Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) was an Italian Renaissance political philosopher, historian, diplomat, and writer. He is best known for his political treatise "The Prince" (1513), which offers pragmatic advice to rulers on governance and power, often advocating for realpolitik and sometimes ruthless tactics. His works laid the foundation for modern political theory, emphasizing the complexities of human nature and statecraft. Machiavelli's ideas have sparked both admiration and controversy, making him a significant figure in political thought, often associated with cunning and manipulation in leadership.