Leo Tolstoy

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Leo Tolstoy   was a Russian writer and philosopher, widely regarded as one of the greatest novelists of all time. Born into an aristocratic family in Tula, Russia, Tolstoy is best known for his epic novels War and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina (1877), which depict the complexities of Russian society, history, and human psychology with remarkable depth. His later works reflect his moral and spiritual quest, influencing movements of nonviolent resistance and pacifism worldwide. Tolstoy's literary career began with Childhood, Boyhood, and Youth (1852-1856), semi-autobiographical works that showcased his keen psychological insight. However, it was War and Peace that cemented his legacy, blending historical events, philosophical reflections, and personal narratives to create a panoramic vision of Russian society during the Napoleonic Wars. Anna Karenina, another masterpiece, explores themes of love, family, and social constraints, contrasting the tragic downfall of Anna with the spiritual awakening of Levin. In the 1880s, Tolstoy underwent a profound moral and religious transformation, rejecting his aristocratic lifestyle and embracing asceticism. His later works, such as The Death of Ivan Ilyich (1886) and Resurrection (1899), focus on existential and ethical dilemmas, criticizing institutionalized religion, social injustice, and materialism. Beyond literature, Tolstoy became a major social thinker, advocating for simple living, nonviolence, and Christian anarchism. His ideas influenced figures like Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr., shaping movements for peace and civil resistance. His rejection of the Russian Orthodox Church and radical views led to excommunication, yet his legacy as a moral and intellectual force endured.