., the wealth be not proportioned to the industry, and this to the circulation of credit, be the credit circulated or transferred by what marks or tokens soever?
22. Qu. Whether, therefore, less money swiftly circulating, be not, in effect, equivalent to more money slowly circulating? Or, whether, if the circulation be reciprocally as the quantity of coin, the nation can be a loser?
23. Qu. Whether money is to be considered as having an intrinsic value, or as being a commodity, a standard, a measure, or a pledge, as is variously suggested by writers? And whether the true idea of money, as such, be not altogether that of a ticket or counter?
24. Qu. Whether the value or price of things be not a compounded proportion, directly as the demand, and reciprocally as the plenty?
25. Qu. Whether the terms crown, livre, pound sterling, etc., are not to be considered as exponents or denominations of such proportion? And whether gold, silver, and paper are not tickets or counters for reckoning, recording, and transferring thereof?
26. Qu. Whether the denominations being retained, although the bullion were gone, things might not nevertheless be rated, bought, and sold, industry promoted, and a circulation of commerce maintained?
27. Qu. Whether an equal raising of all sorts of gold, silver, and copper coin can have any effect in bringing money into the kingdom? And whether altering the proportions between the kingdom several sorts can have any other effect but multiplying one kind and lessening another, without any increase of the sum total?
28. Qu. Whether arbitrary changing the denomination of coin be not a public cheat?
29. Qu. Whether, nevertheless, the damage would be very considerable, if by degrees our money were brought back to the English value there to rest for ever?
30. Qu. Whether the English crown did not formerly pass with us for six shillings? And what inconvenience ensued to the public upon its reduction to the present value, and whether what hath been may not be?
31. Qu. What makes a wealthy people? Whether mines of gold and silver are capable of doing this? And whether the negroes, amidst the gold sands of Afric, are not poor and destitute?
32. Qu. Whether there be any vertue in gold or silver, other than as they set people at work, or create industry?
33. Qu. Whether it be not the opinion or will of the people, exciting them to industry, that truly enricheth a nation? And whether this doth not principally depend on the means for counting, transferring, and preserving power, that is, property of all kinds?
34. Qu. Whether if there was no silver or gold in the kingdom, our trade might not, nevertheless, supply bills of exchange, sufficient to answer the demands of absentees in England or elsewhere?
35. Qu. Whether current bank notes may not be deemed money? And whether they are not actually the greater part of the money of this kingdom?
36. Qu. Provided the wheels move, whether it is not the same thing, as to the effect of the machine, be this done by the force of wind, or water, or animals?
37. Qu. Whether power to command the industry of others be not real wealth? And whether money be not in truth tickets or tokens for conveying and recording such power, and whether it be of great consequence what materials the tickets are made of?
38. Qu. Whether trade, either foreign or domestic, be in truth any more than this commerce of industry?
39. Qu. Whether to promote, transfer, and secure this commerce, and this property in human labour, or, in other words, this power, be not the sole means of enriching a people, and how far this may be done independently of gold and silver?
40. Qu. Whether it were not wrong to suppose land itself to be wealth? And whether the industry of the people is not first to be consider'd, as that which constitutes wealth, which makes even land and silver to be wealth, neither of which would have, any value but as means and motives to industry?
41. Qu. Whether in the wastes of America a man might not possess twenty miles square of land, and yet want his dinner, or a coat to his back?
42. Qu. Whether a fertile land, and the industry of its inhabitants, would not prove inexhaustible funds of real wealth, be the counters for conveying and recording thereof what you will, paper, gold, or silver?
43. Qu. Whether a single hint be sufficient to overcome a prejudice? And whether even obvious truths will not sometimes bear repeating?
44. Qu. Whether, if human labour be the true source of wealth, it doth not follow that idleness should of all things be discouraged in a wise State?
45. Qu. Whether even gold or silver, if they should lessen the industry of its inhabitants, would not be ruinous to a country? And whether Spain be not an instance of this?
46. Qu. Whether the opinion of men, and their industry consequent thereupon, be not the true wealth of Holland and not the silver supposed to be deposited in the bank at Amsterdam?
47. Qu. Whether there is in truth any such treasure lying dead? And whether it be of great consequence to the public that it should be real rather than notional?
48. Qu. Whether in order to understand the true nature of wealth and commerce, it would not be right to consider a ship's crew cast upon a desert island, and by degrees forming themselves to business and civil life, while industry begot credit, and credit moved to industry?
49. Qu. Whether such men would not all set themselves to work? Whether they would not subsist by the mutual participation of each other's industry? Whether, when one man had in his way procured more than he could consume, he would not exchange his superfluities to supply his wants? Whether this must not produce credit? Whether, to facilitate these conveyances, to record and circulate this credit, they would not soon agree on certain tallies, tokens, tickets, or counters?
50. Qu. Whether reflection in the better sort might not soon remedy our evils? And whether our real defect be not a wrong way of thinking?
51. Qu. Whether it would not be an unhappy turn in our gentlemen, if they should take more thought to create an interest to themselves in this or that county, or borough, than to promote the real interest of their country?
52. Qu. Whether it be not a bull to call that making an interest, whereby a man spendeth much and gaineth nothing?
53. Qu. Whether if a man builds a house he doth not in the first place provide a plan which governs his work? And shall the pubic act without an end, a view, a plan?
54. Qu. Whether by how much the less particular folk think for themselves, the public be not so much the more obliged to think for them?
55. Qu. Whether cunning be not one thing and good sense another? and whether a cunning tradesman doth not stand in his own light?
56. Qu. Whether small gains be not the way to great profit? And if our tradesmen are beggars, whether they may not thank themselves for it?
57. Qu. Whether some way might not be found for making criminals useful in public works, instead of sending them either to America, or to the other world?
58. Qu. Whether we may not, as well as other nations, contrive employment for them? And whether servitude, chains, and hard labour, for a term of years, would not be a more discouraging as well as a more adequate punishment for felons than even death itself?
59. Qu. Whether there are not such things in Holland as bettering houses for bringing young gentlemen to order? And whether such an institution would be useless among us?
60. Qu. Whether it be true that the poor in Holland have no resource but their own labour, and yet there are no beggars in their streets?
61. Qu. Whether he whose luxury consumeth foreign products, and whose industry produceth nothing domestic to exchange for them, is not so far forth injurious to his country?
