The Empiricists. Сlassic collection. Illustrated - Francis Bacon - E-Book

The Empiricists. Сlassic collection. Illustrated E-Book

Francis Bacon

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"The Empiricists: Classic Collection - Illustrated" is a comprehensive anthology featuring the seminal works of the empiricist philosophers, including John Locke's "Concerning Human Understanding," George Berkeley's "Principles of Human Knowledge," and David Hume's "Concerning Natural Religion," among others. This meticulously curated collection showcases the intellectual journey of the empiricist school of thought, which emerged during the 17th and 18th centuries, emphasizing the role of sensory experience as the foundation of human knowledge. The anthology not only presents the complete and unabridged texts of these philosophical masterpieces but also enriches the reading experience with stunning illustrations that provide visual context and aid in the comprehension of complex ideas. As readers delve into the works of Locke, Berkeley, and Hume, they will explore profound discussions on topics such as the nature of perception, the existence of God, and the limits of human understanding. This collection serves as an invaluable resource for students, scholars, and anyone interested in the development of empiricism and its enduring influence on modern philosophy. It offers readers a window into the minds of some of history's most influential thinkers, shedding light on their groundbreaking ideas and enduring relevance in contemporary philosophical discourse. "The Empiricists: Classic Collection - Illustrated" is a captivating journey through the origins of empiricism and an invitation to engage with the enduring philosophical questions it raises. Contents: Francis Bacon The Essays or Counsels, Civil and Moral New Atlantis Novum Organum Thomas Hobbes Leviathan John Locke Second Treatise of Government An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding George Berkeley A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge David Hume An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding A Treatise of Human Nature An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion John Stuart Mill On Liberty Utilitarianism

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The Empiricists. Сlassic collection

Concerning Human Understanding, Principles of Human Knowledge, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religio and others

Illustrated

"The Empiricists: Classic Collection - Illustrated" is a comprehensive anthology featuring the seminal works of the empiricist philosophers, including John Locke's "Concerning Human Understanding," George Berkeley's "Principles of Human Knowledge," and David Hume's "Concerning Natural Religion," among others. This meticulously curated collection showcases the intellectual journey of the empiricist school of thought, which emerged during the 17th and 18th centuries, emphasizing the role of sensory experience as the foundation of human knowledge.

The anthology not only presents the complete and unabridged texts of these philosophical masterpieces but also enriches the reading experience with stunning illustrations that provide visual context and aid in the comprehension of complex ideas. As readers delve into the works of Locke, Berkeley, and Hume, they will explore profound discussions on topics such as the nature of perception, the existence of God, and the limits of human understanding.

This collection serves as an invaluable resource for students, scholars, and anyone interested in the development of empiricism and its enduring influence on modern philosophy. It offers readers a window into the minds of some of history's most influential thinkers, shedding light on their groundbreaking ideas and enduring relevance in contemporary philosophical discourse. "The Empiricists: Classic Collection - Illustrated" is a captivating journey through the origins of empiricism and an invitation to engage with the enduring philosophical questions it raises.

 

Francis Bacon

The Essays or Counsels, Civil and Moral

New Atlantis

Novum Organum

 

Thomas Hobbes

Leviathan

 

John Locke

Second Treatise of Government

An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding

 

George Berkeley

A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

 

David Hume

An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

A Treatise of Human Nature

An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals

Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion

 

John Stuart Mill

On Liberty

Utilitarianism

Table of Contents
Francis Bacon The Essays or Counsels, Civil and Moral
Of Truth
Of Death
Of Unity In Religion
Of Revenge
Of Adversity
Of Simulation And Dissimulation
Of Parents And Children
Of Marriage And Single Life
Of Envy
Of Love
Of Great Place
Of Boldness
Of Goodness and Goodness Of Nature
Of Nobility
Of Seditions And Troubles
Of Atheism
Of Superstition
Of Travel
Of Empire
Of Counsel
Of Delays
Of Cunning
Of Wisdom For A Man's Self
Of Innovations
Of Dispatch
Of Seeming Wise
Of Friendship
Of Expense
Of the True Greatness Of Kingdoms And Estates
Of Regiment Of Health
Of Suspicion
Of Discourse
Of Plantations
Of Riches
Of Prophecies
Of Ambition
Of Masques And Triumphs
Of Nature In Men
Of Custom And Education
Of Fortune
Of Usury
Of Youth And Age
Of Beauty
Of Deformity
Of Building
Of Gardens
Of Negotiating
Of Followers And Friends
Of Suitors
Of Studies
Of Faction
Of Ceremonies, And Respects
Of Praise
Of Vain-glory
Of Honor And Reputation
Of Judicature
Of Anger
Of Vicissitude Of Things
Of Fame
A Glossary Of Archaic Words And Phrases
Frances Bacon The New Atlantis
Introductory Note
The New Atlantis
Frances Bacon Novum Organum
Preface
Aphorisms-Book I On The Interpretation Of Nature And The Empire Of Man
Aphorisms-Book II On The Interpretation Of Nature, Or The Reign Of Man
Instances agreeing in the Form of Heat
Proximate Instances wanting the Nature of Heat
Table of the Degrees or Comparative Instances of Heat
An Example of the Exclusive Table, or of the Rejection of Natures from the Form of Heat
The First Vintage of the Form of Heat
Thomas Hobbes Leviathan
The Introduction
Part I. Of Man
Chapter I. Of Sense
Chapter II. Of Imagination
Memory
Dreams
Apparitions Or Visions
Understanding
Chapter III. Of The Consequence Or Trayne Of Imaginations
Trayne Of Thoughts Unguided
Trayne Of Thoughts Regulated
Remembrance
Prudence
Signes
Conjecture Of The Time Past
Chapter IV. Of Speech
Originall Of Speech
The Use Of Speech
Abuses Of Speech
Names Proper & Common Universall
Subject To Names
Use Of Names Positive
Negative Names With Their Uses
Words Insignificant
Understanding
Inconstant Names
Chapter V. Of reason, and science
Reason What It Is
Reason Defined
Right Reason Where
The Use Of Reason
Of Error And Absurdity
Causes Of Absurditie
Science
Prudence & Sapience, With Their Difference
Signes Of Science
Chapter VI. Of The Interiour Beginnings Of Voluntary Motions
Motion Vitall And Animal
Endeavour; Appetite; Desire; Hunger; Thirst; Aversion
Contempt
Good Evill
Pulchrum Turpe; Delightfull Profitable; Unpleasant Unprofitable
Delight Displeasure
Pleasure Offence
Pleasures Of Sense; Pleasures Of The Mind; Joy Paine Griefe
The Will
Formes Of Speech, In Passion
Good And Evill Apparent
Felicity
Praise Magnification
Chapter VII. Of The Ends Or Resolutions Of Discourse
Judgement, or Sentence Final; Doubt
Science Opinion Conscience
Beliefe Faith
Chapter VIII. Of The Vertues Commonly Called Intellectual; And Their Contrary Defects
Intellectuall Vertue Defined
Wit, Naturall, Or Acquired
Good Wit, Or Fancy; Good Judgement; Discretion
Prudence
Craft
Acquired Wit
Giddinesse Madnesse
Rage
Melancholy
Insignificant Speech
Chapter IX. Of The Severall Subjects Of Knowledge
Chapter X. Of Power, Worth, Dignity, Honour And Worthiness
Power
Worth
Dignity
To Honour and Dishonour
Titles of Honour
Worthinesse Fitnesse
Chapter XI. Of The Difference Of Manners
What Is Here Meant By Manners
A Restlesse Desire Of Power, In All Men
Love Of Contention From Competition
Civil Obedience From Love Of Ease
From Feare Of Death Or Wounds
And From Love Of Arts
Love Of Vertue, From Love Of Praise
Hate, From Difficulty Of Requiting Great Benefits
And From Conscience Of Deserving To Be Hated
Promptnesse To Hurt, From Fear
And From Distrust Of Their Own Wit
Vain Undertaking From Vain-glory
Ambition, From Opinion Of Sufficiency
Irresolution, From Too Great Valuing Of Small Matters
And From The Ignorance Of Naturall Causes
And From Want Of Understanding
Credulity From Ignorance Of Nature
Curiosity To Know, From Care Of Future Time
Naturall Religion, From The Same
Chapter XII. Of Religion
Religion, In Man Onely
First, From His Desire Of Knowing Causes
From The Consideration Of The Beginning Of Things
From His Observation Of The Sequell Of Things
Which Makes Them Fear The Power Of Invisible Things
And Suppose Them Incorporeall
But Know Not The Way How They Effect Anything
But Honour Them As They Honour Men
And Attribute To Them All Extraordinary Events
Foure Things, Naturall Seeds Of Religion
Made Different By Culture
The Absurd Opinion Of Gentilisme
The Causes Of Change In Religion
Injoyning Beleefe Of Impossibilities
Doing Contrary To The Religion They Establish
Want Of The Testimony Of Miracles
Chapter XIII. Of The Naturall Condition Of Mankind, As Concerning Their Felicity, And Misery
From Equality Proceeds Diffidence
From Diffidence Warre
Out Of Civil States,
The Incommodites Of Such A War
In Such A Warre, Nothing Is Unjust
The Passions That Incline Men To Peace
Chapter XIV. Of The First And Second Naturall Lawes, And Of Contracts
Right Of Nature What
Liberty What
A Law Of Nature What
Naturally Every Man Has Right To Everything
The Fundamental Law Of Nature
The Second Law Of Nature
What it is to lay down a Right
Renouncing (or) Transferring Right What; Obligation Duty Justice
Not All Rights Are Alienable
Contract What The mutuall transferring of Right, is that which men call CONTRACT.
Covenant What
Free-gift
Signes Of Contract Expresse
Signes Of Contract By Inference
Free Gift Passeth By Words Of The Present Or Past
Merit What
Covenants Of Mutuall Trust, When Invalid
Right To The End, Containeth Right To The Means
No Covenant With Beasts
Nor With God Without Speciall Revelation
No Covenant, But Of Possible And Future
Covenants How Made Voyd
Covenants Extorted By Feare Are Valide
The Former Covenant To One, Makes Voyd The Later To Another
A Mans Covenant Not To Defend Himselfe, Is Voyd
No Man Obliged To Accuse Himselfe
The End Of An Oath; The Forme Of As Oath
No Oath, But By God
An Oath Addes Nothing To The Obligation
Chapter XV. Of Other Lawes Of Nature
The Third Law Of Nature, Justice
Justice And Injustice What
Justice Not Contrary To Reason
Covenants Not Discharged By The Vice Of The Person To Whom Made
Justice Of Men, And Justice Of Actions What
Justice Of Manners, And Justice Of Actions
Nothing Done To A Man, By His Own Consent Can Be Injury
Justice Commutative, And Distributive
The Fourth Law Of Nature, Gratitude
The Fifth, Mutuall accommodation, or Compleasance
The Sixth, Facility To Pardon
The Seventh, That In Revenges, Men Respect Onely The Future Good
The Eighth, Against Contumely
The Ninth, Against Pride
The Tenth Against Arrogance
The Eleventh Equity
The Twelfth, Equall Use Of Things Common
The Thirteenth, Of Lot
The Fourteenth, Of Primogeniture, And First Seising
The Fifteenth, Of Mediators
The Sixteenth, Of Submission To Arbitrement
The Seventeenth, No Man Is His Own Judge
The Eighteenth, No Man To Be Judge, That Has In Him Cause Of Partiality
The Nineteenth, Of Witnesse
A Rule, By Which The Laws Of Nature May Easily Be Examined
The Lawes Of Nature Oblige In Conscience Alwayes,
The Laws Of Nature Are Eternal;
And Yet Easie
The Science Of These Lawes, Is The True Morall Philosophy
Chapter XVI. Of Persons, Authors, And Things Personated
Person Naturall, And Artificiall
The Word Person, Whence
Actor, Author; Authority
Covenants By Authority, Bind The Author
But Not The Actor
The Authority Is To Be Shewne
Things Personated, Inanimate
Irrational
False Gods
The True God
A Multitude Of Men, How One Person
Every One Is Author
An Actor May Be Many Men Made One By Plurality Of Voyces
Representatives, When The Number Is Even, Unprofitable
Negative Voyce
Part II. Of Common-Wealth
Chapter XVII. Of The Causes, Generation, And Definition Of A Common-Wealth
The End Of Common-wealth, Particular Security
Which Is Not To Be Had From The Law Of Nature:
Nor From The Conjunction Of A Few Men Or Familyes
Nor From A Great Multitude, Unlesse Directed By One Judgement
And That Continually
Why Certain Creatures Without Reason, Or Speech, Do Neverthelesse Live In Society, Without Any Coercive Power
The Generation Of A Common-wealth
The Definition Of A Common-wealth
Soveraigne, And Subject, What
Chapter XVIII. Of The Rights Of Soveraignes By Institution
The Act Of Instituting A Common-wealth, What
The Consequences To Such Institution, Are I. The Subjects Cannot Change The Forme Of Government From this Institution of a Common-wealth are derived all the Rights, and
2. Soveraigne Power Cannot Be Forfeited
3. No Man Can Without Injustice Protest Against The
4. The Soveraigns Actions Cannot Be Justly Accused By The Subject
5. What Soever The Soveraigne Doth, Is Unpunishable By The Subject
6. The Soveraigne Is Judge Of What Is Necessary For The Peace And Defence Of His Subjects
And Judge Of What Doctrines Are Fit To Be Taught Them
7. The Right Of Making Rules, Whereby The Subject May Every Man Know What Is So His Owne, As No Other Subject
8. To Him Also Belongeth The Right Of All Judicature And Decision Of Controversies:
9. And Of Making War, And Peace, As He Shall Think Best:
10. And Of Choosing All Counsellours, And Ministers, Both Of Peace, And Warre:
11. And Of Rewarding, And Punishing, And That (Where No Former Law hath Determined The Measure Of It) Arbitrary:
12. And Of Honour And Order
These Rights Are Indivisible
And Can By No Grant Passe Away Without Direct Renouncing Of The Soveraign Power
The Power And Honour Of Subjects Vanisheth In The Presence Of The Power Soveraign
Soveraigne Power Not Hurtfull As The Want Of It, And The Hurt Proceeds For The Greatest Part From Not
Chapter XIX. Of The Severall Kinds Of Common-Wealth By Institution, And Of Succession To The Soveraigne Power
The Different Formes Of Common-wealths But Three
Subordinate Representatives Dangerous
Comparison Of Monarchy, With Soveraign Assemblyes
Of The Right Of Succession
Succession Passeth By Expresse Words;
Or, By Not Controlling A Custome;
Or, By Presumption Of Naturall Affection
To Dispose Of The Succession, Though To A King Of Another Nation, Not Unlawfull
Chapter XX. Of Dominion Paternall And Despoticall
Wherein Different From A Common-wealth By Institution
The Rights Of Soveraignty The Same In Both
Dominion Paternall How Attained Not By Generation, But By Contract
Or Education;
Or Precedent Subjection Of One Of The Parents To The Other
The Right Of Succession Followeth The Rules Of The Rights Of Possession
Despoticall Dominion, How Attained
Not By The Victory, But By The Consent Of The Vanquished
Difference Between A Family And A Kingdom
The Right Of Monarchy From Scripture
Soveraign Power Ought In All Common-wealths To Be Absolute
Chapter XXI. Of The Liberty Of Subjects
Liberty What
What It Is To Be Free
Feare And Liberty Consistent
Liberty And Necessity Consistent
Artificiall Bonds, Or Covenants
Liberty Of Subjects Consisteth In Liberty From Covenants
Liberty Of The Subject Consistent With Unlimited Power Of The Soveraign
The Liberty Which Writers Praise, Is The Liberty Of Soveraigns; Not Of Private Men
Liberty Of The Subject How To Be Measured
Subjects Have Liberty To Defend Their Own Bodies, Even Against Them That Lawfully Invade Them
Are Not Bound To Hurt Themselves;
Nor To Warfare, Unless They Voluntarily Undertake It
The Greatest Liberty Of Subjects, Dependeth On The Silence Of The Law
In What Cases Subjects Absolved Of Their Obedience To Their Soveraign
In Case Of Captivity
In Case The Soveraign Cast Off The Government From Himself And Heyrs
In Case Of Banishment
In Case The Soveraign Render Himself Subject To Another
Chapter XXII. Of Systemes Subject, Politicall, And Private
The Divers Sorts Of Systemes Of People
In All Bodies Politique The Power Of The Representative Is Limited
By Letters Patents
And The Lawes
When The Representative Is One Man, His Unwarranted Acts His Own Onely
When It Is An Assembly, It Is The Act Of Them That Assented Onely
When It Is An Assembly, They Onely Are Liable That Have Assented
If The Debt Be To One Of The Assembly, The Body Onely Is Obliged
Protestation Against The Decrees Of Bodies Politique
Bodies Politique For Government Of A Province, Colony, Or Town
Bodies Politique For Ordering Of Trade
A Bodie Politique For Counsel To Be Give To The Soveraign
A Regular Private Body, Lawfull, As A Family
Private Bodies Regular, But Unlawfull
Systemes Irregular, Such As Are Private Leagues
Secret Cabals
Feuds Of Private Families
Factions For Government
Chapter XXIII. Of The Publique Ministers Of Soveraign Power
Publique Minister Who
Ministers For The Generall Administration
For Speciall Administration, As For Oeconomy
For Instruction Of The People
For Judicature
For Execution
Counsellers Without Other Employment Then To Advise Are Not Publique Ministers
And The Right Of Distribution Of Them
All Private Estates Of Land Proceed Originally From The Arbitrary Distribution Of The Soveraign
Propriety Of A Subject Excludes Not The Dominion Of The Soveraign, But Onely Of Another Subject
The Publique Is Not To Be Dieted
The Places And Matter Of Traffique Depend, As Their Distribution, On The Soveraign
The Laws Of Transferring Property Belong Also To The Soveraign
Mony The Bloud Of A Common-wealth
The Conduits And Way Of Mony To The Publique Use
The Children Of A Common-wealth Colonies
Chapter XXV. Of Counsell
Counsell What
Differences Between Command And Counsell
Exhortation And Dehortation What
Differences Of Fit And Unfit Counsellours
Chapter XXVI. Of Civill Lawes
Civill Law what
The Soveraign Is Legislator
And Not Subject To Civill Law
Use, A Law Not By Vertue Of Time, But Of The Soveraigns Consent
The Law Of Nature, And The Civill Law Contain Each Other
Provinciall Lawes Are Not Made By Custome, But By The Soveraign Power
Some Foolish Opinions Of Lawyers Concerning The Making Of Lawes
Law Made, If Not Also Made Known, Is No Law
Unwritten Lawes Are All Of Them Lawes Of Nature
Nothing Is Law Where The Legislator Cannot Be Known
Difference Between Verifying And Authorising
The Law Verifyed By The Subordinate Judge
By The Publique Registers
By Letters Patent, And Publique Seale
The Interpretation Of The Law Dependeth On The Soveraign Power
All Lawes Need Interpretation
The Authenticall Interpretation Of Law Is Not That Of Writers
The Interpreter Of The Law Is The Judge Giving Sentence Viva Voce In Every Particular Case
The Sentence Of A Judge, Does Not Bind Him, Or Another Judge To Give Like Sentence In Like Cases Ever After
The Difference Between The Letter And Sentence Of The Law
The Abilities Required In A Judge
Divisions Of Law
Another Division Of Law
Divine Positive Law How Made Known To Be Law
Another Division Of Lawes
A Fundamentall Law What
Difference Between Law And Right
And Between A Law And A Charter
Chapter XXVII. Of Crimes, Excuses, And Extenuations
A Crime What
Where No Civill Law Is, There Is No Crime
Ignorance Of The Law Of Nature Excuseth No Man
Ignorance Of The Civill Law Excuseth Sometimes
Ignorance Of The Soveraign Excuseth Not
Ignorance Of The Penalty Excuseth Not
Punishments Declared Before The Fact, Excuse From Greater Punishments After It
Nothing Can Be Made A Crime By A Law Made After The Fact
False Principles Of Right And Wrong Causes Of Crime
False Teachers Mis-interpreting The Law Of Nature Secondly, by false
And False Inferences From True Principles, By Teachers
By Their Passions;
Presumption Of Riches
And Friends
Wisedome
Hatred, Lust, Ambition, Covetousnesse, Causes Of Crime
Fear Sometimes Cause Of Crime, As When The Danger Is Neither Present, Nor Corporeall
Crimes Not Equall
Totall Excuses
Excuses Against The Author
Presumption Of Power, Aggravateth
Evill Teachers, Extenuate
Examples Of Impunity, Extenuate
Praemeditation, Aggravateth
Tacite Approbation Of The Soveraign, Extenuates
Comparison Of Crimes From Their Effects
Laesae Majestas
Bribery And False Testimony
Depeculation
Counterfeiting Authority
Crimes Against Private Men Compared
Publique Crimes What
Chapter XXVIII. Of Punishments, And Rewards
The Definition Of Punishment
Right To Punish Whence Derived
Private Injuries, And Revenges No Punishments
Nor Denyall Of Preferment
Nor Pain Inflicted Without Publique Hearing
Nor Pain Inflicted By Usurped Power
Nor Pain Inflicted Without Respect To The Future Good
Naturall Evill Consequences, No Punishments
Hurt Inflicted, If Lesse Than The Benefit Of Transgressing, Is Not Punishment
Where The Punishment Is Annexed To The Law, A Greater Hurt Is Not Punishment, But Hostility
Hurt Inflicted For A Fact Done Before The Law, No Punishment
The Representative Of The Common-wealth Unpunishable
Hurt To Revolted Subjects Is Done By Right Of War, Not By Way Of Punishment
Punishments Corporall
Capitall
Ignominy
Imprisonment
Exile
The Punishment Of Innocent Subjects Is Contrary To The Law Of Nature
But The Harme Done To Innocents In War, Not So
Reward, Is Either Salary, Or Grace
Benefits Bestowed For Fear, Are Not Rewards
Salaries Certain And Casuall
Chapter XXIX. Of Those Things That Weaken, Or Tend To The Dissolution Of A Common-Wealth
Want Of Absolute Power
Private Judgement Of Good and Evill
Erroneous Conscience
Pretence Of Inspiration
Subjecting The Soveraign Power To Civill Lawes
Attributing Of Absolute Propriety To The Subjects
Dividing Of The Soveraign Power
Imitation Of Neighbour Nations
Imitation Of The Greeks, And Romans
Mixt Government
Want Of Mony
Monopolies And Abuses Of Publicans
Popular Men
Excessive Greatnesse Of A Town, Multitude Of Corporations
Liberty Of Disputing Against Soveraign Power
Dissolution Of The Common-wealth
Chapter XXX. Of The Office Of The Soveraign Representative
The Procuration Of The Good Of The People
By Instruction & Lawes
Against The Duty Of A Soveraign To Relinquish Any Essentiall Right of Soveraignty Or Not To See The People Taught The Grounds Of Them
Objection Of Those That Say There Are No Principles Of Reason For Absolute Soveraignty
Objection From The Incapacity Of The Vulgar
Subjects Are To Be Taught, Not To Affect Change Of Government
Nor Adhere (Against The Soveraign) To Popular Men
And To Have Dayes Set Apart To Learn Their Duty
And To Honour Their Parents
And To Avoyd Doing Of Injury:
And To Do All This Sincerely From The Heart
The Use Of Universities
Equall Taxes
Publique Charity
Prevention Of Idlenesse
Good Lawes What
Such As Are Necessary
Such As Are Perspicuous
Punishments
Rewards
Counsellours
Commanders
Chapter XXXI. Of The Kingdome Of God By Nature
The Scope Of The Following Chapters
Who Are Subjects In The Kingdome Of God
A Threefold Word Of God, Reason, Revelation, Prophecy
Sinne Not The Cause Of All Affliction
Divine Lawes
Honour And Worship What
Severall Signes Of Honour
Worship Naturall And Arbitrary
Worship Commanded And Free
Worship Publique And Private
The End Of Worship
Attributes Of Divine Honour
Actions That Are Signes Of Divine Honour
Publique Worship Consisteth In Uniformity
All Attributes Depend On The Lawes Civill
Not All Actions
Naturall Punishments
The Conclusion Of The Second Part
PART III. OF A CHRISTIAN COMMON-WEALTH
Chapter XXXII. Of The Principles Of Christian Politiques
What It Is To Captivate The Understanding
How God Speaketh To Men
By What Marks Prophets Are Known
The Marks Of A Prophet In The Old Law, Miracles, And Doctrine Conformable To The Law
Miracles Ceasing, Prophets Cease, The Scripture Supplies Their Place
Chapter XXXIII. Of The Number, Antiquity, Scope, Authority, And Interpreters Of The Books Of Holy Scriptures
Of The Books Of Holy Scripture
Their Antiquity
The Pentateuch Not Written By Moses
The Book of Joshua Written After His Time
The Booke Of Judges And Ruth Written Long After The Captivity
The Like Of The Bookes Of Samuel
The Books Of The Kings, And The Chronicles
Ezra And Nehemiah
Esther
Job
The Psalter
The Proverbs
Ecclesiastes And The Canticles
The Prophets
The New Testament
Their Scope
The Question Of The Authority Of The Scriptures Stated.
Their Authority And Interpretation
Chapter XXXIV. Of The Signification Of Spirit, Angel, And Inspiration In The Books Of Holy Scripture
Body And Spirit How Taken In The Scripture
Spirit Of God Taken In The Scripture Sometimes For A Wind, Or Breath
Secondly, For Extraordinary Gifts Of The Understanding
Thirdly, For Extraordinary Affections
Fourthly, For The Gift Of Prediction By Dreams And Visions
Fiftly, For Life
Sixtly, For A Subordination To Authority
Seventhly, For Aeriall Bodies
Angel What
Inspiration What
Chapter XXXV. Of The Signification In Scripture Of Kingdome Of God, Of Holy, Sacred, And Sacrament
Kingdom Of God Taken By Divines Metaphorically But In The Scriptures Properly
The Originall Of The Kingdome Of God
That The Kingdome Of God Is Properly His Civill Soveraignty Over A Peculiar People By Pact
Sacred What
Degrees of Sanctity
Sacrament
Chapter XXXVI. Of The Word Of God, And Of Prophets
Word What
The Words Spoken By God And Concerning God, Both Are Called Gods Word In Scripture
Secondly, For The Effect Of His Word
Thirdly, For The Words Of Reason And Equity
Divers Acceptions Of The Word Prophet
Praediction Of Future Contingents, Not Alwaies Prophecy
The Manner How God Hath Spoken To The Prophets
To The Extraordinary Prophets Of The Old Testament He Spake By Dreams, Or Visions
God Sometimes Also Spake By Lots
Every Man Ought To Examine The Probability Of A Pretended Prophets Calling
All Prophecy But Of The Soveraign Prophet Is To Be Examined By Every Subject
Chapter XXXVII. Of Miracles, And Their Use
A Miracle Is A Work That Causeth Admiration
And Must Therefore Be Rare, Whereof There Is No Naturall Cause Known
That Which Seemeth A Miracle To One Man, May Seem Otherwise To Another
The End Of Miracles
The Definition Of A Miracle
That Men Are Apt To Be Deceived By False Miracles
Cautions Against The Imposture Of Miracles
Chapter XXXVIII. Of The Signification In Scripture Of Eternall Life, Hell, Salvation, The World To Come, And Redemption
Place Of Adams Eternity If He Had Not Sinned, The Terrestrial Paradise
Texts Concerning The Place Of Life Eternall For Beleevers
Ascension Into Heaven
The Place After Judgment, Of Those Who Were Never In The Kingdome Of God, Or Having Been In, Are Cast Out
The Congregation Of Giants
Lake Of Fire
Utter Darknesse
Gehenna, And Tophet
Of The Literall Sense Of The Scripture Concerning Hell
Satan, Devill, Not Proper Names, But Appellatives
Torments Of Hell
The Joyes Of Life Eternall, And Salvation The Same Thing, Salvation From Sin, And From Misery, All One
The Place Of Eternall Salvation
Redemption
Chapter XXXIX. Of The Signification In Scripture Of The Word Church
Church The Lords House
Ecclesia Properly What
In What Sense The Church Is One Person Church Defined
A Christian Common-wealth, And A Church All One
Chapter XL. Of The Rights Of The Kingdome Of God, In Abraham, Moses, High Priests, And The Kings Of Judah
The Soveraign Rights Of Abraham
Abraham Had The Sole Power Of Ordering The Religion Of His Own People
No Pretence Of Private Spirit Against The Religion Of Abraham
Abraham Sole Judge, And Interpreter Of What God Spake
The Authority Of Moses Whereon Grounded
Moses Was (Under God) Soveraign Of The Jews, All His Own Time, Though Aaron Had The Priesthood
All Spirits Were Subordinate To The Spirit Of Moses
After Moses The Soveraignty Was In The High Priest
Of The Soveraign Power Between The Time Of Joshua And Of Saul
Of The Rights Of The Kings Of Israel
The Practice Of Supremacy In Religion, Was Not In The Time Of The Kings, According To The Right Thereof
After The Captivity The Jews Had No Setled Common-wealth During the Captivity, the Jews had no Common-wealth at all
Chapter XLI. Of The Office Of Our Blessed Saviour
Three Parts Of The Office Of Christ
His Office As A Redeemer
Christs Kingdome Not Of This World
The End Of Christs Comming Was To Renew The Covenant Of The Kingdome Of God, And To Perswade The Elect To Imbrace It, Which Was The Second Part Of His Office
The Preaching Of Christ Not Contrary To The Then Law Of The Jews, Nor Of Caesar
The Third Part Of His Office Was To Be King (Under His Father) Of The Elect
Christs Authority In The Kingdome Of God Subordinate To His Father
One And The Same God Is The Person Represented By Moses, And By Christ
Chapter XLII. Of Power Ecclesiasticall
Of The Holy Spirit That Fel On The Apostles
Of The Trinity
The Power Ecclesiasticall Is But The Power To Teach
An Argument Thereof, The Power Of Christ Himself
From The Name Of Regeneration
From The Comparison Of It, With Fishing, Leaven, Seed
From The Nature Of Faith:
From The Authority Christ Hath Left To Civill Princes
What Christians May Do To Avoid Persecution
Of Martyrs
Argument From The Points Of Their Commission
To Preach
And Teach
To Baptize;
And To Forgive, And Retain Sinnes
Of Excommunication
The Use Of Excommunication Without Civill Power.
Of No Effect Upon An Apostate
But Upon The Faithfull Only
For What Fault Lyeth Excommunication
Of Persons Liable To Excommunication
Of The Interpreter Of The Scriptures Before Civill Soveraigns Became Christians
Of The Power To Make Scripture Law
Of The Ten Commandements
Of The Judicial, And Leviticall Law
The Second Law
The Old Testament, When Made Canonicall
Of The Power Of Councells To Make The Scripture Law
Of The Right Of Constituting Ecclesiasticall Officers In The Time Of The Apostles
Matthias Made Apostle By The Congregation.
Paul And Barnabas Made Apostles By The Church Of Antioch
What Offices In The Church Are Magisteriall
Ordination Of Teachers
Ministers Of The Church What
And How Chosen What
Of Ecclesiasticall Revenue, Under The Law Of Moses
In Our Saviours Time, And After
The Civill Soveraign Being A Christian Hath The Right Of Appointing Pastors
The Pastorall Authority Of Soveraigns Only Is De Jure Divino, That Of Other Pastors Is Jure Civili
Christian Kings Have Power To Execute All Manner Of Pastoral Function
The Civill Soveraigne If A Christian, Is Head Of The Church In His Own Dominions
Cardinal Bellarmines Books De Summo Pontifice Considered
The First Book
The Second Book
The Third Book
The Fourth Book
Texts For The Infallibility Of The Popes Judgement In Points Of Faith
Texts For The Same In Point Of Manners
Of The Popes Temporall Power
Chapter XLIII. Of What Is Necessary For A Mans Reception Into The Kingdome Of Heaven
The Difficulty Of Obeying God And Man Both At Once
Is None To Them That Distinguish Between What Is, And What Is Not Necessary To Salvation
All That Is Necessary To Salvation Is Contained In Faith And Obedience
What Obedience Is Necessary;
And To What Laws
In The Faith Of A Christian, Who Is The Person Beleeved
The Causes Of Christian Faith
Faith Comes By Hearing
Proved From The Scope Of The Evangelists
From The Sermons Of The Apostles:
From The Easinesse Of The Doctrine:
From Formall And Cleer Texts
From That It Is The Foundation Of All Other Articles
In What Sense Other Articles May Be Called Necessary
That Faith, And Obedience Are Both Of Them Necessary To Salvation
What Each Of Them Contributes Thereunto
Obedience To God And To The Civill Soveraign Not Inconsistent
Or Infidel
Chapter XLIV. Of Spirituall Darknesse From Misinterpretation Of Scripture
The Kingdome Of Darknesse What
The Church Not Yet Fully Freed Of Darknesse
Four Causes Of Spirituall Darknesse
Errors From Misinterpreting The Scriptures, Concerning The Kingdome Of God
As That The Kingdome Of God Is The Present Church
And That The Pope Is His Vicar Generall
And That The Pastors Are The Clergy
Error From Mistaking Consecration For Conjuration
Incantation In The Ceremonies Of Baptisme
In Marriage, In Visitation Of The Sick, And In Consecration Of Places
Errors From Mistaking Eternall Life, And Everlasting Death
As The Doctrine Of Purgatory, And Exorcismes, And Invocation Of Saints
The Texts Alledged For The Doctrines Aforementioned Have Been Answered Before
Answer To The Text On Which Beza Infereth
Explication Of The Place In Mark 9.1
Abuse Of Some Other Texts In Defence Of The Power Of The Pope
The Manner Of Consecrations In The Scripture, Was Without Exorcisms
The Immortality Of Mans Soule, Not Proved By Scripture To Be Of Nature, But Of Grace
Eternall Torments What
Answer Of The Texts Alledged For Purgatory
Places Of The New Testament For Purgatory Answered
Baptisme For The Dead, How Understood
Chapter XLV. Of Daemonology, And Other Reliques Of The Religion Of The Gentiles
The Originall Of Daemonology
What Were The Daemons Of The Ancients
How That Doctrine Was Spread
Why Our Saviour Controlled It Not
The Scriptures Doe Not Teach That Spirits Are Incorporeall
The Power Of Casting Out Devills, Not The Same It Was In The Primitive Church
Another Relique Of Gentilisme, Worshipping Images, Left In The Church Not Brought Into It
Answer To Certain Seeming Texts For Images
What Is Worship
Distinction Between Divine And Civill Worship
An Image What Phantasmes
Fictions; Materiall Images
Idolatry What
Scandalous Worship Of Images
Answer To The Argument From The Cherubins, And Brazen Serpent
Painting Of Fancies No Idolatry: Abusing Them To Religious Worship Is
How Idolatry Was Left In The Church
Canonizing Of Saints
The Name Of Pontifex
Procession Of Images
Wax Candles, And Torches Lighted
Chapter XLVI. Of Darknesse From Vain Philosophy, And Fabulous Traditions
What Philosophy Is
Prudence No Part Of Philosophy
No False Doctrine Is Part Of Philosophy
Nor Learning Taken Upon Credit Of Authors
Of The Beginnings And Progresse Of Philosophy
Of The Schools Of Philosophy Amongst The Athenians
Of The Schools Of The Jews
The Schoole Of Graecians Unprofitable
The Schools Of The Jews Unprofitable
University What It Is
Errors Brought Into Religion From Aristotles Metaphysiques
Errors Concerning Abstract Essences
Nunc-stans
One Body In Many Places, And Many Bodies In One Place At Once
Absurdities In Naturall Philosophy, As Gravity The Cause Of Heavinesse
Quantity Put Into Body Already Made
Powring In Of Soules
Ubiquity Of Apparition
Will, The Cause Of Willing
Ignorance An Occult Cause
One Makes The Things Incongruent, Another The Incongruity
Private Appetite The Rule Of Publique Good:
And That Lawfull Marriage Is Unchastity
And That All Government But Popular, Is Tyranny
That Not Men, But Law Governs
Laws Over The Conscience
Private Interpretation Of Law
Language Of Schoole-Divines
Errors From Tradition
Suppression Of Reason
Chapter XLVII. Of The Benefit That Proceedeth From Such Darknesse, And To Whom It Accreweth
He That Receiveth Benefit By A Fact, Is Presumed To Be The Author
That The Church Militant Is The Kingdome Of God, Was First Taught By The Church Of Rome
And Maintained Also By The Presbytery
Infallibility
Subjection Of Bishops
Exemptions Of The Clergy
The Names Of Sacerdotes, And Sacrifices
The Sacramentation Of Marriage
The Single Life Of Priests
Auricular Confession
Canonization Of Saints, And Declaring Of Martyrs
Transubstantiation, Penance, Absolution
Purgatory, Indulgences, Externall Works
Daemonology And Exorcism
School-Divinity
The Authors Of Spirituall Darknesse, Who They Be
Comparison Of The Papacy With The Kingdome Of Fayries
A Review, And Conclusion
John Locke Second Treatise of Government
Preface
Chapter I. An Essay Concerning The True Original, Extent And End Of Civil Government
Chapter II. Of The State Of Nature
Chapter III. Of The State Of War
Chapter IV. Of Slavery
Chapter V. Of Property
Chapter VI. Of Paternal Power
Chapter VII. Of Political Or Civil Society
Chapter VIII. Of The Beginning Of Political Societies
Chapter IX. Of The Ends Of Political Society And Government
Chapter X. Of The Forms Of A Common-Wealth
Chapter XI. Of The Extent Of The Legislative Power
Chapter XII. Of The Legislative, Executive, And Federative Power Of The Common-Wealth
Chapter XIII. Of The Subordination Of The Powers Of The Common-Wealth
Chapter XIV. Of Prerogative
Chapter XV. Of Paternal, Political, And Despotical Power, Considered Together
Chapter XVI. Of Conquest
Chapter XVII. Of Usurpation
Chapter XVIII. Of Tyranny
Chapter XIX. Of The Dissolution Of Government
John Locke An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding
The Epistle To The Reader
Book I. Neither Principles Nor Ideas Are Innate
Chapter I. Introduction
Chapter II. No Innate Speculative Principles
Chapter III. No Innate Practical Principles
Chapter IV. Other Considerations Concerning Innate Principles, Both Speculative And Practical
Book II. Of Ideas
Chapter I. Of Ideas In General, And Their Original
Chapter II. Of Simple Ideas
Chapter III. Of Simple Ideas Of Sense
Chapter IV. Idea Of Solidity
Chapter V. Of Simple Ideas Of Divers Senses
Chapter VI. Of Simple Ideas Of Reflection
Chapter VII. Of Simple Ideas Of Both Sensation And Reflection
Chapter VIII. Some Further Considerations Concerning Our Simple Ideas Of Sensation
Chapter IX. Of Perception
Chapter X. Of Retention
Chapter XI. Of Discerning, And Other Operations Of The Mind
Chapter XII. Of complex ideas
Chapter XIII. Complex ideas of simple modes:—and first, of the simple modes of idea of space
Chapter XIV. Idea Of Duration And Its Simple Modes
Chapter XV. Ideas Of Duration And Expansion, Considered Together
Chapter XVI. Idea Of Number
Chapter XVII. Of Infinity
Chapter XVIII. Other Simple Modes
Chapter XIX. Of The Modes Of Thinking
Chapter XX. Of modes of pleasure and pain
Chapter XXI. Of Power
Chapter XXII. Of Mixed Modes
Chapter XXIII. Of Our Complex Ideas Of Substances
Chapter XXIV. Of Collective Ideas Of Substances
Chapter XXV. Of Relation
Chapter XXVI. Of Cause And Effect, And Other Relations
Chapter XXVII. Of Identity And Diversity
Chapter XXVIII. Of Other Relations
Chapter XXIX. Of Clear And Obscure, Distinct And Confused Ideas
Chapter XXX. Of Real And Fantastical Ideas
Chapter XXXI. Of Adequate And Inadequate Ideas
Chapter XXXII. Of True And False Ideas
Chapter XXXIII. Of The Association Of Ideas
Book III. Of Words
Chapter I. Of Words Or Language In General
Chapter II. Of The Signification Of Words
Chapter III. Of General Terms
Chapter IV. Of The Names Of Simple Ideas
Chapter V. Of The Names Of Mixed Modes And Relations
Chapter VI. Of The Names Of Substances
Chapter VII. Of Particles
Chapter VIII. Of Abstract And Concrete Terms
Chapter IX. Of The Imperfection Of Words
Chapter X. Of The Abuse Of Words
Chapter XI. Of The Remedies Of The Foregoing Imperfections And Abuses Of Words
Book IV. Of Knowledge And Probability Synopsis Of The Fourth Book
Chapter I. Of Knowledge In General
Chapter II. Of The Degrees Of Our Knowledge
Chapter III. Of The Extent Of Human Knowledge
Chapter IV. Of The Reality Of Knowledge
Chapter V. Of Truth In General
Chapter VI. Of Universal Propositions: Their Truth And Certainty
Chapter VII. Of Maxims
Chapter VIII. Of Trifling Propositions
Chapter IX. Of Our Threefold Knowledge Of Existence
Chapter X. Of Our Knowledge Of The Existence Of A God
Chapter XI. Of Our Knowledge Of The Existence Of Other Things
Chapter XII. Of The Improvement Of Our Knowledge
Chapter XIII. Some Further Considerations Concerning Our Knowledge
Chapter XIV. Of Judgment
Chapter XV. Of Probability
Chapter XVI. Of The Degrees Of Assent
Chapter XVII. Of Reason
Chapter XVIII. Of Faith And Reason, And Their Distinct Provinces
Chapter XIX. (not in early editions)
Chapter XX. Of Wrong Assent, Or Error
Chapter XXI. Of The Division Of The Sciences
George Berkeley A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
Dedication
Preface
Introduction
Of The Principles Of Human Knowledge
David Hume An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
Section I. Of The Different Species Of Philosophy
Section II. Of The Origin Of Ideas
Section III. Of The Association Of Ideas
Section IV. Sceptical Doubts Concerning The Operations Of The Understanding
Part I.
Part II.
Section V. Sceptical Solution Of These Doubts
Part I.
Part II.
Section VI. Of Probability
Section VII. Of The Idea Of Necessary Connexion
Part I.
Part II.
Section VIII. Of Liberty And Necessity
Part I.
Part II.
Section IX. Of The Reason Of Animals
Section X. Of Miracles
Part I.
Part II.
Section XI. Of A Particular Providence And Of A Future State
Section XII. OF THE ACADEMICAL OR SCEPTICAL PHILOSOPHY
Part I.
Part II.
Part III.
David Hume A Treatise Of Human Nature
Advertisement
Introduction
Book I. Of The Understanding
Part I. Of Ideas, Their Origin, Composition, Connexion, Abstraction, Etc
Sect. I. Of The Origin Of Our Ideas
Sect. II. Division Of The Subject
Sect. III. Of The Ideas Of The Memory And Imagination
Sect. IV. Of The Connexion Or Association Of Ideas
Sect. V. Of Relations
Sect. VI. Of Modes And Substances
Sect. VII. Of Abstract Ideas
Part II. Of The Ideas Of Space And Time
Sect. I. Of The Infinite Divisibility Of Our Ideas Of Space And Time
Sect. II. Of The Infinite Divisibility Of Space And Time
Sect. III. Of The Other Qualities Of Our Idea Of Space And Time
Sect. IV. Objections Answered
Sect. V. The Same Subject Continued
Sect. VI. Of The Idea Of Existence, And Of External Existence
Part III. Of Knowledge And Probability
Sect. I. Of Knowledge
Sect. II. Of Probability, And Of The Idea Of Cause And Effect
Sect. III. Why A Cause Is Always Necessary
Sect. IV. Of The Component Parts Of Our Reasonings Concerning Cause And Effect
Sect. V. Of The Impressions Of The Senses And Memory
Sect. VI. Of The Inference From The Impression To The Idea
Sect. VII. Of The Nature Of The Idea Or Belief
Sect. VIII. Of The Causes Of Belief
Sect. IX. Of The Effects Of Other Relations And Other Habits
Sect. X. Of The Influence Of Belief
Sect. XI. Of The Probability Of Chances
Sect. XII. Of The Probability Of Causes
Sect. XIII. Of Unphilosophical Probability
Sect. XIV. Of The Idea Of Necessary Connexion
Sect. XV. Rules By Which To Judge Of Causes And Effects
Sect. XVI. Of The Reason Of Animals
Part IV. Of The Sceptical And Other Systems Of Philosophy
Sect. I. Of Scepticism With Regard To Reason
Sect. II. Of Scepticism With Regard To The Senses
Sect. III. Of The Antient Philosophy
Sect. IV. Of The Modern Philosophy
Sect. V. Of The Immateriality Of The Soul
Sect. VI. Of Personal Identity
Sect. VII. Conclusion Of This Book
Book II. Of The Passions
Part I. Of Pride And Humility
Sect. I. Division Of The Subject
Sect. II. Of Pride And Humility, Their Objects And Causes
Sect. III. Whence These Objects And Causes Are Derived
Sect. IV. Of The Relations Of Impressions And Ideas
Sect. V. Of The Influence Of These Relations On Pride And Humility
Sect. VI. Limitations Of This System
Sect. VII. Of Vice And Virtue
Sect. VIII. Of Beauty And Deformity
Sect. IX. Of External Advantages And Disadvantages
Sect. X. Of Property And Riches
Sect. XI. Of The Love Of Fame
Sect. XII. Of The Pride And Humility Of Animals
Part II. Of Love And Hatred
Sect. I. Of The Object And Causes Of Love And Hatred
Sect. II. Experiments To Confirm This System
Sect. III. Difficulties Solved
Sect. IV. Of The Love Of Relations
Sect. V. Of Our Esteem For The Rich And Powerful
Sect. VI. Of Benevolence And Anger
Sect. VII. Of Compassion
Sect. VIII. Of Malice And Envy
Sect. IX. Of The Mixture Of Benevolence And Anger With Compassion And Malice
Sect. X. Of Respect And Contempt
Sect. XI. Of The Amorous Passion, Or Love Betwixt The Sexes
Sect. XII. Of The Love And Hatred Of Animals
Part III. Of The Will And Direct Passions
Sect. I. Of Liberty And Necessity
Sect. II. The Same Subject Continued
Sect. III. Of The Influencing Motives Of The Will
Sect. IV. Of The Causes Of The Violent Passions
Sect. V. Of The Effects Of Custom
Sect. VI. Of The Influence Of The Imagination On The Passions
Sect. VII. Of Contiguity And Distance In Space And Time
Sect. VIII. The Same Subject Continued
Sect. IX. Of The Direct Passions
Sect. X. Of Curiosity, Or The Love Of Truth
Book III. Of Morals
Part I. Of Virtue And Vice In General
Sect. I. Moral Distinctions Not Derived From Reason
Sect. II. Moral Distinctions Derived From A Moral Sense
Part II. Of Justice And Injustice
Sect. I. Justice, Whether A Natural Or Artificial Virtue?
Sect. II. Of The Origin Of Justice And Property
Sect. III. Of The Rules Which Determine Property
Sect. IV. Of The Transference Of Property By Consent
Sect. V. Of The Obligation Of Promises
Sect. VI. Some Farther Reflections Concerning Justice And Injustice
Sect. VII. Of The Origin Of Government
Sect. VIII. Of The Source Of Allegiance
Sect. IX. Of The Measures Of Allegiance
Sect. X. Of The Objects Of Allegiance
Sect. XI. Of The Laws Of Nations
Sect. XII. Of Chastity And Modesty
Part III. Of The Other Virtues And Vices
Sect. I. Of The Origin Of The Natural Virtues And Vices
Sect. II. Of Greatness Of Mind
Sect. III. Of Goodness And Benevolence
Sect. IV. Of Natural Abilities
Sect. V. Some Farther Reflections Concerning The Natural Virtues
Sect. VI. Conclusion Of This Book
Appendix
David Hume An Enquiry Concerning The Principles Of Morals
Section I. Of The General Principles Of Morals
Section II. Of Benevolence
Part I.
Part II.
Section III. Of Justice
Part I.
Part II.
Section IV. Of Political Society
Section V. Why Utility Pleases
Part I.
Part II.
Section VI. Of Qualities Useful To Ourselves
Part I.
Part II.
Section VII. Of Qualities Immediately Agreeable To Ourselves
Section VIII. Of Qualities Immediately Agreeable To Others [263]
Section IX. Conclusion
Part I.
Part II.
Appendices
Appendix I. Concerning Moral Sentiment
Appendix II. Of self-love
Appendix III. Some Farther Considerations With Regard To Justice
Appendix IV. Of Some Verbal Disputes
David Hume Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
Pamphilus to Hermippus
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Part 6
Part 7
Part 8
Part 9
Part 10
Part 11
Part 12
John Stuart Mill On Liberty
Chapter I. Introductory
Chapter II. Of The Liberty Of Thought And Discussion
Chapter III. Of Individuality, As One Of The Elements Of Well-Being
Chapter IV. Of The Limits To The Authority Of Society Over The Individual
Chapter V. Applications
John Stuart Mill Utilitarianism
Chapter 1. General Remarks
Chapter 2. What Utilitarianism Is
Chapter 3. Of the Ultimate Sanction of the Principle of Utility
Chapter 4. Of what sort of Proof the Principle of Utility is Susceptible
Chapter 5. On the Connection between Justice and Utility

Francis Bacon

The Essays or Counsels, Civil and Moral

Francis Bacon

TO THE RIGHT HONORABLE MY VERY GOOD LORD THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM HIS GRACE, LORD HIGH ADMIRAL OF ENGLAND EXCELLENT LORD:

SALOMON saies; A good Name is as a precious oyntment; And I assure my selfe, such wil your Graces Name bee, with Posteritie. For your Fortune, and Merit both, have been Eminent. And you have planted Things, that are like to last. I doe now publish my Essayes; which, of all my other workes, have beene most Currant: For that, as it seemes, they come home, to Mens Businesse, and Bosomes. I have enlarged them, both in Number, and Weight; So that they are indeed a New Worke. I thought it therefore agreeable, to my Affection, and Obligation to your Grace, to prefix your Name before them, both in English, and in Latine. For I doe conceive, that the Latine Volume of them, (being in the Universall Language) may last, as long as Bookes last. My Instauration, I dedicated to the King: My Historie of Henry the Seventh, (which I have now also translated into Latine) and my Portions of Naturall History, to the Prince: And these I dedicate to your Grace; Being of the best Fruits, that by the good Encrease, which God gives to my Pen and Labours, I could yeeld. God leade your Grace by the Hand. Your Graces most Obliged and faithfull Servant,

FR. ST. ALBAN

Of Truth

WHAT is truth? said jesting Pilate, and would not stay for an answer. Certainly there be, that delight in giddiness, and count it a bondage to fix a belief; affecting free-will in thinking, as well as in acting. And though the sects of philosophers of that kind be gone, yet there remain certain discoursing wits, which are of the same veins, though there be not so much blood in them, as was in those of the ancients. But it is not only the difficulty and labor, which men take in finding out of truth, nor again, that when it is found, it imposeth upon men's thoughts, that doth bring lies in favor; but a natural, though corrupt love, of the lie itself. One of the later school of the Grecians, examineth the matter, and is at a stand, to think what should be in it, that men should love lies; where neither they make for pleasure, as with poets, nor for advantage, as with the merchant; but for the lie's sake. But I cannot tell; this same truth, is a naked, and open day-light, that doth not show the masks, and mummeries, and triumphs, of the world, half so stately and daintily as candle-lights. Truth may perhaps come to the price of a pearl, that showeth best by day; but it will not rise to the price of a diamond, or carbuncle, that showeth best in varied lights. A mixture of a lie doth ever add pleasure. Doth any man doubt, that if there were taken out of men's minds, vain opinions, flattering hopes, false valuations, imaginations as one would, and the like, but it would leave the minds, of a number of men, poor shrunken things, full of melancholy and indisposition, and unpleasing to themselves?

One of the fathers, in great severity, called poesy vinum daemonum, because it fireth the imagination; and yet, it is but with the shadow of a lie. But it is not the lie that passeth through the mind, but the lie that sinketh in, and settleth in it, that doth the hurt; such as we spake of before. But howsoever these things are thus in men's depraved judgments, and affections, yet truth, which only doth judge itself, teacheth that the inquiry of truth, which is the love-making, or wooing of it, the knowledge of truth, which is the presence of it, and the belief of truth, which is the enjoying of it, is the sovereign good of human nature. The first creature of God, in the works of the days, was the light of the sense; the last, was the light of reason; and his sabbath work ever since, is the illumination of his Spirit. First he breathed light, upon the face of the matter or chaos; then he breathed light, into the face of man; and still he breatheth and inspireth light, into the face of his chosen. The poet, that beautified the sect, that was otherwise inferior to the rest, saith yet excellently well: It is a pleasure, to stand upon the shore, and to see ships tossed upon the sea; a pleasure, to stand in the window of a castle, and to see a battle, and the adventures thereof below: but no pleasure is comparable to the standing upon the vantage ground of truth (a hill not to be commanded, and where the air is always clear and serene), and to see the errors, and wanderings, and mists, and tempests, in the vale below; so always that this prospect be with pity, and not with swelling, or pride. Certainly, it is heaven upon earth, to have a man's mind move in charity, rest in providence, and turn upon the poles of truth.

To pass from theological, and philosophical truth, to the truth of civil business; it will be acknowledged, even by those that practise it not, that clear, and round dealing, is the honor of man's nature; and that mixture of falsehoods, is like alloy in coin of gold and silver, which may make the metal work the better, but it embaseth it. For these winding, and crooked courses, are the goings of the serpent; which goeth basely upon the belly, and not upon the feet. There is no vice, that doth so cover a man with shame, as to be found false and perfidious. And therefore Montaigne saith prettily, when he inquired the reason, why the word of the lie should be such a disgrace, and such an odious charge? Saith he, If it be well weighed, to say that a man lieth, is as much to say, as that he is brave towards God, and a coward towards men. For a lie faces God, and shrinks from man. Surely the wickedness of falsehood, and breach of faith, cannot possibly be so highly expressed, as in that it shall be the last peal, to call the judgments of God upon the generations of men; it being foretold, that when Christ cometh, he shall not find faith upon the earth.

Of Death

MEN fear death, as children fear to go in the dark; and as that natural fear in children, is increased with tales, so is the other. Certainly, the contemplation of death, as the wages of sin, and passage to another world, is holy and religious; but the fear of it, as a tribute due unto nature, is weak. Yet in religious meditations, there is sometimes mixture of vanity, and of superstition. You shall read, in some of the friars' books of mortification, that a man should think with himself, what the pain is, if he have but his finger's end pressed, or tortured, and thereby imagine, what the pains of death are, when the whole body is corrupted, and dissolved; when many times death passeth, with less pain than the torture of a limb; for the most vital parts, are not the quickest of sense. And by him that spake only as a philosopher, and natural man, it was well said, Pompa mortis magis terret, quam mors ipsa. Groans, and convulsions, and a discolored face, and friends weeping, and blacks, and obsequies, and the like, show death terrible. It is worthy the observing, that there is no passion in the mind of man, so weak, but it mates, and masters, the fear of death; and therefore, death is no such terrible enemy, when a man hath so many attendants about him, that can win the combat of him. Revenge triumphs over death; love slights it; honor aspireth to it; grief flieth to it; fear preoccupateth it; nay, we read, after Otho the emperor had slain himself, pity (which is the tenderest of affections) provoked many to die, out of mere compassion to their sovereign, and as the truest sort of followers. Nay, Seneca adds niceness and satiety: Cogita quamdiu eadem feceris; mori velle, non tantum fortis aut miser, sed etiam fastidiosus potest. A man would die, though he were neither valiant, nor miserable, only upon a weariness to do the same thing so oft, over and over. It is no less worthy, to observe, how little alteration in good spirits, the approaches of death make; for they appear to be the same men, till the last instant. Augustus Caesar died in a compliment; Livia, conjugii nostri memor, vive et vale. Tiberius in dissimulation; as Tacitus saith of him, Jam Tiberium vires et corpus, non dissimulatio, deserebant. Vespasian in a jest, sitting upon the stool; Ut puto deus fio. Galba with a sentence; Feri, si ex re sit populi Romani; holding forth his neck. Septimius Severus in despatch; Adeste si quid mihi restat agendum. And the like. Certainly the Stoics bestowed too much cost upon death, and by their great preparations, made it appear more fearful. Better saith he, qui finem vitae extremum inter munera ponat naturae. It is as natural to die, as to be born; and to a little infant, perhaps, the one is as painful, as the other. He that dies in an earnest pursuit, is like one that is wounded in hot blood; who, for the time, scarce feels the hurt; and therefore a mind fixed, and bent upon somewhat that is good, doth avert the dolors of death. But, above all, believe it, the sweetest canticle is', Nunc dimittis; when a man hath obtained worthy ends, and expectations. Death hath this also; that it openeth the gate to good fame, and extinguisheth envy.—Extinctus amabitur idem.

Of Unity In Religion

RELIGION being the chief band of human society, it is a happy thing, when itself is well contained within the true band of unity. The quarrels, and divisions about religion, were evils unknown to the heathen. The reason was, because the religion of the heathen, consisted rather in rites and ceremonies, than in any constant belief. For you may imagine, what kind of faith theirs was, when the chief doctors, and fathers of their church, were the poets. But the true God hath this attribute, that he is a jealous God; and therefore, his worship and religion, will endure no mixture, nor partner. We shall therefore speak a few words, concerning the unity of the church; what are the fruits thereof; what the bounds; and what the means.

The fruits of unity (next unto the well pleasing of God, which is all in all) are two: the one, towards those that are without the church, the other, towards those that are within. For the former; it is certain, that heresies, and schisms, are of all others the greatest scandals; yea, more than corruption of manners. For as in the natural body, a wound, or solution of continuity, is worse than a corrupt humor; so in the spiritual. So that nothing, doth so much keep men out of the church, and drive men out of the church, as breach of unity. And therefore, whensoever it cometh to that pass, that one saith, Ecce in deserto, another saith, Ecce in penetralibus; that is, when some men seek Christ, in the conventicles of heretics, and others, in an outward face of a church, that voice had need continually to sound in men's ears, Nolite exire,—Go not out. The doctor of the Gentiles (the propriety of whose vocation, drew him to have a special care of those without) saith, if an heathen come in, and hear you speak with several tongues, will he not say that you are mad? And certainly it is little better, when atheists, and profane persons, do hear of so many discordant, and contrary opinions in religion; it doth avert them from the church, and maketh them, to sit down in the chair of the scorners. It is but a light thing, to be vouched in so serious a matter, but yet it expresseth well the deformity. There is a master of scoffing, that in his catalogue of books of a feigned library, sets down this title of a book, The Morris-Dance of Heretics. For indeed, every sect of them, hath a diverse posture, or cringe by themselves, which cannot but move derision in worldlings, and depraved politics, who are apt to contemn holy things.

As for the fruit towards those that are within; it is peace; which containeth infinite blessings. It establisheth faith; it kindleth charity; the outward peace of the church, distilleth into peace of conscience; and it turneth the labors of writing, and reading of controversies, into treaties of mortification and devotion.

Concerning the bounds of unity; the true placing of them, importeth exceedingly. There appear to be two extremes. For to certain zealants, all speech of pacification is odious. Is it peace, Jehu,? What hast thou to do with peace? turn thee behind me. Peace is not the matter, but following, and party. Contrariwise, certain Laodiceans, and lukewarm persons, think they may accommodate points of religion, by middle way, and taking part of both, and witty reconcilements; as if they would make an arbitrament between God and man. Both these extremes are to be avoided; which will be done, if the league of Christians, penned by our Savior himself, were in two cross clauses thereof, soundly and plainly expounded: He that is not with us, is against us; and again, He that is not against us, is with us; that is, if the points fundamental and of substance in religion, were truly discerned and distinguished, from points not merely of faith, but of opinion, order, or good intention. This is a thing may seem to many a matter trivial, and done already. But if it were done less partially, it would be embraced more generally.

Of this I may give only this advice, according to my small model. Men ought to take heed, of rending God's church, by two kinds of controversies. The one is, when the matter of the point controverted, is too small and light, not worth the heat and strife about it, kindled only by contradiction. For, as it is noted, by one of the fathers, Christ's coat indeed had no seam, but the church's vesture was of divers colors; whereupon he saith, In veste varietas sit, scissura non sit; they be two things, unity and uniformity. The other is, when the matter of the point controverted, is great, but it is driven to an over-great subtilty, and obscurity; so that it becometh a thing rather ingenious, than substantial. A man that is of judgment and understanding, shall sometimes hear ignorant men differ, and know well within himself, that those which so differ, mean one thing, and yet they themselves would never agree. And if it come so to pass, in that distance of judgment, which is between man and man, shall we not think that God above, that knows the heart, doth not discern that frail men, in some of their contradictions, intend the same thing; and accepteth of both? The nature of such controversies is excellently expressed, by St. Paul, in the warning and precept, that he giveth concerning the same, Devita profanas vocum novitates, et oppositiones falsi nominis scientiae. Men create oppositions, which are not; and put them into new terms, so fixed, as whereas the meaning ought to govern the term, the term in effect governeth the meaning. There be also two false peaces, or unities: the one, when the peace is grounded, but upon an implicit ignorance; for all colors will agree in the dark: the other, when it is pieced up, upon a direct admission of contraries, in fundamental points. For truth and falsehood, in such things, are like the iron and clay, in the toes of Nebuchadnezzar's image; they may cleave, but they will not incorporate.