Primal Health E-Book

Michel Odent

• Herausgeber: Clairview Books
• Kategorie: Ratgeber
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Michel Odent, the leading pioneer for natural childbirth, indicates that the period between conception and a child's first birthday is critical to life-long health. In this prophetic book - first published in 1986 and reproduced here in its original form - he argues that different parts of the 'primal adaptive system' develop, regulate and adjust themselves during foetal life and the time around birth and infancy. 'Everything which happens during this period of dependence on the mother has an influence on this basic state of health, this primal health.' He suggests that the later well-being of adults, their ability to withstand the 'diseases of civilization' such as hypertension, cancer, alcoholism and failures of the immune system resulting in AIDS, allergies and viral diseases, can all be traced back to society's ignorance of the vital importance of the primal period. Since the first edition of this groundbreaking work, research has continued apace, offering further evidence to substantiate Odent's ideas. In the important new Introduction and Postscript, the author reviews recent developments and relates them to the central themes of Primal Health. This book is essential reading for all who care about the health of our children and the ongoing health of society as a whole.

Leseprobe

MICHEL ODENT, born in 1930 and qualified as a general surgeon, has played multiple and complementary roles in influencing the recent history of childbirth and health research. As a practitioner he developed the maternity unit at Pithiviers (France) in the 1960s and 70s. He is popularly known as the obstetrician who introduced the concepts of birthing pools and homelike birthing rooms. His approach has featured in eminent medical journals such as The Lancet, and in TV documentaries such as the BBC film ‘Birth Reborn’. After his hospital career he practised home birth.

As a researcher he founded the Primal Health Research Centre in London, whose objective is to study the long-term consequences of early experiences. An overview of the Primal Health Research Data Bank (www.birthworks.org) clearly indicates that our health is shaped during the primal period (between conception and the first birthday). It also suggests that the way we are born has long-term consequences in terms of sociability, aggressiveness or, otherwise speaking, the capacity to love.

Michel Odent developed a preconceptional programme (the ‘accordion method’) in order to minimize the effects of intrauterine and milk pollution by synthetic fat-soluble chemicals such as dioxins, PCBs, etc. He is researching the non-specific, long-term effects on health of early multiple vaccinations.

He is the author of about fifty scientific papers and ten books published in twenty languages.

PRIMAL HEALTH

By the same author:

Entering the World

Birth and Breastfeeding

Birth Reborn

Zinc and Health (co-author)

Water and Sexuality

We Are All Water Babies (co-author)

The Scientification of Love

The Farmer and the Obstetrician

(not in English)

Genèse de L’homme Écologique

Les Acides Gras Essentiels

PRIMAL HEALTH

UNDERSTANDING THE CRITICAL PERIOD BETWEEN CONCEPTION AND THE FIRST BIRTHDAY

MICHEL ODENT

Clairview Books Hillside House, The Square Forest Row, East Sussex RH18 5ES

www.clairviewbooks.com

Published by Clairview 2012

First published under the title Primal Health, A Blueprint for Our Survival by Century Huchinson Ltd., London 1986

© Michel Odent 2002

Michel Odent asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978 1 905570 44 7

Cover photo by Rosalind Faram Cover design by Andrew Morgan Design Typeset by DP Photosetting, Aylesbury, Bucks.

This book is dedicated to Antoine Béchamp.

Why Antoine Béchamp?

Not because he understood the mechanism of fermentation before Pasteur.

Not because he knew about germs before Pasteur.

Not because he demonstrated the role of micro-organisms in certain diseases.

But because, in the euphoria of Pasteur’s glory, he dared to say:

‘Instead of trying to determine what abnormal conditions disease is composed of, let us first know the normal conditions which make us healthy.’

Contents

Introduction to the Second Edition

Linguistic Note

1 What is Health?

2 The Primal Adaptive System

3 Le Terrain

4 The Disease of Civilization

5 Sexual Health

6 Social and Religious Instincts

7 The Gardener

8 The Doctor

9 Research in Primal Health

10 Primal Health and ‘Prise de Conscience’

11 Windows on the Future

Historical Note

Postscript

Glossary

Bibliography

Introduction to the Second Edition

This second edition is presented in a scientific context that is radically different from that of the 1980s. In the first edition, published in 1986, we anticipated a new generation of research confirming that our health is to a great extent shaped during the ‘primal period’, which includes foetal life, the period surrounding birth and the year following birth. In the 1980s we had to rely mostly on theoretical considerations. It was already clear that our basic adaptive systems - those involved in what we commonly call health - reach their maturity during this primal period. This is the time when they develop, adjust and regulate themselves. We could therefore assume that everything that happens during this period of dependence on the mother has an influence on our basic state of health - our ‘primal health’ - and will have lifelong consequences. We could also predict that the spectacular advances in computer sciences would facilitate the development of a new generation of research, namely, ‘primal health research’. This framework includes all studies exploring correlations between what happens during the primal period and what will happen later on in life. Today the point is not to anticipate a new phenomenon, but to observe its development and to draw preliminary conclusions. Since our aim is to compare the scientific contexts of the mid-1980s and of the beginning of the twenty-first century, it is necessary that the original text is reproduced without any significant alteration.

Many of the concepts introduced in Primal Health became more easily understood in the 1990s. For example, I had underlined the need for a simple term in order to get rid of the artificial separations between the nervous system, the immune system and the endocrine system. I suggested the term ‘primal adaptive system’ when referring to this network. Today the need for a simplified vocabulary is more obvious than ever. The scientific literature is still burdened with awkward terms such as ‘psycho-neuro-immuno-endocrinologic system’.

It is also around 1990 that variants of the hypotheses included in Primal Health appeared in the mainstream medical literature. The ‘foetal origins of disease hypothesis’ was inspired by the countless studies published by the ‘Barker group’, a team of British epidemiologists based in Southampton. It became the ‘foetal/infant origins of disease hypothesis’ in the mid-1990s.1 There are obvious similarities between the ‘studies testing the foetal/infant origins of disease hypothesis’ and ‘primal health research’. One of the main differences is that our key word is ‘health’ instead of ‘disease’. This gives an opportunity to stress that my first preoccupation has been to understand the genesis of a good health, rather than to focus on the origins of specific illnesses. Improving our understanding of health may appear more fruitful than studying the origins of particular diseases.

In the late 1980s, in the 1990s and after, there has been an explosion of studies that belong to the framework of ‘primal health research’. It is difficult to identify such studies because they are unrelated according to the current classifications. It is like finding a needle in a haystack. For example, it would take a long time to find out that a pregnancy disease such as pre-eclampsia has been studied in relation to health conditions as diverse as prostate cancer, breast cancer, schizophrenia, mental retardation and cerebral palsy. This is the reason for the ‘Primal Health Research Data Bank’. Everybody has free access to our bank (www.birthworks.org/primalhealth). The bank contains hundreds of studies that have been published in authoritative medical and scientific journals. A list of key words and a list of authors are offered in order to facilitate the access to the relevant references and abstracts.

An overview of our data bank is offered as a postscript of this new edition. It represents the best way to evaluate the extent of the ‘primal health research’ phenomenon, to realize its possible effects on our understanding of health and disease, and to anticipate the diversity of the practical implications.

Reference

1 Kramer, M.S.; Joseph, K.S., ‘Enigma of foetal/infant-origins hypothesis’, Lancet 348 (1996) pp. 1254–5

Linguistic Note

This book has been written in English and French simultaneously. Because there is no equivalent, certain English words have not been translated. The word ‘primal’, meaning first in time and first in importance, does not have a corresponding translation in French. I was also unable to find a French word which expressed with every shade and nuance the terms ‘hopelessness’ and ‘helplessness’.

In the same way, I have used certain French words and expressions in the English edition without trying to translate them. The first such word is terrain. The original meaning of terrain is soil, but in my text I have used it to mean the basic condition, the temperament, the ability to cope with disease.

I have also been unable to translate the exact meaning of the phrase prise de conscience. Prise de conscience has something to do with consciousness-raising. It means something like ‘sudden new awareness’, although this phrase does not exactly capture the unexpectedness of the flash of awareness.

Throughout the book I have tried to keep the medical terminology as simple as possible. However, in order to help the general reader, I have printed a Glossary at the end of the book to explain in greater detail the more important medical terms which have to be grasped before the concept of primal health can be fully understood.

1

What is Health?

We are in the nursery of a big maternity unit in Eastern Europe where several dozen newborn babies are arranged side by side, all of them wrapped in swaddling. Regularly, at a precise time, a nurse wearing a mask conscientiously obeys her orders and goes to fetch one of the little parcels. It is feeding time.

This experience left me feeling that something was wrong. I felt these babies were in danger. I knew that these newborn babies were already beginning to lose that impulse which makes us struggle, struggle for life. This knowledge didn’t come to me from reading books, nor from any process of reasoning. It came more directly, from the emotions. And feeling emotions is a way of knowing.

After I came back from my trip in the late 1970s, I couldn’t stop thinking about the babies in that nursery. I asked myself what beliefs, what theories, what principles could possibly explain why those babies were separated from their mothers, thus learning that it is useless to cry, useless to ask for anything, useless to express their needs in any way at all. On the face of it, it’s done in the name of science. Those babies were entrusted to medicine, which considers itself to be scientific. Science has taught us that germs are dangerous, and has calculated the nutritional needs of babies. So, in the name of science, those babies were protected from family germs, and at the same time guaranteed the ideal amount of food. Since medicine pretends to be ruled by science and since these days babies belong to medicine, let us then use science to suggest that many babies are in danger.

While I was thinking about these newborn babies, the true significance of some very well-known experiments suddenly dawned on me. These experiments, with dogs or rats, showed how animals can learn to be helpless. During the 1960s, Martin Seligman and his colleagues conducted a series of experiments to test a learning theory. They divided some dogs into two groups. The first group was given electric shocks from which they could do absolutely nothing to escape. The second group of dogs was placed in identical cages, but given no shocks at all.

The same two groups of dogs were then tested in a special box which had two compartments divided by a barrier. In one compartment, the dogs received an electric shock. But by jumping over the barrier, they could escape the shocks. The second group of dogs, which had never had any electric shocks before, very quickly discovered the escape route and jumped over the barrier. But the astounding thing was that the first group of dogs - those which had previously been shocked - did not make any attempt to escape. They just crouched helplessly in the electric shock compartment. Even when the dogs were lifted over the barrier to the safe side, it still made no difference. They had learned from their first experience that nothing they did made any difference, and they were unable to control events. Seligman called this behaviour ‘learned helplessness’.

Later, other researchers wanted to find out what physiological changes would occur in rats when they were given varying degrees of control over electric shocks. They found that when the rats had no control over the shocks, they suffered stomach ulcers and weight loss. These rats also had lower levels of adrenalin, the hormone which gives sudden energy to be able to fight, or to run away. The rats were not made ill by the electric shocks, but by the state of submission they were in at the time of the shocks.

In France, Henri Laborit was another scientist who studied the effects of unavoidable electric shocks. What he found was that if a pair of rats were put together in a cage while receiving electric shocks they were protected against a rise in blood pressure by fighting each other. But the rats which could neither fight nor run away did suffer a rise in blood pressure. Laborit coined the phrase ‘inhibition of action’. This is both a behavioural and a hormonal response; in particular it affects the secretion of hormones which depress the immune system. This is the system which enables the body to recognize foreign substances and to fight against such invaders as bacteria, viruses, parasites, cancerous cells, and so on.

The implications of all these basic experiments are of paramount importance. They help us to understand just how much a person’s entire capabilities are decreased when they have no control over what happens to them, and can only passively submit. They also help us to understand that the responses of the nervous system, the hormonal system and the immune system should never be disassociated. They form a whole.

Thus it was that my first thoughts about life for a newborn baby in a nursery led me to what scientists say about ‘submissive behaviour’. In fact, these thoughts could just as well have led me to what they say about the process of attachment between mother and baby, or the importance of sensory stimulation during infancy. No matter, as all these are just different approaches to the same truth. Modern science is moving ahead so fast now that it can even explain, in a variety of ways, that a newborn baby needs its mother!

The example I have chosen of how I felt after visiting that nursery is just one amongst countless others. For every day a doctor’s life is enriched by new feelings and sudden prises de conscience (seeLinguistic Note). Practising surgery, whether it’s war or civilian surgery, you’re always confronted with the struggle to survive, or else the recovery of a particular function. You’re sometimes confronted with death.

In my own experience, however, it is birth scenes which leave the greatest mark. Being present at the birth of thousands of babies changes you into a different person - as long as the births are not too disturbed by the medical establishment. The holy atmosphere of a birthing room is catching. And to share this holy atmosphere gives you a more global vision. It helps you sort out the essential from matters of secondary importance. When you are in a birthing place, you learn to put aside the analytical functions of the brain. During the period of my life when I was most involved in birth, I noticed that I was better able to ignore certain established ideas. Little by little, I began to look at things in a very personal way. A good example of this is my way of understanding the word ‘health’.

Amongst doctors, the word health usually means the absence of disease. As early as the sixteenth century, the French author Montaigne said that doctors are governed by disease. The mental image associated with the word disease is still not very different from the traditional image of the demon invading the ill person’s body; the demon has to be driven out before the sick person can be healed. Disease is something which can be got rid of, rather than something which is part and parcel of the whole person. The idea of health as the absence of disease is based on an old myth which says that each disease has its own cause, and therefore has its own specific treatment. For example, discovering a virus as the cause of a particular disease is a perfect example of this way of looking at things.

While this mental image is still prevalent in the medical world, other images of health have been gaining ground amongst the general public. As soon as you mention the word health, people think straightaway of good nutrition, exercise, relaxation and lifestyle in general. But this commonly heard association of ideas is actually no more helpful in defining the real nature of good health. Certainly, good nutrition, exercise and positive emotions are good advice to anyone who wants to maintain or cultivate what they already have. But it is impossible to make any radical change in the way our biological computers have been programmed at the primal period of life.

Health cannot really be understood outside the context of the struggle for life. There is no life without struggle. You cannot explain life by the laws of physics alone. Life itself is a constant struggle against one of the fundamental laws of physics: the tendency of energy to become less available to do work with the passing of time - what is commonly called ‘entropy’. If you think about any aspect of life, it is impossible to disassociate it from the concept of struggle. Take, for example, the evolution of the species, and immediately we find the concepts of selection and competition, in other words the concept of struggle.

There is a permanent struggle between different species before an ecological harmony can be reached and maintained. Even within a particular species, sexual rivalry is a way for individual members to strive for survival through their own offspring, by transmitting their own genes. Love, attachment, fellowship within one species, or even between species, may be considered to be a part of a strategy to reinforce the capacity to struggle. Even if we take the most sophisticated aspects of life - human societies - we see that the early theorists of social change soon discovered the importance of class struggles.

What, then, is the place of health among the different aspects of the struggle for life?

Health is a system which allows us to struggle on a minute-to-minute basis and to adapt constantly to the environment. This system has an orchestrator. Not to know its name and role is a bit like discussing politics in the USA without knowing about the White House. It belongs to the most archaic, primitive structures of the brain, to that part of the brain which dates back to the ancient history of life. It is the conductor of health in all mammals, and in humans in particular. It is called the hypothalamus.

The role of the hypothalamus as the regulator of hunger, thirst and sexual rhythms has been well known for decades. But it is only recently that its paramount importance has been understood. The hypothalamus has a close relationship with other structures of the brain as well as with the autonomous nervous system. That is why I use the less precise concept of ‘primal brain’ to cover the hypothalamus and its associated structures (see Glossary).

The primal brain controls the hormonal secretions of different endocrine glands. In fact, the brain itself could be considered as a gland since the hypothalamus secretes hormones, and since the nerve cells communicate between themselves by chemical messengers which are not very different from hormones. So any distinction between the primal brain and the hormonal system is now obsolete. In the same way, all traditional divisions between the primal brain and the immune system are also obsolete. There are no divisions. The word health means the way our ‘primal adaptive system’ works as a whole (see Glossary).

Certain situations trigger a sudden change in the workings of the primal adaptive system. Imagine yourself in two different situations: you have won the pools, or a burglar is threatening you with a gun. It makes no difference whether the feeling is one of joy or fear. Whenever emotions are felt, there is a response by the entire primal adaptive system. So there is a response in the brain, the immune system and the hormonal system, all in unison.

It is during foetal life, the time around birth and infancy that the different parts of this system develop and regulate and adjust themselves. At the end of infancy, the primal adaptive system has reached maturity. I call primal health the balancing of the set point levels (see Glossary) which have been reached by the end of infancy. To understand what set point levels mean, think of a central heating thermostat. You set the thermostat to a particular temperature at the beginning of the day, and the heating reaches the temperature you have set. It is similar with our hormonal levels, which have to be set at the beginning of life and which continue to ‘switch on’ at the set level. Thus, primal health is built at that time when the baby is closely dependent on its mother, first in the womb, then during childbirth, and then during the period of breastfeeding. Everything which happens during this period of dependence on the mother has an influence on this basic state of health, this primal health.

There are many things which lead me to believe that the way I perceive health is radically different from the usual concept. In today’s society, connections between the primal period and adulthood are uncommon, and not just where health is concerned. For instance, I read a long biography of Jean-Jacques Rousseau in which the author had completely overlooked the fact that he had lost his mother at the age of ten days! When people do attempt to make these connections, it is only because they are interested in sensory functions. They might ask questions like: what can a baby perceive in the womb? Or, what can a newborn baby see? But obviously they are more interested in learning capabilities than in health as a whole.