The Works of Sir Isaac Newton E-Book

Isaac Newton

• Herausgeber: PergamonMedia
• Kategorie: Gesellschafts- und Liebesromane
• Serie: Highlights of World Literature
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Seitenzahl: 2017

Beschreibung

This comprehensive eBook presents the complete works or all the significant works - the Œuvre - of this famous and brilliant writer in one ebook - easy-to-read and easy-to-navigate: • Opticks • Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John • The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

OPTICKS:

OR, A TREATISE OF THE Reflections, Refractions, Inflections and Colours OF LIGHT.

The Fourth Edition, corrected.

By Sir ISAAC NEWTON, Knt.

SIR ISAAC NEWTON'S ADVERTISEMENTS

THE FIRST BOOK OF OPTICKS

PART I.

DEFINITIONS

DEFIN. I.

DEFIN. II.

DEFIN. III.

DEFIN. IV.

DEFIN. V.

DEFIN. VI.

DEFIN. VII

DEFIN. VIII.

AXIOMS.

AX. I.

AX. II.

AX. III.

AX. IV.

AX. V.

AX. VI.

AX. VII.

AX. VIII.

FOOTNOTES:

PROPOSITIONS.

PROP. I. Theor. I.

PROP. II. Theor. II.

PROP. III. Theor. III.

PROP. IV. Prob. I.

PROP. V. Theor. IV.

PROP. VI. Theor. V.

PROP. VII. Theor. VI.

PROP. VIII. Prob. II.

FOOTNOTES:

THE FIRST BOOK OF OPTICKS

PART II.

PROP. I. Theor. I.

PROP. II. Theor. II.

DEFINITION.

PROP. III. Prob. I.

PROP. IV. Theor. III.

PROP. V. Theor. IV.

PROP. VI. Prob. II.

PROP. VII. Theor. V.

PROP. VIII. Prob. III.

PROP. IX. Prob. IV.

PROP. X. Prob. V.

PROP. XI. Prob. VI.

FOOTNOTES:

THE

SECOND BOOKOFOPTICKS

PART I.

Observations concerning the Reflexions, Refractions, and Colours of thin transparent Bodies.

THE

SECOND BOOK

OF

OPTICKS

PART II.

Remarks upon the foregoing Observations.

The thickness of colour'd Plates and Particles of

THE

SECOND BOOKOFOPTICKS

PART III.

Of the permanent Colours of natural Bodies, and the Analogy between them and the Colours of thin transparent Plates.

Prop. I.

Prop. II.

Prop. III.

Prop. IV.

Prop. V.

Prop. VI.

Prop. VII.

Prop. VIII.

Prop. IX.

Prop. X.

Prop. XI.

Prop. XII.

DEFINITION.

Prop. XIII.

Prop. XIV.

Prop. XV.

Prop. XVI.

Prop. XVII.

Prop. XVIII.

Prop. XIX.

Prop. XX.

THESECOND BOOKOFOPTICKS

PART IV.

THE

THIRD BOOK

OF

OPTICKS

PART I.

THE CHRONOLOGY OF ANCIENT KINGDOMS AMENDED.

By Sir ISAAC NEWTON.

LONDON:

MDCCXXVIII.

TO THEQUEEN.MADAM,

THE CONTENTS.

Advertisement.

A SHORT

CHRONICLE

The INTRODUCTION.

A SHORT

CHRONICLE

THE

CHRONOLOGY

OF ANCIENT KINGDOMS AMENDED.

CHAP. I.

Of the Chronology of the First Ages of the Greeks.

CHAP. II

Of the Empire of Egypt.

CHAP. III.

Of the ASSYRIAN Empire.

CHAP. IV.

Of the two Contemporary Empires of the Babylonians and Medes.

CHAP. V.

A Description of the TEMPLE of Solomon.

Ezekiel chap. xl. ver. 5, &c.

A Description of THE TEMPLE OF SOLOMON

A Description of the Inner Court & Buildings for the Priests in Solomons Temple.

A Particular Description of one of the Gates of the Peoples Court, with part of the Cloyster adjoyning.

CHAP. VI.

Of the Empire of the Persians.

FINIS.

Notes.

OBSERVATIONS upon the PROPHECIES of DANIEL, and the APOCALYPSE of St. JOHN.

In Two PARTS.

By Sir ISAAC NEWTON.

LONDON,

M.DCC.XXXIII.

P E T E R

Lord K I N G,

Baron of Ockham, Lord High Chancellor of Great-Britain.

CONTENTS.

PART I.

PART II.

PART I.

OBSERVATIONS upon the PROPHECIES of DANIEL.

OBSERVATIONS

UPON THE

Prophecies of DANIEL

CHAP. I.

Notes to Chap. I.

CHAP. II.

CHAP. III.

Notes to Chap. III.

CHAP. IV.

Notes to Chap. IV.

CHAP. V.

Notes to Chap. V.

CHAP. VI.

Notes to Chap. VI.

CHAP. VII.

Notes to Chap. VII.

CHAP. VIII.

Notes to Chap. VIII.

CHAP. IX.

Notes to Chap. IX.

CHAP. X.

Notes to Chap. X.

CHAP. XI.

Notes to Chap. XI.

CHAP. XII.

Notes to Chap. XII.

CHAP. XIII.

Notes to Chap. XIII.

CHAP. XIV.

Notes to Chap. XIV.

The end of the first Part.

PART II.

OBSERVATIONS upon the APOCALYPSE of St. JOHN.

CHAP. I.

Notes to Chap. I.

CHAP. II.

Notes to Chap. II.

CHAP. III.

Notes to Chap. III.

THE END.

Advertisement.

FINIS.

PHILOSOPHIÆNATURALISPRINCIPIA

MATHEMATICA

IMPRIMATUR.

S. PEPYS, Reg. Soc. PRÆSES.

LONDINI,

ILLUSTRISSIMÆ

SOCIETATI REGALI

REGE CAROLO II.

AD

PHILOSOPHIAM PROMOVENDAM

FUNDATÆ,

ET AUSPICIIS

POTENTISSIMI MONARCHÆ

JACOBI II.

FLORENTI.

Tractatum hunc humillime D.D.D.

IS. NEWTON.

PRÆFATIO

AD

LECTOREM.

IN

VIRI PRÆSTANTISSIMI

D. ISAACI NEWTONI

OPUS HOCCE

MATHEMATICO-PHYSICUM

PHILOSOPHIÆ

NATURALIS

Principia

MATHEMATICA.

Definitiones.

Def. I.

Def. II.

Def. III.

Def. IV.

Def. V.

Def. VI.

Def. VII.

Def. VIII.

Scholium.

AXIOMATA

SIVE

LEGES MOTUS

Lex. I.

Lex. II.

Lex. III.

Corol. I.

Corol. II.

Corol. III.

Corol. IIII.

Corol. V.

Corol. VI.

Scholium

DE MOTU CORPORUM

Liber PRIMUS

SECT. I.

LEMMA I.

Lemma II.

Lemma III.

Lemma IV.

Lemma V.

Lemma VI.

Lemma VII.

Lemma VIII.

Lemma IX.

Lemma X.

Lemma XI.

Scholium.

SECT. II.

Prop. I. Theorema. I.

Pro. II. Theor. II.

Scholium.

Prop. III. Theor. III.

Scholium

Prop. IV. Theor. IV.

Scholium.

Prop. V. Prob. I.

Pro. VI. Theor. V.

Prop. VII. Prob. II.

Prop. VIII. Prob. III.

Scholium.

Prop. IX. Prob. IV.

Lemma XII.

Prop. X. Prob. V.

Scholium.

SECT. III.

Prop. XI. Prob. VI.

Prop. XII. Prob. VII.

Lemma XIII.

Lemma XIV.

Prop. XIII. Prob. VIII.

Prop. XIV. Theor. VI.

Prop. XV. Theor. VII.

Prop. XVI. Theor. VIII.

Prop. XVII. Prob. IX.

SECT. IV.

Lemma XV.

Prop. XVIII. Prob. X.

Prop. XIX. Prob. XI.

Prop. XX. Prob. XII.

Lemma XVI.

Prop. XXI. Prob. XIII.

Scholium.

SECT. V.

Lemma XVII.

Lemma XVIII.

Scholium.

Lemma XIX.

Lemma XX.

Lemma XXI.

Prop. XXII. Prob. XIV.

Idem aliter.

Schol.

Prop. XXIII. Prob. XV.

Idem aliter.

Prop. XXIV. Prob. XVI.

Lemma XXII.

Prop. XXV. Prob. XVII.

Prop. XXVI. Prob. XVIII.

Lemma XXIII.

Lemma XXIV.

Lemma XXV.

Prop. XXVII. Prob. XIX.

Schol.

Lemma XXVI.

Prop. XXVIII. Prob. XX.

Lemma XXVII.

Prop. XXIX. Prob. XIX.

Scholium.

SECT. VI.

Prop. XXX. Prob. XXII.

Lemma XXVIII.

Corollarium.

Prop. XXXI. Prob. XXIII.

Scholium.

SECT. VII.

Prop. XXXII. Prob. XXIV.

Prop. XXXIII. Theor. IX.

Prop. XXXIV. Theor. X.

Prop. XXXV. Theor. XI.

Prop. XXXVI. Prob. XXV.

Prop. XXXVII. Prob. XXVI.

Prop. XXXVIII. Theor. XII.

Prop. XXXIX. Prob. XXVII.

SECT. VIII.

Prop. XL. Theor. XIII.

Prop. XLI. Prob. XXVIII.

Prop. XLII. Prob. XXIX.

SECT. IX.

Prop. XLIII. Prob. XXX.

Prop. XLIV. Theor. XIV.

Prop. XLV. Prob. XXXI.

SECT. X.

Prop. XLVI. Prob. XXXII.

Prop. XLVII. Theor. XV.

Scholium.

Prop. XLVIII. Theor. XVI.

Prop. XLIX. Theor. XVII.

Prop. L. Prob. XXXIII.

Prop. LI. Theor. XVIII.

Prop. LII. Prob. XXXIV.

Prop. LIII. Prob. XXXV.

Prop. LIV. Prob. XXXVI.

Prop. LV. Theor. XIX.

Prop. LVI. Prob. XXXVII.

SECT. XI.

Prop. LVII. Theor. XX.

Prop. LVIII. Theor. XXI.

Prop. LIX. Theor. XXII.

Prop. LX. Theor. XXIII.

Prop. LXI. Theor. XXIV.

Prop. LXII. Prob. XXXVIII.

Prop. LXIII. Prob. XXXIX.

Prop. LXIV. Prob. XL.

Prop. LXV. Theor. XXV.

Prop. LXVI. Theor. XXVI.

Prop. LXVII. Theor. XXVII.

Prop. LXVIII. Theor. XXVIII.

Prop. LXIX. Theor. XXIX.

Scholium.

SECT. XII.

Prop. LXX. Theor. XXX.

Prop. LXXI. Theor. XXXI.

Prop. LXXII. Theor. XXXII.

Prop. LXXIII. Theor. XXXIII.

Scholium.

Prop. LXXIV. Theor. XXXIV.

Prop. LXXV. Theor. XXXV.

Prop. LXXVI. Theor. XXXVI.

Prop. LXXVII. Theor. XXXVII.

Prop. LXXVIII. Theor. XXXVIII.

Scholium.

Lemma XXIX.

Prop. LXXIX. Theor. XXXIX.

Prop. LXXX. Theor. XL.

Prop. LXXXI. Prob. XLI.

Prop. LXXXII. Theor. XLI.

Prop. LXXXIII. Prob. XLII.

Prop. LXXXIV. Prob. XLIII.

Scholium.

SECT. XIII.

Prop. LXXXV. Theor. XLII.

Prop. LXXXVI. Theor. XLIII.

Prop. LXXXVII. Theor. XLIV.

Prop. LXXXVIII. Theor. XLV.

Prop. LXXXIX. Theor. XLVI.

Prop. XC. Prob. XLIV.

Prop. XCI. Prob. XLV.

Prop. XCII. Prob. XLVI.

Prop. XCIII. Theor. XLVII.

Scholium.

SECT. XIV.

Prop. XCIV. Theor. XLVIII.

Prop. XCV. Theor. XLIX.

Prop. XCVI. Theor. L.

Scholium.

Prop. XCVII. Prob. XLVII.

Prop. XCVIII. Prob. XLVIII.

Scholium.

DE MOTU CORPORUM

Liber SECUNDUS

SECT. I.

Prop. I. Theor. I.

Lemma I.

Prop. II. Theor. II.

Prop. III. Prob. I.

Prop. IV. Prob. II.

Scholium.

SECT. II.

Prop. V. Theor. III.

Prop. VI. Theor. IV.

Prop. VII. Theor. V.

Lemma II.

Scholium.

Prop. VIII. Theor. VI.

Prop. IX. Theor. VII.

Prop. X. Prob. III.

Scholium.

SECT. III.

Prop. XI. Theor. VIII.

Prop. XII. Theor. IX.

Prop. XIII. Theor. X.

Prop. XIV. Prob. IV.

SECT. IV.

LEM. III.

Prop. XV. Theor. XI.

Prop. XVI. Theor. XII.

Scholium.

Prop. XVII. Prob. V.

Prop. XVIII. Prob. VI.

SECT. V.

Definitio Fluidi.

Prop. XIX. Theor. XIII.

Prop. XX. Theor. XIV.

Prop. XXI. Theor. XV.

Prop. XXII. Theor. XVI.

Scholium.

Prop. XXIII. Theor. XVII.

Scholium.

SECT. VI.

Prop. XXIV. Theor. XVIII.

Prop. XXV. Theor. XIX.

Prop. XXVI. Theor. XX.

Prop. XXVII. Theor. XXI.

Prop. XXVIII. Theor. XXII.

Prop. XXIX. Prob. VII.

Prop. XXX. Theor. XXIII.

Prop. XXXI. Theor. XXIV.

SECT. VII.

Prop. XXXII. Theor. XXV.

Prop. XXXIII. Theor. XXVI.

Prop. XXXIV. Theor. XXVII.

Prop. XXXV. Theor. XXVIII.

Scholium.

Prop. XXXVI. Prob. VIII.

Prop. XXXVII. Prob. IX.

Prop. XXXVIII. Theor. XXIX.

Lemma IV.

Prop. XXXIX. Theor. XXX.

Prop. XL. Prob. X.

Scholium Generale.

SECT. VIII.

Prop. XLI. Theor. XXXI.

Prop. XLII. Theor. XXXII.

Prop. XLIII. Theor. XXXIII.

Prop. XLIV. Theor. XXXIV.

Prop. XLV. Theor. XXXV.

Prop. XLVI. Prob. XI.

Prop. XLVII. Theor. XXXVI.

Prop. XLVIII. Theor. XXXVII.

Prop. XLIX. Prob. XII.

Prop. L. Prob. XIII.

Schol.

SECT. IX.

Hypothesis.

Prop. LI. Theor. XXXVIII.

Prop. LII. Theor. XXXIX.

Scholium.

Prop. LIII. Theor. XL.

Scholium.

De Mundi Systemate

LIBER TERTIUS

HYPOTHESES.

Satellitum tempora periodica.

Distantiæ Satellitum à centro Jovis.

Planetarum ac Telluris Distantiæ mediocres à Sole.

Prop. I. Theor. I.

Prop. II. Theor. II.

Prop. III. Theor. III.

Prop. IV. Theor. IV.

Prop. V. Theor. V.

Prop. VI. Theor. VI.

Prop. VII. Theor. VII.

Prop. VIII. Theor. VIII.

Prop. IX. Theor. IX.

Prop. X. Theor. X.

Prop. XI. Theor. XI.

Prop. XII. Theor. XII.

Prop. XIII. Theor. XIII.

Prop. XIV. Theor. XIV.

Prop. XV. Theor. XV.

Prop. XVI. Prob. I.

Prop. XVII. Theor. XVI.

Prop. XVIII. Theor. XVII.

Prop. XIX. Prob. II.

Prop. XX. Prob. III.

Prop. XXI. Theor. XVIII.

Prop. XXII. Theor. XIX.

Prop. XXIII. Prob. IV.

Prop. XXIV. Theor. XX.

Prop. XXV. Prob. V.

Prop. XXVI. Prob. VI.

Prop. XXVII. Prob. VII.

Prop. XXVIII. Prob. VIII.

Prop. XXIX. Prob. IX.

Prop. XXX. Prob. X.

Prop. XXXI. Prob. XI.

Prop. XXXII. Prob. XII.

Prop. XXXIII. Prob. XIII.

Prop. XXXIV. Prob. XIV.

Prop. XXXV. Prob. XV.

Scholium.

Prop. XXXVI. Prob. XVI.

Prop. XXXVII. Prob. XVII.

Prop. XXXVIII. Prob. XVIII.

Lemma I.

Lemma II.

Lemma III.

Prop. XXXIX. Prob. XIX.

Lemma IV.

Prop. XL. Theor. XXI.

Lemma V.

Lemma VI.

Lemma VII.

Lemma VIII.

Lemma IX.

Lemma X.

Lemma XI.

Prop. XLI. Prob. XX.

Exemplum.

Prop. XLII. Prob. XXI.

FINIS.

OPTICKS:

OR,ATREATISEOF THEReflections,Refractions,InflectionsandColoursOFLIGHT.

TheFourth Edition, corrected.

By Sir ISAAC NEWTON, Knt.

LONDON: Printed for William Innys at the West-End of St. Paul's. Mdccxxx. TITLE PAGE OF THE 1730 EDITION

SIR ISAAC NEWTON'S ADVERTISEMENTS

Advertisement I

Part of the ensuing Discourse about Light was written at the Desire of some Gentlemen of the Royal-Society, in the Year 1675, and then sent to their Secretary, and read at their Meetings, and the rest was added about twelve Years after to complete the Theory; except the third Book, and the last Proposition of the Second, which were since put together out of scatter'd Papers. To avoid being engaged in Disputes about these Matters, I have hitherto delayed the printing, and should still have delayed it, had not the Importunity of Friends prevailed upon me. If any other Papers writ on this Subject are got out of my Hands they are imperfect, and were perhaps written before I had tried all the Experiments here set down, and fully satisfied my self about the Laws of Refractions and Composition of Colours. I have here publish'd what I think proper to come abroad, wishing that it may not be translated into another Language without my Consent.

The Crowns of Colours, which sometimes appear about the Sun and Moon, I have endeavoured to give an Account of; but for want of sufficient Observations leave that Matter to be farther examined. The Subject of the Third Book I have also left imperfect, not having tried all the Experiments which I intended when I was about these Matters, nor repeated some of those which I did try, until I had satisfied my self about all their Circumstances. To communicate what I have tried, and leave the rest to others for farther Enquiry, is all my Design in publishing these Papers.

In a Letter written to Mr. Leibnitz in the year 1679, and published by Dr. Wallis, I mention'd a Method by which I had found some general Theorems about squaring Curvilinear Figures, or comparing them with the Conic Sections, or other the simplest Figures with which they may be compared. And some Years ago I lent out a Manuscript containing such Theorems, and having since met with some Things copied out of it, I have on this Occasion made it publick, prefixing to it an Introduction, and subjoining a Scholium concerning that Method. And I have joined with it another small Tract concerning the Curvilinear Figures of the Second Kind, which was also written many Years ago, and made known to some Friends, who have solicited the making it publick.

I. N.

April 1, 1704.

Advertisement II

In this Second Edition of these Opticks I have omitted the Mathematical Tracts publish'd at the End of the former Edition, as not belonging to the Subject. And at the End of the Third Book I have added some Questions. And to shew that I do not take Gravity for an essential Property of Bodies, I have added one Question concerning its Cause, chusing to propose it by way of a Question, because I am not yet satisfied about it for want of Experiments.

I. N.

July 16, 1717.

Advertisement to this Fourth Edition

This new Edition of Sir Isaac Newton's Opticks is carefully printed from the Third Edition, as it was corrected by the Author's own Hand, and left before his Death with the Bookseller. Since Sir Isaac's Lectiones Opticæ, which he publickly read in the University of Cambridge in the Years 1669, 1670, and 1671, are lately printed, it has been thought proper to make at the bottom of the Pages several Citations from thence, where may be found the Demonstrations, which the Author omitted in these Opticks.

THE FIRST BOOK OF OPTICKS

PART I.

My Design in this Book is not to explain the Properties of Light by Hypotheses, but to propose and prove them by Reason and Experiments: In order to which I shall premise the following Definitions and Axioms.

DEFINITIONS

DEFIN. I.

By the Rays of Light I understand its least Parts, and those as well Successive in the same Lines, as Contemporary in several Lines. For it is manifest that Light consists of Parts, both Successive and Contemporary; because in the same place you may stop that which comes one moment, and let pass that which comes presently after; and in the same time you may stop it in any one place, and let it pass in any other. For that part of Light which is stopp'd cannot be the same with that which is let pass. The least Light or part of Light, which may be stopp'd alone without the rest of the Light, or propagated alone, or do or suffer any thing alone, which the rest of the Light doth not or suffers not, I call a Ray of Light.

DEFIN. II.

Refrangibility of the Rays of Light, is their Disposition to be refracted or turned out of their Way in passing out of one transparent Body or Medium into another. And a greater or less Refrangibility of Rays, is their Disposition to be turned more or less out of their Way in like Incidences on the same Medium. Mathematicians usually consider the Rays of Light to be Lines reaching from the luminous Body to the Body illuminated, and the refraction of those Rays to be the bending or breaking of those lines in their passing out of one Medium into another. And thus may Rays and Refractions be considered, if Light be propagated in an instant. But by an Argument taken from the Æquations of the times of the Eclipses of Jupiter's Satellites, it seems that Light is propagated in time, spending in its passage from the Sun to us about seven Minutes of time: And therefore I have chosen to define Rays and Refractions in such general terms as may agree to Light in both cases.

DEFIN. III.

Reflexibility of Rays, is their Disposition to be reflected or turned back into the same Medium from any other Medium upon whose Surface they fall. And Rays are more or less reflexible, which are turned back more or less easily. As if Light pass out of a Glass into Air, and by being inclined more and more to the common Surface of the Glass and Air, begins at length to be totally reflected by that Surface; those sorts of Rays which at like Incidences are reflected most copiously, or by inclining the Rays begin soonest to be totally reflected, are most reflexible.

DEFIN. IV.

The Angle of Incidence is that Angle, which the Line described by the incident Ray contains with the Perpendicular to the reflecting or refracting Surface at the Point of Incidence.

DEFIN. V.

The Angle of Reflexion or Refraction, is the Angle which the line described by the reflected or refracted Ray containeth with the Perpendicular to the reflecting or refracting Surface at the Point of Incidence.

DEFIN. VI.

The Sines of Incidence, Reflexion, and Refraction, are the Sines of the Angles of Incidence, Reflexion, and Refraction.

DEFIN. VII

The Light whose Rays are all alike Refrangible, I call Simple, Homogeneal and Similar; and that whose Rays are some more Refrangible than others, I call Compound, Heterogeneal and Dissimilar. The former Light I call Homogeneal, not because I would affirm it so in all respects, but because the Rays which agree in Refrangibility, agree at least in all those their other Properties which I consider in the following Discourse.

DEFIN. VIII.

The Colours of Homogeneal Lights, I call Primary, Homogeneal and Simple; and those of Heterogeneal Lights, Heterogeneal and Compound. For these are always compounded of the colours of Homogeneal Lights; as will appear in the following Discourse.

AXIOMS.

AX. I.