Introducing Keynes E-Book

Peter Pugh

• Herausgeber: Icon Books
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Graphic Guides
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 76

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

As we find ourselves at the cusp of an economic downturn, there has been a clear reinvigoration of Keynesian economics as governments are attempting to stimulate the market through public funds. Forming his economic theories in the wake of the Great Depression, John Maynard Keynes argued that a healthy economy depended on the total spending of consumers, business investors and, most importantly, governments too. Keynes formulated that governments should take control of the economy in the short term, rather than relying on the market, because, as he eloquently put it 'in the long run, we are all dead'. This graphic guide is the ideal introduction to one of the most influential economists of the 20th century, at a time when his theories may be crucial to our economic survival. Through a deft mixture of words and images, "Introducing Keynes" is a timely, accessible and enjoyable read.

Leseprobe

Published by Icon Books Ltd, Omnibus Business Centre, 39-41 North Road, London N7 9DPEmail: [email protected]

ISBN: 978-184831-065-0

Text copyright © 2012 Icon Books Ltd

Illustrations copyright © 2012 Icon Books Ltd

The author and illustrator has asserted their moral rights

Originating editor: Richard Appignanesi

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, or by any means, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Keynes is back!

We are all Keynesians now

John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946)

The Keynes Family Background

Keynes’ Childhood

Keynes and the Cambridge Apostles

Moral Role Model

Political Role Model

Keynes Enters the Civil Service

The Classical Quantity Theory of Money

The Bloomsbury Group

Pioneers of Youth Culture

Comes the First World War…

The Economic Consequences of the Peace

The Remarkable Foresight of J.M. Keynes

Keynes Marries a Russian Ballerina

Return to the Gold Standard

A Preview of the Exchange Rate Mechanism?

Full Steam Ahead – to the Crash!

The Wall Street Crash – and World Depression

The real cause was the good, old fashioned

The Effect on Germany

The Fall and Rise of John Maynard Keynes

The General Theory, 1936

Keynes-The ‘Einstein of Economics’

Economics before Keynes

Ricardo’s Reply

Say’s Law

Marx on the Trade Cycle

Was Marx Right?

The Trade Cycle

A Difference between Capital Goods and Consumer Goods

The Accelerator

Recession

The General Strike of 1926

Orthodox 1920s economists said…

Don’t be alarmed………

What’s the answer?

Keynes’ Solutions

Is the answer full employment?

What determines the level of employment?

What is the Multiplier?

The Multiplier Effect…

So………

Which countries first tried Keynesian economics?

The German Example

Final Solution not Keynesian Solutions

A Keynesian Parody

Prophetic Words, Again!

Rescuing the United States

A hotch-potch of recovery measures

War is one solution….

From the Cradle to the Grave

Paying for the War

Keynesianism in War-time and After.

The Bretton Woods Agreement, 27 July 1944.

Britain’s “Financial Dunkirk”

“Was the USA really ungenerous?”

“Capitalism internationally safeguarded”.

“We’ve never had it so good”.

The “Fine-Tuning” of Keynesianism.

Fine-Tuning Demand.

Phillips Curve

“What happens when unemployment and inflation BOTH increase?”

Meanwhile, in the USA..…

Rejection of Keynes in the 1970s

What is Monetarism?

The “New” Classical Economists

The Natural Rate of Unemployment

“And what about HIGH unemployment?”

The “Selsdon Man” Monetarist

Now, for Selsdon Woman!

Monetarist Remedies for Unemployment

Stagflation.

Did Monetarism Work?

What about the “side effects” of monetarist policy?

The Failure of Monetarism

And Reaganomics?

Was it fair to blame Keynesian policies for the stagflation of the 1970s?

The Contradictions of Keynes.

Myths about Keynes

Keynes, the Gold Standard and the ERM

The globalisation and dotcom boom

Publications of John Maynard Keynes

Bibliography

Acknowledgements

Index

Keynes is back!

This is what Maynard Keynes (1883–1946) said on the BBC in January 1931 as the whole world, the UK included, slid ever further into the greatest depression of modern times:

The best guess I can make is that whenever you save five shillings [25p, but about £12 in today’s money] you put a man out of work for a day. Your saving that five shillings adds to unemployment to the extent of one man for one day and so on in proportion. On the other hand, whenever you buy goods you increase employment – though they must be British, home-produced goods if you are to increase employment in this country … Therefore, oh patriotic housewives of Britain, sally out tomorrow early into the streets and go to the wonderful sales that are everywhere advertised. You will do yourself good – for never were things so cheap, cheap beyond your dreams. Lay in stock of household linen, sheets and blankets to supply all your needs. And have the added joy that you are increasing employment, adding to the wealth of our country, because you are setting on foot useful activities, bringing a chance and hope to Lancashire, Yorkshire and Belfast.

This is exactly what the British government (and governments round the world) are trying to persuade their voters, and encouraging them with tax breaks, to do in 2009.

We are all Keynesians now

As Martin Wolf wrote in the Financial Times at the end of 2008:

We are all Keynesians now. When Barack Obama takes office he will propose a gigantic fiscal stimulus package. Such packages are being offered by many other governments. Even Germany is being dragged, kicking and screaming, into this race.

And the long-living Marxist Eric Hobsbawm wrote:

It is certainly the greatest crisis of capitalism since the 1930s. As Marx and Schumpeter foresaw, globalisation not only destroys heritage, but is incredibly unstable. It operates through a series of crises. There’ll be a much greater role for the state one way or another. We’ve already got the state as lender of last resort, we might well return to the state as employer of last resort, which is what it was under FDR.

As we shall see in this book, Keynes’s approach to solving the economic problems of the 1930s – i.e. plunging demand leading to mass unemployment – was adopted in most of the countries of the world and was followed in various ways from the 1930s to the 1970s. However, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and President Ronald Reagan, along with their advisers, believed that Keynesianism led to inflation, and as a result it fell out of fashion in the 1980s and 1990s.

Now that we are once again faced with similar economic problems to those of the early 1930s, Keynesianism is once again in favour.

John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946)

John Maynard Keynes was the greatest and certainly the most influential economist of the 20th century. Keynes’ economic theories sprang from direct practical experience of three key moments of the 20th century: the post-World War One peace settlement, the Great Depression and World War Two.

The Keynes Family Background

John Maynard Keynes was born on 5 June 1883 at 6, Harvey Road, I Cambridge, a house built by his parents and occupied by them from 1882 until after Maynard’s death. His mother, Florence, born in1861, lived there with the same solid furnishings and William Morris wallpaper till she died in 1958.

Keynes’ father, John Neville Keynes (1852–1949), had switched from mathematics to moral sciences as a Cambridge undergraduate and became a fellow of Pembroke College after being declared a Senior Moralist, i.e. he came first in the moral science tripos.Neville was an assistant to the economists Alfred Marshall (1842–1924), who regarded him as one of his best students, and Henry Sidgwick (1838–1900).

HE BROUGHT ME UP ON A MORAL SCIENCE TRADITION IN WHICH CAMBRIDGE ECONOMICS AND CAMBRIDGE MORAL PHILOSOPHY DEVELOPED SIDE BY SIDE. I REMEMBER NEVILLE AS AN EARNEST NON-CONFORMIST WHO PUT MORALITY FIRST AND LOGIC SECOND.

Maynard said of his father at a lunch to celebrate his 90th birthday in King’s College in 1942:

…An elegant mid-Victorian highbrow, reading Swinburne, Meredith, Ibsen, buying William Morris wallpaper, whiskered, modest and industrious but rather rich, rather pleasure-loving, rather extravagant within carefully set limits, most generous, very sociable; loved entertaining, wine, games, novels, theatre, travel..but the shadows of work growing, as migraine headaches set in, a readiness to look on the more gloomy depressing side of any prospect… HAPPY BIRTHDAY PA…

Thereafter, Neville became more involved in administration, symbolized by his election to the University’s Council of the Senate in 1892. He became more and more indifferent to strenuous intellectual activity and withdrew into the bosom of his family.Maynard had been followed by Margaret, born 4 February 1885, and Geoffrey, born 25 March 1887.

SMILE PLEASE…

Maynard’s mother, Florence Ada Keynes (1861–1958), moved into the world of voluntary work and social services. She joined the Cambridge Association for the Care of Girls, the National Association for Physical Education and Improvement and the local Charity Organisation Society.

SHE ASSUMED POSITIONS OF RESPONSIBILITY… AFTER BECOMING A TOWN COUNCILLOR AND ALDERMAN, I EVENTUALLY BECAME CAMBRIDGE’S FIRST WOMAN MAYOR IN 1932–3.

Keynes’ Childhood

Maynard grew up in this solid middle-class intellectual environment and was soon showing signs of precociousness.

AT THE AGE OF 5, HE CORRECTED HIS AUNT’S ENGLISH! HE WAS CLEARLY BRILLIANT AT MATHS, ESPECIALLY ALGEBRA. AT 5½, I WENT TO THE KINDERGARTEN AT PERSE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS… …AND AT 7½ I BECAME A DAY BOY AT ST. FAITHS PREPARATORY SCHOOL FOR BOYS.

He went on to Eton as 10th King’s Scholar, mainly on the strength of his mathematics.

Keynes was very successful at Eton where all the scholars lived in the same house, called College, an atmosphere conducive to learning. He was a prodigious prize-winner, gaining 10 in his first year, 18 in his second and 11 in his third, including all the school’s main maths prizes.

Significantly for his later success, he had also acquired an excellent command of English. (Maynard’s parents had always been great readers, a habit they passed on to their children.)

Maynard was no prig and involved himself, without showing any talent, in several sports.

FOUL! HE’S POPULAR WITH BOTH BOYS AND MASTERS … OWZAT! …SO POPULAR THAT WE’VE ELECTED HIM TO POP, THE ETON SOCIETY… …ETON’S MOST EXCLUSIVE CLUB! A BIRDIE!

As Keynes’ first biographer, Sir Roy Harrod (1900–78) put it:

THESE YOUNG MEN GOVERN THE SCHOOL FOR A TIME … AS THEY EXPECT TO GOVERN THE COUNTRY LATER.

Keynes and the Cambridge Apostles