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- Herausgeber: Kerry Butters
- Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
- Sprache: Englisch
- Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2019
To Be Read at Dusk is a Short classic victorian ghost story by English Author Charles Dickens. Best read on you own by the crackling fireside by candlelight for an excellent and atmospheric ghost story. Five couriers talking amongst themselves outside a convent on the summit of the Great St Bernard Pass are overheard by the narrator as two of their group's members relate short ghost stories; one of a woman who abandons her husband for a man who had previously appeared in her nightmares, and another of a man who sees an apparition of his brother, and is thereby warned of the latter's death. To Be Read at Dusk (1852) is a short story written by Charles Dickens.
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Memories of 1918
By
Kerry Butters
Table of Contents
Timeline / News
1918 Fun Facts
Children’s Toys
Famous Births
Famous Deaths
Timeline / News
January
January 8th US president Woodrow Wilson sets out his “14 points for peace” in a speech to Congress. He outlines the possible contours of a post-war settlement.
January 23rd Robert Gregory, the son of Lord Gregory and the inspiration for a number of WB Yeats’s poems including An Irish Airman Foresees His Death, is killed when his Sopwith Camel goes into a spin and crashes in Italy.
February
February 6th The Representation of the People Act (1918) becomes the law in Britain and Ireland. Women are given the vote for the first time, albeit only those over the age of 30 who have a property qualification. All men over 21 are also given the vote irrespective of means. These moves tripled the electorate.
February 11th Woodrow Wilson explains that his 14 points means “national aspirations must be respected; people may now be dominated and governed only by their own consent. Self-determination is not a mere phrase; it is an imperative principle of action.” This phrase was seized upon by many Irish nationalists seeking an independent Irish Republic.
February 16th: Lithuania declares independence
February 24th: Estonia declares independence
March
March 3rd: The new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers sign a treaty at Brest-Litovsk. The Bolsheviks are forced to give up large swathes of territory and an independent Ukraine is recognised. The treaty was short-lived and declared null and void after the armistice of 1918.
March 6th: Irish Parliamentary Party leader John Redmond dies suddenly in London, having being admitted for a routine operation.
March 11th: The first reported strain of a new and deadly flu virus is reported at a military base in Kansas. The Spanish Flu, as it became known, will become a deadly pandemic which will kill more people than the first World War.
March 21st: The Germans being their Spring Offensive designed to win the war before the United States enter it in force. The 16th (Irish) Division bears the brunt of the Kaiserschlacht (Kaiser’s battle) or Operation Michael as the Germans call it. There is mass panic in the British ranks as the Germans overrun their lines.
April
April 6th: The Military Service (No.2) Act is passed by the House of Commons. It makes provision for conscription to be introduced into Ireland, precipitating the Conscription crisis.
April 12th: British commander-in-chief Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig issues his famous “with our backs to the wall” decree urging his men to resist the German Spring Offensive. The German advance is checked just outside the strategically critical French town of Amiens.
April 18th: A conference is held in the Mansion House to form an Irish Anti-Conscription Committee composed of all shades of nationalist opinion in Ireland in opposition to conscription.
April 21st: Catholic bishops issue an edict at Sunday Masses urging all Irish people to “resist conscription by the most effective means at our disposal”.
April 23rd: A general strike is held across Ireland against the Conscription Act.
May
May 5th: The new Irish Parliamentary Party leader John Dillon and and Éamon de Valera share a platform in Ballaghaderreen against conscription.
May 16th-17th: Dozens of Sinn Féin leaders, among them Éamon de Valera, Arthur Griffith, WT Cosgrave and Constance Markievicz are arrested by the British authorities on a spurious charge that they were plotting with Germany against Britain. It became known as the German plot.
May 27th: Germany makes another attempt to win the war, launching the Third Battle of the Aisne. Again they have early success and get within 50km (35 miles) of Paris, closer than they had done in 1914, but once again the Allies counter-attack and force them back.
June
June 20th: Arthur Griffiths wins East Clare by-election, reversing the tide of three successive Sinn Féin defeats in by-elections earlier in the year.
July
July 17th: Czar Nicholas II and his family are executed by the Bolsheviks.
August
August 8th: British forces launch an “all-arms” offensive against the German army. Using artillery, planes, tanks and rapidly moving infantry, the British army rout the Germans. German chief-of-staff General Erich Ludendorff calls it the “black day of the German Army” . The 100-day offensive which will end the war by the Allies has begun.
October
October 4th: Germany sends a telegraph to President Wilson seeking terms for an armistice.
October 10th: German submarine U-471 sinks the RMS Leinster off the Kish lighthouse. The sinking causes an international outrage.
October 14th: Wilson calls off peace talks. He says he will only deal with a democratic and not imperial Germany.
October 18th: Czechoslovakia’s Paris-based provisional government declares independence. The declaration is noted in Ireland.
November
November 3rd: Austria-Hungary signs the armistice with Italy, ending its involvement in the first World War.
November 9th: Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates. The German Republic is declared.
November 11th: German officers sign armistice terms in a railway carriage in the Forest of Compiègne. Hostilities cease at 11am.
November 14th: British prime minister David Lloyd George announces a general election for December 14th, the first since 1910, and with the extended electorate.
December
December 14th: British general election held. It becomes known as the Khaki election as millions of British soldiers are still overseas. As a consequence the results are delayed for two weeks.
December 28th: Sinn Féin rout the old Irish Parliamentary Party, winning 46.9 per cent of the vote in Ireland and 73 seats. The IPP win just six, five of them in Ulster. The Unionists win 22 seats and 25 per cent of the vote.
