Is man still relevant? A provocation E-Book

Hermann Selchow

• Herausgeber: epubli
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 407

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2025

Beschreibung

Is man still relevant? A provocation - technological evolution and human existence The world is changing rapidly - algorithms are making decisions, machines are taking on tasks that were once reserved for humans, and artificial intelligence is developing at a breathtaking pace. But what does that mean for us as a species? Are humans still relevant or are they being challenged by their own technological creation? This book poses uncomfortable questions and invites you to reflect deeply on the future of human existence. In a fascinating combination of philosophy, science and technology, it analyzes in an understandable way how the digital revolution is changing our identity, our job market and our ethical standards. For all those who are grappling with the big questions of our time: Are humans masters of their future - or are we heading inexorably towards a new era in which humans themselves become marginal figures? A rousing and provocative non-fiction book for all those who not only want to observe technological progress, but also actively consider it and possibly help shape it.

Leseprobe

Is man still relevant? A provocation

Technological evolution and human existence

Is man still relevant?

A provocation

Technological evolution and human existence

© 2025 Hermann Selchow

Berliner Str. 07, 25335 Elmshorn

Druck und Distribution im Auftrag des Autors:

epubli – ein Service der neopubli GmbH, Köpenicker Straße 154a, 10997 BerlinDas Werk, einschließlich seiner Teile, ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Für die Inhalte ist der Autor verantwortlich. Jede Verwertung ist ohne seine Zustimmung unzulässig. Die Publikation und Verbreitung erfolgen im Auftrag des Autors, zu erreichen unter:

Hermann Selchow, Berliner Str. 07, 25335 Elmshorn

Table of contents

Preface

Social Perspectives

Digital Loneliness and Interpersonal Relationships

The Rise of Digital Connections and the Paradox of Lone-liness

The mechanisms behind digital loneliness

The impact on real relationships

The biological and psychological importance of direct human contact

Mental Health in a Performance-Oriented Society

The roots of the productivity paradigm

Psychological effects of permanent pressure to perform

Cultural differences in dealing with performance

Paths to a healthier performance culture

Gentrification and Housing shortage

Big cities as desirable places to live

Efficiency as a guiding principle of the big city

Conclusion: The future of cities

Consumption and Sustainability

How the economy passes responsibility on to the consumer

The role of education and the media

Humans as Resources

Humans as pure idea generators - a creative dystopia?

The Performance-Optimized Human: Medicine and Efficiency

The pharmaceutical industry as the pacesetter of the performance-oriented society

The price of chemical perfection

Neuralink - a dystopia or real opportunity?

Between Progress and Danger: Transhumanism

The question remains, however, whether the positive aspects outweigh the potential damage.

Religion and Ethics - Consolation or Self-Deception

The why and what for - the questions about the meaning of man

The pursuit of the meaning of existence - a prerequisite for being human?

Boomers, Millennials and Generation Z

The break in the transmission of values and knowledge

Artificial Intelligence and the Labor Market

Will the quality of our questions determine our future?

Political Perspectives

Authority in Democracies – Ideologies instead of Politics

Strengthening democratic resilience: ways out of the ideo-logy trap

The example of Elon Musk and Sam Altman

The role of politics in the dispute over AI and the digitalized world

Artificial Intelligence and new Forms of Society

The change in the world of work - is less equal to more?

The role of the universal basic income

New economic models and post-capitalist structures

Despite these visionary ideas, there are numerous challenges:

Education and lifelong learning

Political and ethical challenges in a global world

The need for new forms of society

Democracy in Danger: The Influence of Algorithms

Algorithms and the management of political communication

Manipulation of public opinion through filter bubbles

Election manipulation and microtargeting

Algorithms and the danger of the surveillance society

Are we at the mercy of algorithmic surveillance systems?

Utopia or Dystopia? The Next 50 Years

The meaning of work

Is work a natural or social imprint?

The causes of job loss and loss of social status

The role of social systems

Financial burden on social systems

The future of work

The Future of the Financial Capitalist Value System

AI as an economic model or free use

Society or Mass – the idea of Community

Communal Perspectives

Self-abandonment of identity in the digital age

Man: Creator or Victim of Progress?

Will humans be overtaken by evolutionary progress?

Proactive regulation and ethical guardrails:

Transparency and traceability:

To what extent will technology remain controllable in the future?

Man as a driven being - the power of curiosity

Ethics through Technology: Responsibility and Morality

Is the human decision-maker on a shaky pedestal?

Autonomy vs. human control

Loss of human responsibility

Collapse of the previous ethical system

Danger of technocracy

Decision-making in existential questions

The illusion of AI infallibility

Quo vadis AI? Global solution, national use

Does a democratization of digitization lead to post-capitalism?

Biotechnology: Longing for Immortality

The Ethical Dimension and the Idea of God

The human species at its limit – an evolutionary obsolete model?

Homo Deus or Homo obsoletus? Final Thoughts

Also published by me:

Elon Musk - Ideas & Visions -How a man is transforming our civilization

The US Dollar and the BRICS Challenge – Towards a new global financial order

The End of Western Dominance – The Restructuring of the Multipolar World

Preface

The question of whether humans are still relevant to the times may seem provocative. It touches on our self-image as a species, our relationship to progress, technology and the challenges that a rapidly changing world brings with it. But especially in the present, when technological evolution is advancing at an exponential rate, it is worth reflecting fundamentally: Do the biological, psychological and social characteristics of humans still fit the world they have created? Or is man, as we know him, a relic from another era that is finding it difficult to find his place in a reality dominated by algorithms, automation and artificial intelligence?

This book is not intended to be a simple treatise or a resigned cultural critique, but rather an analytical examination of the status quo of human existence. Popular scientific explanations are combined with factual presentations to offer readers a well-founded yet exciting approach to one of the most pressing questions of our time.

The technological developments of the last few decades have fundamentally changed our understanding of ourselves. We live in a world in which artificial intelligence already works faster, more efficiently and sometimes more accurately than we do in many areas. Even cognitive processes that were long considered the domain of the human mind - creativity, emotions, decision-making - are increasingly being simulated by machines. What does this mean for our self-image? Are humans losing relevance or are they being transformed into a new form of existence?

At the same time, advances in biotechnology and neuroscience are raising questions that go far beyond technological feasibility. Transhumanist concepts advocate an optimization of humans, a fusion with technology to compensate for their supposed weaknesses. But who decides what needs to be improved? Is the natural human an intermediate stage on the way to a new type of being? And can we do justice to the ethical implications of these developments?

There are no easy answers to these questions, and yet it is essential to address them. This book is aimed at all those who are not just witnesses but active participants in this change - people who think about the future, who question things critically, who are prepared to deal with the possibilities and risks. The following pages offer no dystopian doomsday scenarios or blind enthusiasm for technology, but a reflective and multidimensional analysis that puts people at the center: their strengths, their limitations and their future.

People are creatures of change. Since the beginning, they have shaped their environment, adapted and developed further. But perhaps we are now at a point where people are no longer shaping the world, but the world they have created is redefining them. So are people still relevant? The answer lies not only in science, but also in our willingness to question ourselves and our role in the future.

The real provocation lies in naming things ruthlessly. But it is necessary. Because only those who have the courage to ask uncomfortable and future-oriented questions can find answers that will decide tomorrow.

The question of whether humans are still contemporary is intentional and urgent. It arises not only in view of the rapidly advancing technological development, but also in the context of the fundamental changes that are permeating our social, cultural and ecological lives. It is not just about humans' ability to adapt to these changes, but also about their role as beings who both develop the tools that shape their environment and have the ability to think and reflect on their own existence. The tension between technological evolution and human existence could hardly be more topical.

Over the last few centuries, humans have undergone unprecedented development. What was considered science fiction just a few generations ago is now reality: artificial intelligence, genome research, autonomous driving, digital networking and many other innovations shape our everyday lives. But in the midst of this rapid development, the central question arises: are humans still able to keep up with this technology? Or is it on a path where it is increasingly being overtaken by its own creations?

It is easy to see technology as progress, as a constant improvement in human life. But the downside of this progress is often overlooked: The ethical, social and environmental consequences associated with the spread of new technologies. Technological change is occurring at a pace that is overwhelming humans in many ways – not only on a practical level, but also on an existential level. How do we react when machines begin to independently take on tasks that previously could only be performed by humans? What happens when machines surpass us not only in the production of goods, but also in the creation of art, in research and even in decision-making?

Technology is not just a tool that we hold in our hands – it has become an active agent in the design of our world. This fact leads to a fundamental reassessment of what it means to be human. Are we still the primary actors in the world, or are we increasingly becoming witnesses and perhaps even objects of a technological process that no longer fully belongs to us?

This analysis examines how humans can deal with the challenges of technological evolution in the 21st century. The line between what we consider human and what is considered technologically advanced is becoming increasingly permeable. Humans as biological beings have evolved over millions of years - a process characterized by slow and steady adaptation to environmental conditions. But today, in a world where technology determines the speed of change, we must ask ourselves whether this biological evolution can still keep pace with technological development.

This book combines popular scientific observations with a factual presentation of technological advances to shed light on the question of human relevance in an increasingly digital world. It is a mix of facts and stories that not only aims to inform the reader, but above all to encourage them to think about the fundamental questions that are coming our way in the midst of the technological revolution: What does it mean to be human when machines begin to not only replace us, but also surpass us in areas that were once considered purely human? How can we as a society deal with the unstoppable changes triggered by technology? And what remains of humanity when our creations overtake us in more and more areas?

This is not intended to be a book that provides ready-made answers that are easy to consume. Rather, it is an invitation to lose yourself in the complexity of the topics in order to gain new perspectives through thought and reflection. In a world in which technological change seems to affect every facet of our lives, it is essential that we as humans not only recognize the advantages of new technologies, but also deal with the challenges and questions associated with their introduction.

This text is a deliberate provocation. It calls on us not only to accept the advances and challenges of technological evolution, but to actively enter into the discourse about the future of humanity. Because the question of whether humans are still contemporary does not only concern technology - it particularly concerns us humans, our interactions and our future. It challenges us to redefine ourselves and recognize our responsibility as designers of our coexistence.

Technological progress is unstoppable - but it is up to us how we shape it and deal with it. Will we see ourselves as mere spectators of our own development or as active players who help shape it and act responsibly? This question will accompany us not only in the coming years, but in the coming decades. And only if we consciously face this challenge can we shape the future in a way that both promotes progress and preserves the value and meaning of being human.

So embark on a journey through the world of technological and human development, where you will not only learn about the fascinating advances of recent years, but also take a look at the questions that affect us all. Because in the end, it is not just about whether people can keep up with technology - but about whether we as a society are prepared to face the responsibility that comes with this development.

I invite you to think further with me.

Hermann Selchow

Social Perspectives

Digital Loneliness and Interpersonal Relationships

Social life used to be a stage of physical presence. People met in cafes, went to events, made phone calls, talked face to face and maintained their relationships through the touch of hands, the smile in the corner of the eye and the exchange of glances. In today's world, where almost every moment of our lives is accompanied by digital devices, the way we connect with each other has changed dramatically. Communication and relationships have shifted from traditional physical encounters to a new world of digital interactions. This development has the potential to fundamentally change both the quality and the depth of interpersonal bonds.

Digitalization, driven by the Internet and social networks, has made the world of direct communication easier for us. A call, a message, a comment or a like - all of this is just a click away. And yet a central question arises: have these new forms of communication improved our relationships or have they devalued them? A paradox becomes apparent: despite the apparent closeness that digital platforms create, more and more people feel lonely, even in the midst of a virtual hustle and bustle.

The Rise of Digital Connections and the Paradox of Lone-liness

It is undeniable that social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and TikTok offer us an unprecedented way to stay in touch. We are now able to communicate, share information and maintain relationships with people all over the world in real time, no matter how far away they are. These networks allow us to receive updates on other people's lives in seconds and share our own lives with others.

But at the same time, these digital connections represent a new kind of loneliness that many people increasingly find distressing. At first glance, it may seem that the world of social media is full of life, joy and sociable activity. We see pictures of friends travelling, sharing experiences and depicting moments of joy in public posts. But the more we delve into these surface relationships, the clearer it becomes that these connections are often just a fragmented and superficial form of communication.

Psychological studies have shown that digital platforms, although they increase the number of social interactions, often do not meet the same emotional needs as face-to-face, face-to-face encounters. In a world where we are constantly inundated with information and impressions, we find it increasingly difficult to create deeper, more meaningful connections. The constant distraction of notifications and the need to always be up to date can mean that real, authentic conversations and emotional intimacy are increasingly falling by the wayside.

Digital loneliness is not only reflected in the number of “real” friends we have on social media, but also in the quality of those relationships. A 2018 study by the Pew Research Center found that nearly 40 percent of adults in the United States say they regularly feel lonely despite being active on social media. This number continues to grow, and social networks are increasingly perceived as a source of loneliness.

It seems like a contradiction in terms: we are constantly connected, constantly reachable, and yet many people feel increasingly lonely. There is a growing gap between the apparent closeness that digital platforms promise us and the actual depth of these connections. To understand this contradiction, one must look at the mechanisms behind the way we connect with each other today.

First of all, the speed and scope of digital connections is remarkable. It is now possible to communicate with almost anyone in the world at any time and anywhere. We can send messages in seconds, share photos and even send videos of ourselves to friends and family in real time. Social networks give us access to a wealth of information and social circles that go far beyond what was available to us in the analog world. We can connect with people we have never met in person and still feel like we are part of a network. These networks are so ubiquitous that we hardly question them anymore - they are an integral part of our everyday lives.

Despite this apparent abundance of connections, the question arises: Why do so many people still feel lonely? Why is the number of people who say they feel isolated despite constant digital connectivity increasing? A crucial aspect of this phenomenon lies in the way social media is designed. Platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, X and TikTok are based on a reward system that is built on quick, superficial interactions. A "like" or a comment may represent a form of recognition, but it is not a real, deep interaction. The depth of a conversation, receiving and giving emotions, sharing experiences and showing understanding are difficult to achieve in this context.

The constant availability of information and the flood of messages that reach us from all sides create a constant state of distraction. Instead of being truly present, we are trapped in a world of permanent interruption. It is a paradoxical phenomenon: despite the multitude of connections we have in the digital world, we often no longer manage to really engage with the people around us. The focus is not on the quality of the connection, but on the quantity of interactions. We collect friends, followers and connections, but many of these relationships are fleeting and superficial. Constantly sharing pictures and posts gives the impression of closeness, but at the core, many of these connections remain empty.

Another factor contributing to the paradox of loneliness is social comparison, which plays a central role in social media. We constantly see what other people are doing, and the selection of content that is shared often only shows the best sides of life. Vacation pictures, successful careers, happy relationships - all of this is presented in an idealized form.

This constant comparison can lead us to feel inferior to ourselves or believe that our own lives do not meet popular expectations. The more we compare ourselves to the seemingly perfect lives of others, the more we distance ourselves from our own lives and the real relationships we could cultivate. A gap develops between the world that digital platforms show us and the reality we experience ourselves.

In addition, the increase in digital connections often leads to alienation from ourselves. As we increasingly define our identity through the lens of social media, we lose access to the deeper, authentic aspects of ourselves. We portray ourselves and our lives as we believe others should perceive them. This constant construction and self-dramatization leads us to distance ourselves from our true essence and only show the surface. Instead of seeking real, profound connections with other people, we seek validation in the form of likes, comments and follower numbers.

Another challenge in digital communication is the loss of non-verbal communication. In a face-to-face conversation, we can respond to body language, facial expressions and tone of voice - elements that often reveal more about the other person's feelings and intentions than words alone. This dimension is largely lost in digital communication. Emojis and short text messages can convey emotions, but they are often insufficient to fully express the complexity of human feelings. The lack of real closeness leads to the emotional depth of conversations decreasing. Relationships based only on text messages and pictures remain superficial without the personal context because they do not generate the same emotional resonance as real, face-to-face encounters.

The constant availability of social media also leads to a certain emotional exhaustion. We are so conditioned to respond to messages immediately and connect with everyone and everything that we can never really switch off. The constant need to be present and stay updated creates a kind of psychological pressure. We feel obliged to constantly communicate, share and respond - and yet the quality of connections often falls short of our expectations.

It is important to emphasize that the digital world does not only have negative effects. It offers us new ways of connecting and sharing, especially in an increasingly globalized world. People can connect with like-minded people, find support and grow in communities that might not be as easily accessible in the physical world. Yet the paradox of loneliness shows us that these digital connections are only fulfilling when they are paired with real, emotional intimacy and a deep engagement with the other.

The challenge of digital loneliness is not that technology is distancing us from each other, but how we use it. We must learn to see digital connections not as a replacement for real, face-to-face relationships, but as a complement that helps us deepen relationships when circumstances require it. The true value of digital connections lies in their ability to connect us, not to isolate us. The trick is to use technology consciously and wisely to create deeper connections and avoid real loneliness.

At a time when the digital world is becoming more and more dominant, it is more important than ever to question ourselves and our relationships. The true value of connection is not determined by the number of contacts we have on social media, but by the quality of the relationships we build. We need to consciously break free of the illusion that more connections automatically create deeper relationships and instead rediscover the value of real, face-to-face interaction.

The increase in digital connections undoubtedly has the potential to bring our world closer together. But it is up to us to ensure that these connections really do create the closeness we want - a closeness that is not based on a glimpse of a screen, but on real, human interaction. Only then can we overcome the paradox of loneliness and cultivate real, deep relationships in an increasingly digital world.

The mechanisms behind digital loneliness

So what are the reasons for this digital loneliness? Why does the increasing use of social media not lead us to a stronger and more fulfilling connection with others, but to a feeling of emptiness?

A key aspect is the way social media is designed. Platforms like Facebook, Instagram and Co. are designed to keep us hooked back to the screen. The so-called "dopamine rush" we experience from checking notifications or receiving likes creates a quick but fleeting reward. These little "snapshots" of social recognition can give us a sense of belonging - but that feeling is superficial and fleeting. In the real world, bonds are complex and require time, trust and shared experiences. Digital interactions, on the other hand, are often reduced to quick, momentary validations. They do not offer real, deep encounters that can truly satisfy the human heart's need for closeness and real connection.

Another point related to digital loneliness is the increasing tendency towards social isolation, which is encouraged by constant comparison with other people. Social platforms often only present the highlights of a life - the vacation pictures, the successes, the happy moments. These idealized representations of life and happiness can make us feel inadequate or excluded. Constantly comparing ourselves to the seemingly perfect lives of others can lead to feelings of inadequacy and isolation. Instead of connecting us with each other, social networks promote a kind of competition that is about validation rather than real, meaningful encounters.

The digital space also allows us to hide behind a facade. Often, we present ourselves on social media in a way that does not reflect the full truth about our lives—we only show the parts we consider socially acceptable or desirable. This selective representation can cause us to lose the feeling of being truly seen, which can increase loneliness.

Another mechanism that leads to digital loneliness is the surface nature of digital communication. Social media such as Facebook, Instagram, and X allow us to interact with others in real time, but these interactions are often very fleeting and superficial. A “like” on a picture or a quick comment may provide a sense of recognition, but this form of interaction is far from the depth of a real conversation. Communication is reduced to a series of short, canned reactions that cannot create real emotional bonds. While we believe we are staying in touch, this contact is often just an illusion. Instead of delving deeper into each other’s feelings and thoughts, we are limited to the surface of interactions.

This phenomenon is reinforced by what is known as the “quantification of social recognition.” On social media, we measure the value of an interaction in likes, comments and shares. These numbers give us quick but superficial validation. But this validation is fleeting. A like can bring a brief moment of joy, but it is not a permanent source of fulfillment. This need for constant validation and recognition through digital platforms leads to a kind of "reward loop" in which we are constantly dependent on the validation of others. Digital loneliness arises because this validation can never replace the real emotional closeness and intimacy that comes from deep personal relationships.

This is where the nature of influencership in particular stands out. Its social and personal dangers are deeply intertwined and shed a sharp light on the dynamics that prevail in the digital world. Influencers are people who attract large numbers of followers through their presence on social media platforms such as Instagram, YouTube or TikTok and exert influence on their followers through their content. They are often seen as role models, advisors or entertaining personalities whose opinions and ways of life reach millions. But behind this outward facade of success and popularity lies a complex web of social, emotional and psychological challenges that can affect not only the influencers themselves, but also the people who follow their content.

First of all, influencership is a special form of digital celebrity that is different from traditional forms of celebrity due to the interactivity of social media. Influencers can communicate directly with their followers, they receive immediate feedback and are able to build their brand in a more personal way. This closeness and authenticity that many influencers convey creates a strong bond between them and their followers. People often feel as if they know the influencers personally - a form of relationship that is difficult to replicate in the physical world.

However, there is a dark side to this perception. Influencers must constantly present a carefully curated version of their lives in order to maintain their brand. They show the best aspects of their lives: luxury trips, beautiful photos, great outfits, seemingly perfect relationships and more. This staged representation creates the impression of a life of success and happiness. For many followers, this is a seductive idea that leads them into the trap of comparison and self-doubt. They measure their own lives against the often unrealistic standards set by influencers.

The social dangers of influencership manifest themselves not only in the perception of the outside world, but also in the relationships between influencers and their followers, as well as within their own social circles. The influencer world is one of constant performance and self-promotion. An influencer's success depends on the number of followers, the interaction rate, and visibility. This drive for recognition and validation leads to a permanent surrender of one's life to the public.

One problem that often comes with this constant visibility is the danger of exploitation and superficial interaction. Many influencers are dependent not only on the brands that sponsor them, but also on constant validation from their followers. Likes, comments, and shares have become a new form of social currency. The more interactions an influencer receives, the more recognition and thus financial reward flows. This increases the pressure to constantly stage oneself and repeatedly produce content that appeals to the audience.

This social dynamic can cause influencers to lose their authenticity and become alienated from their true selves. The pressure to present a perfect version of oneself is enormous. In many cases, this leads to a distorted perception of one's life and a constant feeling of inadequacy when reality does not match the staged perfection. This discrepancy can lead to psychological distress and, in the long term, affect an influencer's self-esteem.

In addition, the success of influencers leads them to live in a bubble where real, deep human relationships are harder to find. Often, their relationships with followers are superficial and reduced to digital interaction. Influencers may struggle to maintain real, non-paid relationships because their social interactions are characterized by constant observation and the expectation of publicity. They are trapped in a world where every aspect of their lives is judged and commented on.

The personal dangers of influencership primarily affect the mental health and well-being of the influencers themselves. The constant pursuit of recognition and the need to keep producing new content can lead to significant emotional exhaustion. The pressure to always be "on", i.e. to constantly deliver new content while maintaining the perfect facade, not only leads to physical fatigue, but also to increasing alienation from one's own identity.

Another aspect of personal exposure is the scrutiny of one's own identity and life through the eyes of followers. Influencers are forced to share their personal experiences and opinions in a way that is evaluated by millions of people. Negative comments, criticism or even hate messages can have a major impact on mental well-being. A constant fear of public rejection arises, which can lead to anxiety, depression and reduced self-esteem.

In addition, influencers are often unprepared to deal with the financial and professional consequences of being an influencer. The rapid success that comes with the large reach on social media can lead to financial stress and an unstable professional future if popularity suddenly wanes. Many influencers are unaware of how quickly their careers can change in the digital world. This uncertainty factor can represent a constant psychological burden and increase the pressure to optimize their brand in order to not only retain followers but also to continuously secure sources of income.

A shitstorm often arises from a thoughtless or controversial statement, an unfortunate action or a misleading public statement that is perceived by a large number of people as inappropriate or hurtful. The consequences of a shitstorm can be far-reaching and often dramatic for both the individuals or organizations affected and the online community involved. They range from short-term emotional and social effects to long-term professional and financial damage.

For the influencers affected, a shitstorm can represent a considerable psychological burden. The sudden public criticism can lead to anxiety, stress and a feeling of being overwhelmed. Influencers in particular often experience a strong feeling of alienation and isolation as a result of such events. The mass rejection, which sometimes takes the form of hateful comments, insults and cyberbullying, can lead to depression and reduced self-esteem. In some cases, it can also lead to a complete withdrawal from social media or even professional and personal crises.

Another serious effect of a shitstorm is financial loss. For influencers and well-known personalities, a massive loss of image often means the loss of advertising partnerships and sponsorships. Brands that have worked with the influencer up to that point may feel compelled to end the collaboration in order to protect their own reputation and avoid negative associations with the person concerned.

For influencers and media personalities, the public reputation that has been severely damaged by the shitstorm can lead not only to a decline in the number of followers, but also to a loss of professional opportunities. In the long term, the person affected may have difficulty gaining new partnerships or gaining a foothold in their industry. The consequences of a shitstorm are complex and can have both short- and long-term effects on the people and organizations affected. These range from psychological stress and social isolation to career losses and financial losses and legal consequences. Shitstorms not only show the dangers of social media, but also reflect social values and the importance of public communication and responsibility in the digital space.

In order to minimize the negative effects of influencership, it is important that influencers and their followers become aware of the mechanisms and psychological dynamics behind it. Only by critically examining one's own goals and the impact of influencership can a healthy balance between digital presence and real life be found.

Another important mechanism behind digital loneliness is “social comparison,” which is reinforced by the structure of social networks. Social media is designed to showcase the best and most successful moments from users’ lives. Vacation pictures, successful careers, and happy relationships are the content that gets the most attention. This constant presentation of other people’s highlights can lead to negative comparison. We see other people’s perfect lives and start to weigh our own lives against them, which can lead to a feeling of inadequacy. Social comparison makes us feel like we are not enough or that our lives do not deserve the same recognition, which can lead to feelings of isolation and alienation.

This social comparison becomes particularly problematic when combined with the “fear of missing out” (FOMO), the constant feeling of missing out. When we see other people participating in exciting experiences, we can feel left out. This pressure to always be there reinforces feelings of loneliness because we believe we are not integrated into the same social circles or do not receive the same level of success and recognition as others. This constant need to participate in social activities and show off can lead to an inner emptiness if these needs are not met.

The filter bubble in which we move through social media algorithms is another mechanism that contributes to digital loneliness. The algorithms that curate the content on social networks tend to show us only the information that is consistent with our previous interests and beliefs. These “filter bubbles” create a kind of digital echo chamber in which we only ever hear the same perspective and are increasingly confirmed in our own beliefs. This not only reduces the diversity of information we receive, but also socially isolates us from other perspectives. In such bubbles, there is often no space for the development of real social interactions, where we can exchange different views and grow in a real dialogue. Instead, digital spaces only confirm our own viewpoints and reinforce feelings of isolation when we don't engage with other perspectives.

In addition, the lack of nonverbal communication in digital interactions is a major factor contributing to digital loneliness. In face-to-face conversations, we can respond to body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice - elements that are crucial to the emotional depth of a conversation. In digital communication, on the other hand, these elements are missing, making it difficult to fully grasp the emotional nuances of a conversation. A short text conversation or message can easily be misunderstood because there are no additional signals such as a reassuring look or a warm hug that reinforce the emotional content of the communication. This means that digital conversations often seem shallow and distant, even if they may seem friendly and inviting from the perspective of pure word choice.

Constant access to social networks and news through smartphones and other devices further reinforces digital loneliness. In the analogue world, we could distance ourselves from an interaction by leaving the house, turning off the TV or putting the phone away. In the digital world, however, we are reachable at all times. We can no longer simply switch to "offline" mode without feeling removed from digital obligations and social expectations. This constant accessibility creates not only physical exhaustion, but also psychological exhaustion, which can increase feelings of isolation. There is pressure to always be present, always respond, always share - leading to an impoverishment of our social interactions and an increase in loneliness.

Another aspect is the loss of authenticity. In the digital world, many people tend to portray their lives in an idealised way. Only what is considered positive or appealing is shown, while the dark and less glamorous sides of life are often hidden. This means that the relationships we maintain online are often based on a distorted representation of life. This distorted perception of reality causes us to be in a constant race to live the perfect life, making true, authentic connection between people difficult. When we only focus on the idealized version of other people's lives, we lose the ability to connect on a deeper, human level.

Finally, the increasing importance of algorithms also plays a role in digital loneliness. These algorithms decide what content we see and which people in our network we encounter most often. They encourage interaction with certain content and users deemed relevant, while others disappear from view. This can lead to us surrounding ourselves with a small, homogenous group of people and ideas that confirm our own views but offer little opportunity for real, diverse connections and perspectives. The algorithms reinforce this isolation by trapping us in a bubble of repetition and confirmation.

The mechanisms behind digital loneliness are complex and intertwined. They result from the way digital platforms are designed and the psychological responses these platforms trigger in us. The digital world offers undeniable advantages in terms of connectivity and access to information, but it can also trap us in a spiral of superficiality, social comparison and alienation. To overcome digital loneliness, we must become aware of the effects of these mechanisms and learn to make our digital communication more conscious and fulfilling. Only then can we rediscover the true meaning of connection and closeness in the digital age.

The impact on real relationships

What does this mean for interpersonal relationships outside the digital world? One of the most profound effects that the digital world has on our relationships is the loss of non-verbal communication. In a face-to-face conversation, we can respond to body language, facial expressions and tone of voice - elements that help us understand the emotional depth and intentions of the other person. This dimension of communication is largely lost in the digital space. A short text conversation or a comment can easily be misunderstood because the subtle nuances of body language are missing.

The experience of closeness and intimacy is also changed by digital forms of communication. Physical contact, sharing moments together and sharing physical proximity are essential components of a deep relationship. These aspects are difficult or even impossible to replace when the majority of our interactions are shifted to the digital space.

The digital revolution has fundamentally changed the way we communicate. What was once limited to face-to-face meetings, letters or phone calls now takes place via numerous digital channels. This transformation brings both opportunities and challenges for our interpersonal relationships.

First, digital communication enables unprecedented connectivity. People can stay in touch regardless of geographical distances. Family members who live far apart can share in important moments through video calls. Friendships survive moves and life changes as social media and messaging services facilitate continuous exchange. This expanded reach has proven its importance especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, when digital connections were often the only way for social interaction.

However, we are also observing a qualitative change in communication. Text-based messages cannot fully convey non-verbal signals such as facial expressions, gestures and tone of voice. Emoticons, GIFs and voice messages try to fill this gap, but do not achieve the depth of a personal encounter. The absence of these signals often leads to misunderstandings, as irony, humor or empathy are harder to convey. Conflicts can escalate more quickly if messages are misinterpreted.

Another aspect is the change in our attention. In conversations via smartphone or computer, we are often exposed to several stimuli at the same time - notifications interrupt the flow of thoughts, other tabs compete for our attention. This divided presence can give the feeling of not really being heard or seen. In contrast, the undivided attention in personal encounters creates a connection that is difficult to replicate through digital media.

Digital communication has also changed our expectations of accessibility. The constant availability of messaging services creates a subtle pressure to always be responsive. The lack of immediate responses can signal uncertainty or even rejection, while constant communication can lead to exhaustion. This changed dynamic challenges us to set healthy boundaries and create space for uninterrupted offline time.

We are observing a paradoxical phenomenon, especially among younger generations: Despite constant digital connectivity, many report feelings of loneliness. The superficial nature of many online interactions does not seem to fully satisfy the basic human need for deep connection. The quantity of contacts does not replace the quality of real encounters in which we can show ourselves vulnerable and be authentic.

At the same time, digital platforms provide space for people who struggle in traditional social contexts. Introverts or people with social anxiety can build connections more easily in text-based environments. Communities form around shared interests, regardless of physical barriers. This inclusivity represents a significant gain.

The way we maintain relationships has also changed. Social media allows us to stay informed about the life events of an extended circle - from former schoolmates to distant acquaintances. This peripheral awareness can, on the one hand, create a sense of cohesion, but on the other hand, it can also lead to superficial connections based on curated self-presentation. The challenge is to balance between this broad but shallow networking and the cultivation of deeper relationships.

Another effect of digital communication is the change in our social skills. Especially among adolescents who grow up in a digitally influenced world, there is concern that important face-to-face communication skills could remain underdeveloped. The ability to resolve conflicts directly, show empathy or have complex conversations requires practice in real social contexts.

The pandemic has also shown that digital communication is a valuable tool, but cannot completely replace physical co-presence. After long periods of virtual meetings, many people long for the spontaneous exchange, shared experiences and physical closeness that only face-to-face encounters can offer.

For a healthy balance, it seems crucial to view digital communication as a supplement to, and not a replacement for, personal interactions. Consciously taking time offline, prioritizing face-to-face encounters for important conversations, and reflecting on one's own media consumption can help us reap the benefits of digitalization without suffering its pitfalls. Ultimately, we are faced with the task of developing a new social grammar - rules and norms that help us have authentic and fulfilling relationships in this hybrid reality. This requires both individual mindfulness and societal discussions about how we can put technology in the service of our deepest human needs for connection, understanding, and belonging.

The biological and psychological importance of direct human contact

Direct personal contact is not only pleasant for us humans, but fulfills fundamental biological and psychological needs that are deeply rooted in our evolutionary history. As a social species, we have evolved over millennia in communities in which physical proximity, touch, and immediate interaction were essential for survival.

From a neurobiological point of view, physical contact, especially touch, triggers a cascade of biochemical reactions. Positive touches such as hugging, holding hands or a friendly pat on the back release oxytocin - a hormone that reduces stress, promotes trust and strengthens social bonds. At the same time, cortisol levels drop, which dampens our stress response and supports the immune system. Studies have shown that regular, positive physical contact can lower blood pressure, relieve pain and even speed up wound healing.

The physical co-presence of other people also activates our mirror neuron system - specialized brain cells that fire when we observe an action and when we perform it ourselves. This neurological resonance enables us to immediately perceive and empathize with the emotions of others, which forms the basis for deep empathy. In direct encounters, we can achieve a form of emotional synchronization through microexpressions, body posture and eye contact that is not possible through digital media.

Physical contact is irreplaceable, especially in early stages of life. Infants and young children develop secure attachment patterns through touch, holding and cuddling that shape their emotional and cognitive development. The lack of physical affection can lead to developmental delays, weakened immune systems and lifelong attachment difficulties, as tragic studies of orphans have shown.

In adulthood, our need for personal contact remains. The physical presence of other people in our living space provides a feeling of security and belonging that is deeply anchored in our brain stem. Just knowing that someone is physically available reduces our stress levels and promotes psychological resilience.

Immediate interaction also activates all of our senses simultaneously. We perceive not only words, but also smells that can unconsciously signal trust or distrust, tactile impressions that convey closeness and minimal changes in voice and facial expression that convey complex emotional states. This multisensory experience creates a richer, deeper sense of connection than any technologically mediated communication.

From an evolutionary psychological perspective, social groups were essential for the survival of our ancestors - for protection, food procurement and childcare. This dependence, which has lasted for thousands of years, has shaped our brains in such a way that social isolation is perceived as an existential threat. Chronic loneliness activates the same brain regions as physical pain and triggers stress reactions that can lead to cardiovascular disease, weakened immune systems and increased levels of inflammation in the body in the long term.

Personal encounters also provide space for spontaneous, unplanned interactions that are often particularly meaningful. A chance conversation, a shared moment of laughter or an unexpected gesture of support can have profound effects that rarely arise in planned digital interactions.

The physical presence of other people in our lives also serves an important mirror function for our identity. Through the reactions and feedback of others, we develop and refine our self-image and our understanding of who we are. This social validation and the feeling of being truly seen are central to our mental health and well-being.

Direct contact also enables a form of shared attention and shared experience that stimulates our brains in unique ways. When we laugh, grieve, celebrate or work together with others, a kind of collective emotional state emerges that amplifies and enriches our individual experiences. This phenomenon, often referred to as "collective effervescence," can provide a deep sense of meaning and belonging.

The COVID-19 pandemic, as an extreme mass experiment, has highlighted how essential personal contact is for our health. The increase in depression, anxiety and psychosomatic complaints during lockdown periods underscores that digital connections, while valuable, are not a complete substitute for physical proximity.

Social media cannot replace direct human contact for fundamental biological and psychological reasons. While digital platforms enable or simulate information exchange and some form of connectedness, they lack the essential elements that engage and activate our neurobiological systems: the oxytocin release through touch, the multisensory experience of a face-to-face encounter and the immediate emotional resonance required by our mirror neuron system. Evolution has shaped us over millennia as beings who need physical proximity for mental and physical health - a fact that no amount of technology, no matter how advanced, can circumvent.

Nevertheless, social media performs an important bridging function in our social fabric. It can maintain a vital connection in times of forced separation, such as during a pandemic or when there are large geographical distances. For people with reduced mobility, in remote areas or with social anxiety, digital platforms offer access to communities that would not otherwise be possible. They make it possible to maintain loose connections that would otherwise be lost and can serve as first points of contact for new relationships that are later transferred to the physical world.

The optimal use of social media therefore lies in its role as a complement, not a replacement, for face-to-face encounters. They can bridge periods of physical isolation, support existing relationships and initiate new ones - but always with the awareness that our deepest human needs for connection can ultimately only be fully met through direct contact. The true value of digital communication for our social well-being lies in this complementary function, not as a substitute.

As humans, we are biologically and psychologically programmed to live in direct contact with others. The progressive digitization of our communication cannot fully meet the evolutionarily developed needs for physical proximity, multisensory perception and immediate social resonance. A healthy life, even in the digital age, therefore requires the conscious integration and appreciation of direct personal encounters as an irreplaceable component of human well-being.