The TOGAF® Standard, 10th Edition - Business Architecture E-Book

The Open Group

• Herausgeber: Van Haren Publishing
• Kategorie: Bildung
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 167

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

This document is a compilation of TOGAF Series Guides addressing Business Architecture. It has been developed and approved by The Open Group and is part of the TOGAF Standard, 10^th Edition. It consists of the following documents:

TOGAF® Series Guide: Business Models	This document provides a basis for Enterprise Architects to understand and utilize business models, which describe the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value. It covers the concept and purpose of business models and highlights the Business Model Canvas™ technique.
TOGAF® Series Guide: Business Capabilities, Version 2	This document answers key questions about what a business capability is, and how it is used to enhance business analysis and planning. It addresses how to provide the architect with a means to create a capability map and align it with other Business Architecture viewpoints in support of business planning processes.
TOGAF® Series Guide: Value Streams	Value streams are one of the core elements of a Business Architecture. This document provides an architected approach to developing a business value model. It addresses how to identify, define, model, and map a value stream to other key components of an enterprise’s Business Architecture.
TOGAF® Series Guide: Information Mapping	This document describes how to develop an Information Map that articulates, characterizes, and visually represents information that is critical to the business. It provides architects with a framework to help understand what information matters most to a business before developing or proposing solutions.
TOGAF® Series Guide: Organization Mapping	This document shows how organization mapping provides the organizational context to an Enterprise Architecture. While capability mapping exposes what a business does and value stream mapping exposes how it delivers value to specific stakeholders, the organization map identifies the business units or third parties that possess or use those capabilities, and which participate in the value streams.
TOGAF® Series Guide: Business Scenarios	This document describes the Business Scenarios technique, which provides a mechanism to fully understand the requirements of information technology and align it with business needs. It shows how Business Scenarios can be used to develop resonating business requirements and how they support and enable the enterprise to achieve its business objectives.

Leseprobe

The Open Group Publications available from Van Haren Publishing

The TOGAF® Standard, 10th Edition:

Introduction and Core Concepts Architecture Development Method

Content, Capability, and Governance Leader’s Guide

ADM Practitioners’ Guide

Business Architecture

Enterprise Agility and Digital Transformation A Pocket Guide

The TOGAF Series:

The TOGAF® Standard, Version 9.2

The TOGAF® Standard, Version 9.2 – A Pocket Guide TOGAF® 9 Foundation Study Guide, 4th Edition TOGAF® 9 Certified Study Guide, 4th Edition TOGAF® Business Architecture Level 1 Study Guide

The Open Group Series:

The IT4IT™ Reference Architecture, Version 2.1

IT4IT™ for Managing the Business of IT – A Management Guide IT4IT™ Foundation Study Guide, 2nd Edition

The IT4IT™ Reference Architecture, Version 2.1 – A Pocket Guide Cloud Computing for Business – The Open Group Guide ArchiMate® 3.1 Specification – A Pocket Guide

ArchiMate® 3.1 Specification

The Digital Practitioner Pocket Guide

The Digital Practitioner Foundation Study Guide

Open Agile Architecture™ – A Standard of The Open Group

The Open Group Press:

The Turning Point: A Novel about Agile Architects Building a Digital Foundation Managing Digital

The Open Group Security Series:

O-TTPS – A Management Guide

Open Information Security Management Maturity Model (O-ISM3) Open Enterprise Security Architecture (O-ESA)

Risk Management – The Open Group Guide

The Open FAIR™ Body of Knowledge – A Pocket Guide

All titles are available to purchase from:

www.opengroup.org

www.vanharen.net

and also many international and online distributors.

Title:

The TOGAF® Standard, 10th Edition — Business Architecture

Series:

TOGAF Series Guide

A Publication of:

The Open Group

Publisher:

Van Haren Publishing, ’s-Hertogenbosch - NL, www.vanharen.net

ISBN Hardcopy:

978 94 018 0904 7

ISBN eBook:

978 94 018 0905 4

ISBN ePub:

978 94 018 0906 1

Edition:

First edition, first impression, April 2022

Layout and Cover Design:

The Open Group

Copyright:

© 2022 The Open Group. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Any use of this publication for commercial purposes is subject to the terms of the Annual Commercial License relating to it. For further information, see www.opengroup.org/legal/licensing.

The TOGAF® Standard, 10th Edition — Business Architecture

Document number:     T190

Published by The Open Group, April 2022

Comments relating to the material contained in this document may be submitted to:

The Open Group

Apex Plaza

Reading

Berkshire, RG1 1AX

United Kingdom

or by electronic mail to:     [email protected]

Contents

PART 1: Business Models

1 Introduction

1.1 Overview

1.2 Objectives

2 What is a Business Model?

3 The Impact and Benefit of Business Models

4 The Relationship between Business Models and Business Architecture

5 Using Business Models in the TOGAF Standard

6 A Structured Approach for Business Model Innovation

7 Example of a Business Model Framework

8 Conclusion

A Overview of the Business Model Canvas

PART 2: Business Capabilities, Version 2

9 Introduction

10 What is a Business Capability?

10.1 Defining a Business Capability

10.1.1 Naming Convention

10.1.2 Description

10.2 Elements to Implement Business Capabilities

10.2.1 People

10.2.2 Processes

10.2.3 Information

10.2.4 Resources

11 Business Capability Mapping

11.1 Approach

11.1.1 Organizational Structure

11.1.2 Business Model

11.1.3 Strategic Plans, Business Plans, and Financial Plans

11.2 Structuring the Business Capability Map

11.2.1 Business Capability Stratification

11.2.2 Leveling

12 The Impact and Benefits of Business Capability Mapping

13 Mapping Business Capabilities to Other Business Architecture Perspectives

13.1 Heat Mapping

13.2 Relationship Mapping

13.2.1 Capability/Organization Mapping

13.2.2 Capability/Value Stream Mapping

13.2.3 Capability/Business Process Mapping

14 Using Business Capability Maps with the TOGAF Standard

15 Conclusion

PART 3: Value Streams

16 Introduction

16.1 What is “Value”?

16.2 Approaches to Value Analysis

16.3 Value Streams in Business Architecture

16.4 Relationship of Value Streams to Other Business Architecture Concepts

16.5 Benefits of Value Streams and Value Stream Mapping

17 Value Stream Description, Decomposition, and Mapping

17.1 Describing a Value Stream

17.2 Decomposing a Value Stream

17.3 Mapping Capabilities to Value Stream Stages

18 Approach to Creating Value Streams

18.1 Guiding Principles

19 Value Stream Mapping Scenarios

19.1 Baseline Example

19.2 Mapping Value Streams to Business Capabilities

19.3 Heat Mapping Scenario

20 Conclusion

B Comparison of Alternative Value Analysis Techniques

B.1 Value Chain

B.2 Value Network

B.3 Lean Value Stream

PART 4: Information Mapping

21 Introduction

22 What is an Information Map?

23 The Impact and Benefits

24 The Relationship to Business Capabilities, Value Streams, and Organization Maps

25 Distinguishing between Information Maps and Data Models

26 Using Information Maps with the TOGAF ADM

27 Putting Information Maps into Practice

28 Conclusion

C Representations of Information Maps

C.1 ArchiMate Language Example

C.2 Unified Modeling Language (UML)

C.3 Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERDs)

PART 5: Organization Mapping

29 Introduction

30 What is an Organization Map?

31 Differentiating between Organization Maps and Organization Charts

32 The Impact and Benefits of Organization Mapping

33 The Relationship to Business Capabilities, Value Streams, and Information Maps

34 Using Organization Maps with the TOGAF Standard

35 Putting Organization Maps into Practice

36 Conclusion

PART 6: Business Scenarios

37 Introduction

38 Benefits of Business Scenarios

39 Creating the Business Scenario

39.1 The Overall Process

39.2 Steps

39.2.1 Planning Step

39.2.2 Gathering Step

39.2.3 Analyzing Step

39.2.4 Documenting Step

39.2.5 Reviewing Step

39.3 Phases

39.3.1 Premise Formulation Phase

39.3.2 Initial Verification Phase

39.3.3 Refinement Phase

40 Contents of a Business Scenario

41 Contributions to the Business Scenario

42 Business Scenarios and the TOGAF ADM

43 Developing Business Scenarios

43.1 General Guidelines

43.2 Questions to Ask for Each Area

43.2.1 Identifying, Documenting, and Ranking the Problem

43.2.2 Identifying the Business and Technical Environment and Documenting in Models

43.2.3 Identifying and Documenting Objectives

43.2.4 Identifying Human Actors and their Place in the Business Model

43.2.5 Identifying Computer Actors and their Place in the Technology Model

43.2.6 Documenting Roles, Responsibilities, Measures of Success, and Required Scripts

43.2.7 Checking for Fitness-for-Purpose and Refining, if Necessary

44 Business Scenario Documentation

44.1 Textual Documentation

44.2 Business Scenario Models

45 Guidelines on Goals and Objectives

45.1 The Importance of Goals

45.2 The Importance of SMART Objectives

45.2.1 Example of Making Objectives SMART

45.3 Categories of Goals and Objectives

45.3.1 Goal: Improve Business Process Performance

45.3.2 Goal: Decrease Costs

45.3.3 Goal: Improve Business Operations

45.3.4 Goal: Improve Management Efficacy

45.3.5 Goal: Reduce Risk

45.3.6 Goal: Improve Effectiveness of IT Organization

45.3.7 Goal: Improve User Productivity

45.3.8 Goal: Improve Portability and Scalability

45.3.9 Goal: Improve Interoperability

45.3.10 Goal: Increase Vendor Independence

45.3.11 Goal: Reduce Lifecycle Costs

45.3.12 Goal: Improve Security

45.3.13 Goal: Improve Manageability

46 Roles

47 Checklists

47.1 Checklist – Premise Formulation

47.2 Checklist – Plan

47.3 Checklist – Gather

47.4 Checklist – Analyze

47.5 Checklist – Document

47.6 Checklist – Review

48 Techniques and Tips

48.1 On Active and Reflective Listening

48.2 On Brainstorming and Affinity Analysis

48.3 Introduce your Neighbor

48.4 We Believe

48.5 On Money or Credit Voting Prioritization

48.6 On Multi-Voting and Rank Ordering Prioritization

48.7 On Role Play

48.8 On Alternative Analysis and Decision Matrix

49 Summary

Preface

The Open Group

The Open Group is a global consortium that enables the achievement of business objectives through technology standards. With more than 870 member organizations, we have a diverse membership that spans all sectors of the technology community – customers, systems and solutions suppliers, tool vendors, integrators and consultants, as well as academics and researchers.

The mission of The Open Group is to drive the creation of Boundaryless Information Flow™ achieved by:

• Working with customers to capture, understand, and address current and emerging requirements, establish policies, and share best practices

• Working with suppliers, consortia, and standards bodies to develop consensus and facilitate interoperability, to evolve and integrate specifications and open source technologies

• Offering a comprehensive set of services to enhance the operational efficiency of consortia

• Developing and operating the industry’s premier certification service and encouraging procurement of certified products

Further information on The Open Group is available at www.opengroup.org.

The Open Group publishes a wide range of technical documentation, most of which is focused on development of Standards and Guides, but which also includes white papers, technical studies, certification and testing documentation, and business titles. Full details and a catalog are available at www.opengroup.org/library

The TOGAF® Standard, a Standard of The Open Group

The TOGAF Standard is a proven enterprise methodology and framework used by the world’s leading organizations to improve business efficiency.

This Document

This document is a compilation of TOGAF® Series Guides addressing Business Architecture. It has been developed and approved by The Open Group.

It consists of the following documents:

TOGAF® Series Guide: Business Models

This document provides a basis for Enterprise Architects to understand and utilize business models, which describe the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value. It covers the concept and purpose of business models and highlights the Business Model Canvas™ technique.

TOGAF® Series Guide: Business Capabilities, Version 2

This document answers key questions about what a business capability is, and how it is used to enhance business analysis and planning. It addresses how to provide the architect with a means to create a capability map and align it with other Business Architecture viewpoints in support of business planning processes.

TOGAF® Series Guide: Value Streams

Value streams are one of the core elements of a Business Architecture. This document provides an architected approach to developing a business value model. It addresses how to identify, define, model, and map a value stream to other key components of an enterprise’s Business Architecture.

TOGAF® Series Guide: Information Mapping

This document describes how to develop an Information Map that articulates, characterizes, and visually represents information that is critical to the business. It provides architects with a framework to help understand what information matters most to a business before developing or proposing solutions.

TOGAF® Series Guide: Organization Mapping

This document shows how organization mapping provides the organizational context to an Enterprise Architecture. While capability mapping exposes what a business does and value stream mapping exposes how it delivers value to specific stakeholders, the organization map identifies the business units or third parties that possess or use those capabilities, and which participate in the value streams.

TOGAF® Series Guide: Business Scenarios

This document describes the Business Scenarios technique, which provides a mechanism to fully understand the requirements of information technology and align it with business needs. It shows how Business Scenarios can be used to develop resonating business requirements and how they support and enable the enterprise to achieve its business objectives.

More information is available, along with a number of tools, guides, and other resources, at www.opengroup.org/architecture.

About the TOGAF® Series Guides

The TOGAF® Series Guides contain guidance on how to use the TOGAF Standard and how to adapt it to fulfill specific needs.

The TOGAF® Series Guides are expected to be the most rapidly developing part of the TOGAF Standard and are positioned as the guidance part of the standard. While the TOGAF Fundamental Content is expected to be long-lived and stable, guidance on the use of the TOGAF Standard can be industry, architectural style, purpose, and problem-specific. For example, the stakeholders, concerns, views, and supporting models required to support the transformation of an extended enterprise may be significantly different than those used to support the transition of an in-house IT environment to the cloud; both will use the Architecture Development Method (ADM), start with an Architecture Vision, and develop a Target Architecture on the way to an Implementation and Migration Plan. The TOGAF Fundamental Content remains the essential scaffolding across industry, domain, and style.

Trademarks

ArchiMate, DirecNet, Making Standards Work, Open O logo, Open O and Check Certification logo, Platform 3.0, The Open Group, TOGAF, UNIX, UNIXWARE, and the Open Brand X logo are registered trademarks and Boundaryless Information Flow, Build with Integrity Buy with Confidence, Commercial Aviation Reference Architecture, Dependability Through Assuredness, Digital Practitioner Body of Knowledge, DPBoK, EMMM, FACE, the FACE logo, FHIM Profile Builder, the FHIM logo, FPB, Future Airborne Capability Environment, IT4IT, the IT4IT logo, O-AA, O-DEF, O-HERA, O-PAS, Open Agile Architecture, Open FAIR, Open Footprint, Open Process Automation, Open Subsurface Data Universe, Open Trusted Technology Provider, OSDU, Sensor Integration Simplified, SOSA, and the SOSA logo are trademarks of The Open Group.

A Guide to the Business Architecture Body of Knowledge, BIZBOK, Business Architecture Guild, CBA, and Certified Business Architect are registered trademarks of the Business Architecture Guild.

Business Model Canvas is a trademark of Alexander Osterwalder.

Toyota is a registered trademark of Toyota Motor Corporation.

Unified Modeling Language is a trademark and UML is a registered trademark of Object Management Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.

Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.

All other brands, company, and product names are used for identification purposes only and may be trademarks that are the sole property of their respective owners.

Acknowledgements

(Please note affiliations were current at the time of approval.)

Business Models

The Open Group gratefully acknowledges the following people and organizations for their contribution to the development of this document:

• The authors and reviewers – Steve DuPont, J. Bryan Lail, Stephen Marshall, Chalon Mullins, Alec Blair, and Mats Gejnevall

• Past and present members of The Open Group Architecture Forum

• The Business Architecture Guild for permission to reuse graphics

References to the Business Model Canvas are as per the usage conventions issued by strategyzer.com.

Business Capabilities, Version 2

The Open Group gratefully acknowledges the contribution of the following individual in the development of this document:

• Frédéric Lé – DXC Technology

The Open Group gratefully acknowledges the authors of this document:

• Alec Blair – Alberta Health Services

• J. Bryan Lail – Raytheon

• Stephen Marshall – IBM

The Open Group gratefully acknowledges the contribution of the following individuals in the development of the first version of this document:

• Sonia Gonzalez – The Open Group

• Kirk Hansen – Metaplexity Associates

• Harry Hendrickx – HPE

• Rich Hillard – Project Editor, ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010

• Chalon Mullins – Business Architecture Guild

• Gerard Peters – Capgemini

• Jim Rhyne – Business Architecture Guild

• Pieter Steyn – Enterprise Architects

Value Streams

The Open Group gratefully acknowledges the authors of this document:

• Alec Blair – Alberta Health Services

• J. Bryan Lail – Raytheon

• Stephen Marshall – IBM

The Open Group gratefully acknowledges the contribution of the following people in the development of this document:

• Chris Armstrong – Armstrong Process Group

• Mats Gejnevail – Combitech

• Sonia Gonzalez – The Open Group

• Harry Hendrickx – Hewlett Packard Enterprise

• Andrew Josey – The Open Group

• Gerard Peters – Capgemini

• Sarina Viljoen – Huawei

Information Mapping

The Open Group gratefully acknowledges the contribution of the following people in the development of this document:

• The Authors: Steve DuPont, J. Bryan Lail, and Stephen Marshall

• Key Reviewers: Alec Blair, Mats Gejnevall, Chalon Mullins, William Ulrich

• Key Enablers: Sonia Gonzalez, Mike Lambert

• Reviewers: Samuel Biller, Dave Gilmour, Sonia Gonzalez, Andrew Josey

and also past and present members of The Open Group Architecture Forum.

Organization Mapping

The Open Group gratefully acknowledges the authors of this document:

• Steve Dupont

• J. Bryan Lail

• Stephen Marshall

The Open Group gratefully acknowledges members of The Open Group Architecture Forum past and present for their contribution in the development of this document, including the following key enablers:

• Sonia Gonzalez

• Mike Lambert

Business Scenarios

The Open Group gratefully acknowledges the authors – Terry Blevins and Mike Lambert – and also past and present members of The Open Group Architecture Forum for their contribution in the development of this document.

Referenced Documents

The following documents are referenced in this TOGAF® Series Guide Set:

• A Business-Oriented Foundation for Service Orientation, Ulrich Homann, White Paper, February 2006, published by Microsoft, February 2006

• A Guide to the Business Architecture Body of Knowledge® (BIZBOK® Guide), Version 6.5, Business Architecture Guild®, 2018

• A Guide to the Business Architecture Body of Knowledge® (BIZBOK® Guide), Version 7.5, Business Architecture Guild®, 2018

• A Guide to the Business Architecture Body of Knowledge® (BIZBOK® Guide), Version 8.0, Part 1: Introduction, Business Architecture Guild®, August 2018

• A Guide to the Business Architecture Body of Knowledge® (BIZBOK® Guide), Version 8.5, Business Architecture Guild®, 2020

• ArchiMate® 3.1 Specification, a standard of The Open Group (C197), published by The Open Group, November 2019; refer to: www.opengroup.org/library/c197

• ArchiSurance Case Study, Version 3.1 (Y194), published by The Open Group, November 2019; refer to: www.opengroup.org/library/y194

• Business Model Generation: A Handbook for Visionaries, Game Changers, and Challengers, Alexander Osterwalder, Yves Pigneur, John Wiley & Sons, 2010

• Capability-Based Planning Supporting Project/Portfolio and Digital Capabilities Mapping Using the TOGAF® and ArchiMate® Standards, The Open Group Guide (G193), published by The Open Group, July 2019; refer to: www.opengroup.org/library/g193

• Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, Michael E. Porter, Free Press, 1985

• Defining the IT Operating Model, White Paper (W17B), published by The Open Group, September 2017; refer to: www.opengroup.org/library/w17b

• Linking Business Models with Business Architecture to Drive Innovation, White Paper, Business Architecture Guild®, August 2015

• Open Business Architecture (O-BA) – Part I, The Open Group Preliminary Standard (P161), published by The Open Group, July 2016; available at: www.opengroup.org/library/p161

• Organigraphs: Drawing How Companies Really Work, by Henry Mintzberg and Ludo Van der Heyden, September-October 1999, published by the Harvard Business Review; refer to: www.hbr.org/1999/09/organigraphs-drawing-how-companies-really-work

• Seizing the White Space: Business Model Innovation for Growth and Renewal, Mark W. Johnson, Harvard Business Review Press, 2010

• The Age of the Platform: How Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Google have Redefined Business, Phil Simon, Motion Publishing, 2011

• The Business Model Cube, Peter Lindgren, Ole Horn Rasmussen, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Aalborg University, Denmark, 2013 (Journal of Multi Business Model Innovation and Technology, 135-182, River Publishers, 2013)

• The Business Model Innovation Factory: How to Stay Relevant when the World is Changing, Saul Kaplan, 2012

• The Five Competitive Forces that Shape Strategy, Michael E. Porter, Harvard Business Review Press, 2008

• The Future of Knowledge: Increasing Prosperity through Value Networks, Verna Allee, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003

• The Great Transition: Using the Seven Disciplines of Enterprise Engineering to Align People, Technology, and Strategy, James Martin, American Management Association, 1995

• The Machine that Changed the World, James Womack, Daniel Jones, and Daniel Roos, Free Press, 1990

• The TOGAF® Standard, 10th Edition, a standard of The Open Group (C220), published by The Open Group, April 2022; refer to: www.opengroup.org/library/c220

• TOGAF® Series Guide: Business Capabilities (G189), published by The Open Group, June 2018; refer to: www.opengroup.org/library/g189

• TOGAF® Series Guide: Business Capabilities, Version 2 (G211), published by The Open Group, April 2022; refer to: www.opengroup.org/library/g211

• TOGAF® Series Guide: Business Models (G18A), published by The Open Group, April 2022; refer to: www.opengroup.org/library/g18a

• TOGAF® Series Guide: Business Scenarios (G176), published by The Open Group, April 2022; refer to: www.opengroup.org/library/g176

• TOGAF® Series Guide: Information Mapping (G190), published by The Open Group, April 2022; refer to: www.opengroup.org/library/g190

• TOGAF® Series Guide: Value Streams (G178), published by The Open Group, April 2022: refer to: www.opengroup.org/library/g178

• Value Stream Mapping: How to Visualize Work and Align Leadership for Organizational Transformation, Karen Martin, Mike Osterling, published by McGraw Hill, January 2014

• What is Business Design?, Rotman DesignWorks, Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, 2015

PART 1: Business Models

Prepared by The Open Group Architecture Forum

1 Introduction

This TOGAF®