Love Your Enemies (A History of the Tradition and Interpretation of Its Uses) E-Book

John Piper

• Herausgeber: Crossway
• Kategorie: Religion und Spiritualität
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Seitenzahl: 618

Beschreibung

"Love Your Enemies…" This is one of the few statements Jesus made that is readily accepted by believers and skeptics alike. Its authenticity is not seriously questioned and yet it is a revolutionary command. Giving attention to various critical theories, John Piper presents evidence that the early church earnestly advocated for non-retaliatory love, extending it to those who practiced evil in the world. Such love was key to the church's own ethical tradition or paraenesis. Piper illuminates the Synoptics and passages in Romans, as well as 1 Thessalonians and 1 Peter, with non-canonical evidence, investigating the theological significance of Jesus's love command. Originally published as #38 in the Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series, this is John Piper's doctoral dissertation from the University of Munich. It is a serious work of Christian scholarship by a long-time respected author and pastor. This repackaged edition features a new, extensive introduction and will be of interest to scholars, students, and lay people who have training in New Testament studies.

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ToNoël

Love Your Enemies: Jesus’ Love Command in the Synoptic Gospels and the Early Christian Paraenesis

Preface © 2012 by Desiring God Foundation

Text © 1979 by Desiring God Foundation

Published by Crossway1300 Crescent StreetWheaton, Illinois 60187

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, except as provided by USA copyright law.

First published in the Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series (Cambridge University Press, 1979).

Cover design: Studio Gearbox

Cover image(s): Ecce Homo Antonio Ciser / SuperStock

First printing 2012

Printed in the United States of America

Scripture quotations are the author’s translation.

Hardcover ISBN: 978-1-4335-3475-1

PDF ISBN: 978-1-4335-3476-8

Library  of  Congress  Control  Number:  91-24175

Crossway is a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers.

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Contents

Preface to the 2012 Republication

Note on the Title and Previous Editions

Preface to the 1979 Edition

Abbreviations

Introduction

1

In Search of the Paraenetic Tradition of a Command of Enemy Love

I.

The Pertinent Texts

II.

Literary Dependence or Common Traditional Source?

III.

Determining the Form of the Command in the Paraenetic Tradition

A. I Thess 5:15

B. Rom 12:17 and I Pt 3:9

IV.

Conclusion

2

The Origin of the Command of Enemy Love in the New Testament Paraenetic Tradition

I.

The Question and the Approach

II.

Hellenistic Philosophy

A. Seneca

B. Epictetus

III.

The Old Testament

IV.

Hellenistic Judaism

A. Works from the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

B. Philo

V.

Qumran and Works in the Region of its Influence

A. Manual of Discipline

B. The Book of Jubilees

C. The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs

VI.

Palestinian Judaism outside Qumran

A. The Wisdom of Jesus Son of Sirach

B. Josephus

C. The Rabbis

VII.

The Teaching of Jesus

A. The Question of Q

B. The Question of the Antitheses

C. Analysis of the Individual Sayings

VIII.

Conclusion

3

Jesus’ Command of Enemy Love in the Larger Context of His Message

I. Preliminary Remarks

A. The Hermeneutical Problems

B. The Validity of Systematizing

C. The Content of the Chapter

II. Jesus’ Command of Enemy Love and the Kingdom of God

A. Four Recent Studies and One Older Work

B. Jesus’ Command of Enemy Love and the Coming Kingdom: Condition?

C. Jesus’ Command of Enemy Love and the Present Aspect of the Kingdom: Enablement

D. Jesus’ Command of Enemy Love as a Sign of the Kingdom

III. Jesus’ Command of Enemy Love and the Law

A. Non-Resistance (Mt 5:39– 42) vs the Lex Talionis (Ex 21:24)

B. Enemy Love (Mt 5:44 par Lk) vs Neighbor Love (Lev 19:18)

C. Abolition vs Continuation of the Law

4

The Use and Meaning of Jesus’ Command of Enemy Love in the 100 Early Christian Paraenesis

I.

Preliminary Remarks

II.

The Motivation of the Command of Enemy Love

A. A Brief Survey of the Previous Research

B. Paul

C. I Peter

III.

The Content of the Command of Enemy Love

A. The General Features of Enemy Love

B. Love and the Command of Enemy Love and the Institutions of Society

5

The Gospel Tradition of Jesus’ Command of Enemy Love and its 134 Use in Matthew and Luke

I.

The Gospel Tradition of Jesus’ Command of Enemy Love before the Gospels

A. Determining the Vorlage

B. Determining the Sitz im Leben of the Vorlage

II.

The Gospel Tradition of Jesus’ Command of Enemy Love in the Gospels

A. The Approach and Methodology

B. Matthew’s Use of the Gospel Tradition of Jesus’ Command of Enemy Love

C. Luke’s Use of the Gospel Tradition of Jesus’ Command of Enemy Love

Conclusion

Notes

Bibliography

Preface to the 2012 Republication

A Monument to Mercy and Faithfulness

Publishing again my doctoral dissertation, written for the theological faculty of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, is like building a monument to God’s mercy and faithfulness. Monuments are usually built much later than the event celebrated, in this case, the years 1971–1974 in Munich, Germany. Monuments are not about themselves. They remind. They point. In this case, to the mercy and faithfulness of God. Monuments are often made of plain, lifeless stone while representing something utterly vital and beautiful. In this case, a mere book representing the shining face of God and his mighty hand on my life in those days—and before.

Mercy and faithfulness are the right words. It was a huge risk to study theology at a German university in the 1970s. In fact, from my parents’ standpoint, I had been taking increasing risks since I left home in 1964. From their solid, joyful, biblically faithful fundamentalism, my going to Wheaton College was a risk. Then to go to Fuller Seminary was a greater risk. Then to go to the University of Munich was the greatest risk of all. But none of these moves was motivated in me by a departure from the fundamentals my parents embraced. I loved them then. I love them now.

That was not the case with all my classmates. I know Wheaton classmates who walked away from the faith of their parents. I know Fuller classmates who now think it is intellectually impossible to be a Bible-believing evangelical. And in my part of the University of Munich, I was totally alone in my view of the inerrancy of Scripture, not to mention my Edwardsian commitment to doxology as the aim of all theology, and my inveterate skepticism, not of Scripture, but of all so-called ‘assured results of Higher criticism.’

A Hard Thicket to Get Out Of

This was the context for God’s mercy and faithfulness. For three years, most of my time was spent reading cutting-edge German, British, and American New Testament scholarship, with a tiny bit of French thrown in. I sat in classes (all in German) and watched as world-class scholars led young ministerial candidates into the thickets of Religionsgeschichte (history of religions) and Traditionsgeschichte (history of traditions) and Formgeschichte (form criticism) and Redaktionsgeschichte (redaction criticism) and Sachgeschichte (almost untranslatable: substance/essence criticism). I say ‘led them in,’ not led them out.

It is a hard thicket to get out of. And why would you want to, since it seemed as though the esteem of the academic guild and pride of scholarship flourished there? But this is where the mercy and faithfulness of God comes in. I was not smarter than others. Smartness is not a fruit of the Holy Spirit. But I had different intellectual taste buds.

Inoculated with Joy

Under the guidance of Daniel Fuller, from 1968 to 1971, I had tasted the sweetest spiritual fruit from the painstaking exegetical effort to understand the intention of the inspired biblical authors. His method was not to suspiciously peel away layers of tradition from the biblical books in search of some other Sitze im Leben (setting in life). It was the backbreaking effort to see what is really there. An effort that, I dare say after sixty-six years of life, has for me barely begun.

So the mercy and faithfulness of God had begun long before I studied in Germany. It began in eternity, of course. But also in every sweet influence of God’s Word in my life from the time I could hear my father speak; through Sunday school at White Oak Baptist church in Greenville, South Carolina; through Bible classes at Wheaton College; through daily disciplines of meditation and memorization; through class after class with Dr. Fuller; being trained in the severe discipline of observation. The fruit of these labors was so powerfully self-attesting and soul-satisfying that the critical methodology I found at the University of Munich held no allurement. And the more I cut my way through that thicket, the less fruitful it seemed.

I had been inoculated against the fascination of speculative scholarship by the joy of seeing and savoring the glory and the power that is really there in God’s Word. This dissertation is, therefore, strewn with my skepticism about the certainties of critical scholarship. You will know them by their fruit. And in my experience, the methodologies reigning in the mid-seventies, and in many places today, did not produce spiritual orchards but wastelands.

German Giants I Love

There were exceptions. My own Doktorvater, Leonhard Goppelt, was I believe a brilliant, humble, godly man, though we had significant differences about how to view the Scriptures. And historically I found a hero in the New Testament scholar Adolf Schlatter, who forty years after his death was still a magnificent model of intense textual observation. His motto was ‘Die Wissenschaft ist erstens Beobachtung, zweitens Beobachtung, drittens Bebachtung’ (‘Scholarship is first observation, second observation, third observation’). Schlatter’s name still had enough esteem in the university that I could lay claim to it to warrant my method, should anyone not feel the same esteem for its real source, Daniel Fuller.

God’s Precious church

Not only did God show his mercy through my disenchantment with fruitless academic methods, but also through the preciousness of his church. My wife, Noël, and I were in a small fellowship of believers that met almost every Friday night for the three years we were there. We were always in the Scriptures together, and the group prayed for us. And we worshiped with the German Baptist church on Sunday mornings under the powerful preaching of Pastor Rudzio and under the robust singing of ‘O dass ich tausend zungen hätte!’

I remained ‘under the care’ of the deacons of Lake Avenue church in Pasadena where we belonged while in seminary and where I would be ordained in 1975. Noël and I read and prayed together every evening during these fourth through sixth years of marriage. And I met Jesus alone each morning in a small pantry-turned-study just off the kitchen in our third floor flat. By these precious means of grace, the grace and mercy of God was manifest in those years.

Light Will Break Forth from God’s Word

So the context for this dissertation was not merely a German university that I found spiritually sterile, but a Christian community that I found joyfully lifesustaining. And after all, I was studying the Word of God. By his Spirit, God makes his Word the source of all our life. And even in an academic wasteland, the Puritan adage is true: ‘I am verily persuaded the Lord hath more truth and light yet to break forth from His holy word.’ Yes, he does. Those years were not wasted. Even though the pillars of my theological house had been built in preceding years, rooms of insight were added in Germany. Some significant ones are in this book.

Finding Fruit in the Thicket

One way to see this dissertation is as the record of my work in the ‘thicket.’ The book is shaped by the ‘history-of-traditions’ methodology. What that means is that I tried to discover the source or sources (roots) of the New Testament command to love your enemies, and then discern how it made its way into the New Testament, and what it meant in all the contexts where it was used (always, of course, stubbornly open to the possibility that the New Testament writers may not have been dependent on any sources at any given point).

The most explicit commands to love our enemies are found in Mt 5:38–48; Lk 6:27–36; Rom 12:17–21; I Thess 5:15; and I Pt 3:9. In the Gospels, this command takes the form, ‘Love your enemies, bless. . . . ’ (Mt 5:44; Lk 6:27, 35), and in the Epistles it takes the form, ‘Repay no one evil for evil, but bless. . . .’ (Rom 12:17; I Thess 5:15; I Pt 3:9). One of the most interesting questions this raises is: Why was Jesus never quoted in the Epistles to reinforce this very difficult teaching? It would cost Christians their lives.

In fact, why are the words of Jesus that we find in the Gospels almost never quoted as such in the Epistles (with the exception of I Corinthians 11:24–25)?

There are other allusions to Jesus’ words in the Gospels (for example, I Cor 7:10; I Tim 5:18; I Pet 2:12), but it is remarkable that he is virtually never quoted by explicitly saying these are the words of Jesus. One of the hopes of posting the question the way I did was to find a possible answer to this question (see pp. 136–139).

Another hope in posing the question the way I did (German has a nice word for this: Fragestellung) was to discern the meaning of the New Testament contexts more clearly. If, in fact, Paul and Peter and Matthew and Luke were using similar sources, especially the words of Jesus himself, then the unique use each made of these sources might shed more light on how we should understand and apply the command of enemy love today.

Pastors, Don’t Do It This Way

But, to be honest, and I hope encouraging to pastors, the payoff for this history-of-traditions approach to biblical studies is disproportionately small. Very small. Or to put it positively, since you only have one life to live, the payoff historically, theologically, spiritually, and practically will be far greater if you focus your prayerful mental energies like a laser on the text and the biblical context itself. Most of what I saw of value in my research I saw by looking at the texts themselves, not by being aware of sources.

Why Do New Creatures Need Commands?

And see things I did—things that to this day form a crucial part of my understanding. Just to mention two examples: In grappling with the way Jesus and Matthew and Luke and Paul and Peter motivated the command to love our enemies, I ran into the simple question: Why do new creatures in Christ need commandments at all? If our minds are being renewed to discern the will of God (Rom 12:2), if we are indwelt by the Spirit of God whose first fruit is love (Gal 5:22), if we are God-taught to love each other (I Thess 4:9), why do we need to be commanded by words from human mouths—words like, ‘Love your enemies’? Does the born-again believer act this way from the inside out? Why does he need words from the outside in? It is not an easy question. And the answer I hit upon in those days remains as a foundational understanding of how God works in our day (pp. 106–110).

Does Enemy Love Govern All of Life?

Another example of the discoveries that remain with me is the relationship between the radical command to return good for evil, and the equally clear command to live in the structures of this fallen world that do not operate simply by the principle of returning good for evil. Jesus commanded that we ‘not resist the one who is evil. But if anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also’ (Mt 5:39). But he also said, ‘Render to Caesar the things that are Caesars’ (Mt 22:21). And one of Caesar’s rights is: ‘He does not bear the sword in vain’ (Rom 13:4).

In fact, government is not the only sphere of life in which the Bible demands that we not turn the other cheek. In the family: ‘Fathers, . . . bring them up in the discipline . . . of the Lord’ (Eph 6:4; cf. Heb 12:5). Disciplining children is not turning the other cheek. Commerce: ‘If anyone is not willing to work, let him not eat’ (II Thess 3:10). An employee who refuses to come to work should not keep getting paid. church discipline: ‘Do not even eat with such a one’ (I Cor 5:11).

What I saw was that the kind of enemy love that we find in Mt 5:38–48, Lk 6:27–36, Rom 12:17–21, I Thess 5:15, and I Pt 3:9 is one way that we reflect the character of God and the freedom from hate and bitterness that we have in him. But, while this fallen world lasts, God also means for his justice to be displayed, even by his own people within the spheres where that justice is essential to the fruitful working of the world God has made. Or another way to say it is that love is more complex than enemy love. It is more complex than turning the other cheek.

Make the Tree Good!

How do we know when to act one way and when the other? Jesus and his apostles do not answer that question by pointing us to information, but by pointing us to transformation. ‘Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that by testing you may discern what is the will of God’ (Rom 12:2). In the end, as Jesus says, the command to love our enemies and all the other commands of the Bible are commands to ‘make the tree good’ (Mt 12:33). For ‘every good tree bears good fruit’ (Mt 7:17).

It has been almost forty years since I wrote this book. I wrote it between my twenty-sixth and twenty-eighth years. In what follows, we have let it stand as it was for historical purposes. I would not write it this way today, for reasons I have given already. If you want to see how I would write a book today on Jesus’ command to love our enemies, read What Jesus Demands from the World (Crossway, 2006, especially chapters 28–31). That book reflects my seasoned judgment about how to do Gospel studies for the greatest payoff.

No Enemy Love without God’s Enemy Love

One of the most important changes I would make in my doctoral dissertation, if I wrote it today, would be to make the cross of Christ far more prominent. It is there. And it is crucial. But it is not prominent. And that is not as it should be. I hope that what I have said and written since then has set the record straight.

Our only hope for loving our enemy is to be a new creation in Christ. And our only hope for being a new creation in Christ is to be reconciled to God through the death of his Son. ‘If anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation. The old has passed away; behold, the new has come. All this is from God, who through Christ reconciled us to himself’ (II Cor 5:17–18).

The only hope that we might love our enemy is that God loved us when we were his enemy. ‘If while we were enemies we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son, much more, now that we are reconciled, shall we be saved by his life’ (Rom 5:10). This is the great root of the good tree we are becoming: ‘Forgive one another, as God in Christ forgave you’ (Eph 4:32). Turn the other cheek—seventy times seven (Mt 18:22). Love does not keep an account of wrongs (I Cor 13:6). ‘Bless those who persecute you; bless and do not curse them’ (Rom 12:14).

Jesus is the great example here, and the inimitable substitute: ‘When he was reviled, he did not revile in return; when he suffered, he did not threaten, but continued entrusting himself to him who judges justly’—that’s the example (I Pt 2:23). And ‘he himself bore our sins in his body on the tree, that we might die to sin and live to righteousness’—that’s the substitution (I Pt 2:24). What he has done for us is the ground for what he does in us. We can become a good tree only because he was cursed for us on a horrible tree (Gal 3:13).

Display This Glory Now—Or Never

The aim of being a good tree—loving our enemies from the heart—is to display the glory of our Redeemer. This is a calling that has an end. In heaven there will be no enemies to love. We get a few years to display the glory of Christ in our own bodies like this. In the age to come, we will sing of Christ’s enemy love forever—the song of the Lamb (Rev 15:3). But neither he nor we will have any enemies to love. They will have all become friends (Lk 16:9), or they will have been cast into outer darkness (Mt 8:12). And the enemy love that will be remembered will be to the praise of the glory of his grace.

If the republication of this dissertation can awaken some to make those friends and that memory, I will be glad.

John Piper

Minneapolis, Minnesota

March 12, 2012

Note on the Title and Previous Editions

The word paraenesis in the title of the book is a technical term that carries formal and material connotations. Materially, it refers to ‘advice or exhortation.’ Formally, it refers to a concise, staccato style. We see it, for example, in I Thess 5:16–22:

Rejoice always, pray without ceasing, give thanks in all circumstances; for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus for you. Do not quench the Spirit. Do not despise prophecies, but test everything; hold fast what is good. Abstain from every form of evil.

For additional comments on the meaning of paraenesis, see pages 8 and 102–103. You would not be far from the mark if you altered the title to: Love Your Enemies: Jesus’ Love Command in the Synoptic Gospels and the Early Christian Ethical Tradition.

The term Synoptic Gospels refers to Mt, Mk, and Lk. The word synoptic means ‘see together’ or ‘see in a similar way.’ So the Synoptics are the three Gospels that see the story of Jesus in a similar way, while John is significantly different in the way he tells the story.

The book was written as my doctoral dissertation for the degree of D. theol., granted in 1974 by the University of Munich, Germany. It was first published in 1979 by Cambridge University Press as #38 in the Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series. Then in 1991, it was published as a paperback by Baker Book House.

Preface to the 1979 Edition

This book is a slightly revised and updated version of my doctoral dissertation which was accepted by the Protestant theological faculty of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, in the summer of 1974.

I want to express my gratitude for, if not to, my gracious and Highly esteemed ‘Doktorvater’ Professor Dr Leonhard Goppelt who died seven months prior to the completion of my studies in Munich. His exemplary scholarship, humility, and hospitality provided the guidance and encouragement needed to complete this work. His influence upon the conception of the book will be obvious even though we did not always agree.

At Professor Goppelt’s untimely death Professor Dr Georg Kretschmar, in addition to his many other responsibilities, generously agreed to supervise the finishing touches on the dissertation which was at that time substantially complete. For his time and help he deserves more praise than many know because of the unusual burden he was carrying.

I also owe thanks to the Evangelisch-Lutherische Landeskirche Bayern for a monthly stipend which together with my parents’ generosity enabled me and my family to do research in Munich for three years. My good friend Scott Hafemann should be mentioned for his help in compiling the indexes.

The debt I owe my wife is only symbolized but not exhausted by the fact that she typed the full manuscript at least three times through the stages of its emergence (sometimes with infant Karsten in her lap). For her prayers and her timely ‘You can do it,’ I give thanks to her and to the Lord whom we serve together—who loved us ‘while we were yet enemies,’ reconciling us to himself and giving us a ministry of reconciliation.

Abbreviations

ATD Altes Testament Deutsch ATLAAmerican Theological Library AssociationATRAnglican Theological ReviewBEvTh Beiträge zur evangelischen Theologie BFChThBeiträge zur Förderung christlicher TheologieBLBibel und LebenBNTCBlack’s New Testament CommentariesBRBiblical ResearchBSGNTUnited Bible Societies Greek New TestamentBStBiblische StudienBZBiblische ZeitschriftBZNWBeihefte zur Zeitschrift für neutestamentliche WissenschaftCBQCatholic Biblical QuarterlyEK Evangelische KommentareEncycl JudEncyclopaedia JudaicaETExpository TimesEvThEvangelische TheologieFRLANTForschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen TestamentsFZTPFreiburger Zeitschrift für Theologie und PhilosophieHNT Handbuch zum Neuen TestamentHThKHerders theologischer KommentarHTRHarvard Theological ReviewICCInternational Critical CommentaryIDBThe Interpreter’s Dictionary of the BibleJBLJournal of Biblical LiteratureJBRJournal of Bible and ReligionJRJournal of ReligionJTSJournal of Theological StudiesKuDKerygma und DogmaLZ Lebendiges ZeugnisMKMeyer KommentarMNTCMoffatt New Testament CommentariesNovTestNovum TestamentumNTANeutestamentliche AbhandlungenNTDNeues Testament DeutschNTSNew Testament StudiesPTRPrinceton Theological ReviewRB Revue BibliqueRGGReligion in Geschichte und Gegenwart (3rd edition)SacMuSacramentum MundiSBTStudies in Biblical TheologySNTSSociety for New Testament StudiesStThStudia TheologicaTDNTTheological Dictionary of the New TestamentThExTheologische Existenz HeuteThGlTheologie und GlaubeThLZTheologische LiteraturzeitungTHNTTheologischer Handkommentar zum Neuen TestamentThPTheologie und PhilosophieThQTheologische QuartalschriftThRTheologische RundschauThStKrTheologische Studien und KritikenThZ Theologische ZeitschriftTUTexte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen LiteraturUNTUntersuchungen zum Neuen TestamentWMANTWissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen TestamentWUNTWissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen TestamentZEEZeitschrift für evangelische EthikZKTZeitschrift für katholische TheologieZNWZeitschrift für neutestamentliche WissenschaftZSThZeitschrift für systematische TheologieZThKZeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche

INTRODUCTION

The Question and the Approach

'Love your enemies!' is one of the few sayings of Jesus, the authenticity of which is not seriously questioned by anyone. Nor is it disputed that this command is crucial in understanding what the earthly Jesus wanted to accomplish. It is further evident in the paraenetic1 portions of the New Testament epistles that commands are found which, while not rendering Jesus' command of enemy love2 word for word, nevertheless aim in the same direction and at times echo the phraseology of Jesus. In view of these facts it is surprising that (to my knowledge) no monograph exists which treats in a thorough way the history of this command in the various levels of the New Testament tradition. Therefore, as the title indicates, the present work aims to analyse the history of the tradition of Jesus' command of enemy love and to interpret the way it was understood in the various stages of early Christian tradition within the New Testament.

The peculiarity and limitation of my approach can perhaps be clarified by contrast with the approach taken in a related study: The Love Command in the New Testament (1972) by Victor Furnish. Dr Furnish distinguishes his own approach from those of James Moffatt's Love in the New Testament (1929), Ceslaus Spicq's Agape dans le Nouveau Testament: Analyse des Textes (1958), and Viktor Wamach's Die Liebe als Grundmotiv in der neutestamentlichen Theologie3 (1951) in that 'each of these . . . seeks to cut a broad swathe through all aspects of "love" in the New Testament,'4 not focusing as such on the love command, while his work, being more limited, 'focuses on the love ethic, the love command.'5 But even Furnish's focus is very broad and the content of the book shows that the emphasis in the above quote falls on 'ethic' rather than 'command'. The subtitles of the Pauline section reveal that Furnish's focus is broader than the love command: 'Love and the New Creation,' 'Love and the Law,' 'Love and Freedom,' 'Love in the Deutero-Pauline Letters.' A fitting subtitle for Furnish's book may have been, to use Furnish's own description of its content, 'what the New Testament teaches and otherwise reflects about earliest Christianity's view of loving one's brother, one's neighbor, and one's enemy.'6

In contrast, the focus of the present work is narrowed in two ways: the love command which is the object of my attention is specifically Jesus' love command and further it is Jesus' command of enemy love. This narrowing of focus onto a particular command of Jesus is necessitated by the history-of-traditions viewpoint which has governed the work from the beginning. It is the history of the tradition and the various understandings and applications of this one command of Jesus that I intend to investigate.7 While Furnish does say his intention is 'to trace and define the various ways the love command has been received, interpreted and applied,'8 he does not define which precise command he means nor, therefore, in what sense that particular command is 'received'. In other words his work is not governed by the history-of-traditions viewpoint and that is its fundamental difference from mine.

It is my hope therefore that, although its general subject matter has been the object of countless studies, my work wifi not merely retrace the steps of its worthy predecessors, but add its own fresh contribution to the understanding of Jesus’ command of enemy love.

The Content

The title of this work anticipates in part the results of the investigation, namely, that the tradition of Jesus' command of enemy love may be traced not only in the 'gospel tradition'9 which in the New Testament formed the core of the synoptic gospels, but also in the 'paraenetic tradition'10 which left its deposit in the paraenetic portions of the New Testament epistles. That Jesus' love command was transmitted along lines which led to the synoptic gospels is not disputed.11 That it was taken up into the paraenetic tradition is disputed. Therefore, the first task before me is to isolate the elements of the paraenetic tradition which possibly represent the reception and application of Jesus' command of enemy love (Chapter 1). Whether or not these elements of the paraenetic tradition do in fact rest on Jesus' command is the question I try to answer in Chapter 2. The approach in that chapter is to pursue a history-ofreligions investigation of the teaching on enemy love in the environment of the early church which may have influenced the formation of the New Testament paraenesis. This investigation culminates with the interrelated attempts to determine on the one hand the genuineness and scope of Jesus' command of enemy love and on the other hand its relation to the corresponding elements in the New Testament paraenesis.

The remaining three chapters form a triad in which I try to interpret the function of Jesus' command of enemy love first in his own earthly ministry (Chapter 3), then in the New Testament paraenesis (Chapter 4) and finally in the gospel tradition and synoptic redaction (Chapter 5). The concern in these three chapters is to go beyond merely formal and purely historical observations to the fundamental intention of Jesus and of those in the New Testament who used his command of enemy love. The questions which govern my investigation at each stage of the tradition are, therefore, very basic: Wherein consists obedience to this love command? and, How shall this obedience be realized?

The Concern of the Author

Every scholarly work on the New Testament is preponderantly an intellectual exercise. The work of thinking which the production of a book like this demands from the author is demanded also from its reader. But because of the nature of the reality with which this work has to do, the necessary preponderance of intellectual work can nevertheless frustrate the goal for which the work is done. For that reality is and demands far more than thinking. Adolf Schlatter has warned: 'Thought can become scholasticism, a mere jangle of words, if the concept replaces the essence, or dogma replaces reality.'12 The reality from which Jesus' command of enemy love springs and the reality at which it aims is not exhausted by correct thinking about the command. If a book about this command does not ultimately le ad beyond mere thinking to an active realization of what the command intends, then that thinking itself, in all of its possible technical accuracy, becomes worthless. 'Though I understand all mysteries and all knowledge . . . and have not love, I am nothing.'