Understanding Additives E-Book

Bodo Müller

• Herausgeber: Vincentz Network
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2019

Seitenzahl: 206

Beschreibung

This book covers everything about the mode of action, application and possible side effects of the most important coatings additives - in a single volume, presented in a textbook style. It reflects the needs of practical work - thus it enables the reader to rapidly gain a solid grounding in these critical, yet complex constituents of all paint formulations. It provides both an overview and in-depth basic knowledge of the most important classes of additives. The various types of damage eliminated or prevented by additives are vividly illustrated with colour photos. An indispensable companion for formulators!

Leseprobe

Bodo Müller

Understanding Additives

2nd Revised Edition

Cover: kwanchaift – AdobeStock.com

Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Bibliothek

Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen

Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.

Bodo Müller

Understanding Additives, 2nd Revised Edition

Hanover: Vincentz Network, 2019

European Coatings Library

ISBN 3-7486-0167-0

E-Book ISBN 978-3-7486-0168-5

© 2019 Vincentz Network GmbH & Co. KG, Hanover

Vincentz Network, Plathnerstr. 4c, 30175 Hanover, Germany

This work is copyrighted, including the individual contributions and figures.

Any usage outside the strict limits of copyright law without the consent of the publisher is prohibited and punishable by law. This especially pertains to reproduction, translation, microfilming and the storage and processing in electronic systems.

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Layout: Vincentz Network, Hanover, Germany

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European Coatings Library

Bodo Müller

Understanding Additives

2nd Revised Edition

Bodo Müller: Understanding Additives, 2nd Revised Edition

© Copyright 2019 by Vincentz Network, Hanover, Germany

Foreword

The author was not surprised by the success of the first edition, as there had not been a comparable textbook on the market that provided detailed explanations of paint additives. The author has therefore gladly taken on the task of revising and updating the first edition. To this end, he has eliminated errors, added several new figures and the completely new Chapter 11.

Additives are substances which are added to a coating composition in small amounts (commonly less than one percent) to alter the properties of a liquid paint or the resultant solid coating in a particular direction. For example, one property of a liquid paint is its ease of application, which can be influenced by rheological additives (e.g. sag control agents). One property of solid coatings is their anti-corrosion property, which can be influenced by corrosion protection additives or adhesion promoters. Additives act like “medicines for paints” and so can have unwanted side-effects as well.

The present book is primarily a textbook and originated from lectures given by the author at the University of Applied Sciences in Esslingen, Germany. Its objective is to provide a description of the chemistry and applications technology behind various paint additives. It does not cover test methods. On account of the sheer diversity of additives that exist, the book must further restrict itself to the most important types – but it looks at these in detail. It also contains numerous photographs/diagrams to illustrate the various kinds of damage which additives prevent, as a picture says more than a thousand words. In specific cases, coatings formulations (starting formulations obtained from suppliers of raw materials) are presented to explain the specific use of an additive, thereby also illustrating the needs of the coatings industry.

Patent restrictions and registered trademarks (e.g. ™ or ®) are not mentioned explicitly. Product and trade names are only used where otherwise unavoidable. It should also be noted that product or trade names can change as a result of mergers and acquisitions. Nonetheless, most of the raw materials described herein or their equivalents are available worldwide.

The present textbook seeks to familiarise laboratory assistants, technicians, graduates, engineers, bachelors, masters and chemists with this class of raw materials for paints. It presupposes a basic knowledge of chemistry. Moreover, it will serve as a reference work for all readers interested in raw materials, paints and coatings.

Würzburg, June 2019

Bodo Müller

[email protected]

Exclusion of liability

It should be noted that this book reflects the author’s personal views, based upon his own knowledge. This does not absolve readers of the responsibility to perform their own tests with respect to the uses and applications of various processes or products described herein, and/or of obtaining additional advice regarding the same. Any liability of the author is excluded to the extent permitted by law, subject to legal interpretation.

Contents

1 Wetting and dispersing agents

1.1 Dispersing process

1.2 Stabilisation of dispersions

1.2.1 Electrostatic stabilisation

1.2.2 Steric stabilisation

1.3 Typical wetting and dispersing agents

1.3.1 Dispersing agents

1.3.2 Wetting agents (surfactants)

1.4 Surface treatment of pigments and fillers

1.4.1 Organic coloured pigments

1.4.2 Titanium dioxide

1.4.2.1 Inorganic after-treatment

1.4.2.2 Organic after-treatment

1.4.3 Fillers

1.4.4 Fumed or pyrogenic silica

1.4.5 Lamellar metal pigments

1.4.5.1 For solvent-borne paints

1.4.5.2 For water-borne paints

2 Substrate-wetting additives/levelling agents

2.1 Surface defects

2.2 Silicone additives

2.2.1 Polydimethyl siloxanes

2.2.2 Chemically modified silicone additives

3 Defoamers

3.1 Foam types and foam stabilisation

3.2 Types and mode of action of defoamers

3.2.1 Defoamers for water-borne paints

3.2.2 Defoamers for solvent-borne paints

3.3 Deaeration of coating powders

4 Rheologically active additives

4.1 Rheological additives for water-borne and latex paints

4.1.1 Layer silicates

4.1.2 Fumed (pyrogenic) silica

4.1.3 Polymeric rheology modifiers

4.1.3.1 Acrylates

4.1.3.2 Hydrophobically modified ethylene oxide urethanes (HEURs)

4.1.3.3 Polysaccharides

4.2 Rheological additives for solvent-borne paints

4.2.1 Organoclays

4.2.2 Fumed (pyrogenic) silica

4.2.3 Rheological additives based on urea

4.3 Rheological additives in stoving enamels

5 Catalysts

5.1 Driers

5.1.1  Anti-skinning agents

5.2 Catalysts for polyurethane coatings

5.3 Catalysts for two-component epoxy coatings

5.4 Acid catalysts for stoving enamels

6 Adhesion promoters

6.1 Silane adhesion promoters

6.2 Silane adhesion-promoting primers

6.3 Thin polymeric adhesion layers

6.4 Aminosilane as hardener in two-component epoxy paints

7 Corrosion protection additives

7.1 Corrosion of metals

7.2 Distinction from anticorrosive pigments

7.3 Organic corrosion protection additives

7.4 Corrosion inhibitors for metal pigments in aqueous alkaline paint media …

8 Protection of coatings from weathering

8.1 Photooxidation/UV degradation

8.1.1 Absorption and emission of light

8.1.2 Photooxidation of polymers and paint resins

8.2 Damage done to coatings by weathering

8.2.1 Chalking

8.2.1.1 Photocatalytic oxidation cycle

8.2.2 Fading of organic colorants

8.2.3 Embrittlement, crack formation and delamination

8.2.4 Special aspects of wood weathering

8.2.5 Damage specific to two-coat metallic coatings

8.3 Stabilisation of coatings against photooxidation

8.3.1 Pigmentation

8.3.2 Light stabilisers

8.3.2.1 UV absorbers

8.3.2.2 Free-radical scavengers

9 Photoinitiators/UV initiators

9.1 UV-curing coatings

9.2 Mode of action of photoinitiators

10 Coalescing agents

10.1 Film formation by primary dispersions (latices)

10.2 Mode of action of coalescing agents

11 Neutralising agents

11.1 Neutralising agents for binders bearing carboxyl groups

11.2 Neutralising agents for binders bearing amino groups

Author

Index