True and False Paths of Spiritual Research E-Book

Rudolf Steiner

• Herausgeber: Rudolf Steiner Press
• Kategorie: Religion und Spiritualität
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2020

Beschreibung

In these much-valued lectures, Rudolf Steiner begins by positing the question, 'Why investigate the spiritual worlds at all?' He goes on to explore the contemporary need for spiritual knowledge and the authentic paths that can lead to it. Speaking in Torquay, England, at the International Summer School organized by his friend and colleague D.N. Dunlop, Steiner surveys the differences in various types of consciousness – from ancient to modern times, in waking and dreaming, from space into time – and the changes that have taken place in relation to knowledge and science in the course of history. He goes on to discuss the Mystery nature of crystallized minerals and metals such as copper and silver, and their relationship to the planets. He also describes how the ages of life can become organs of perception. In a dramatic conclusion Steiner explains the role of moon beings, ahrimanic elemental beings, and the true nature of mediumship, ectoplasm and spiritual possession. Presented here in a fresh translation that corrects many errors in previous editions, the text is complemented with notes, an introduction by Paul King and an index. Lectures include: 'Nature is the Great Illusion. "Know Thyself"'; 'The Three Worlds and their Reflected Images'; 'Form and Substantiality of the Mineral Kingdom in relation to Human Levels of Consciousness'; 'The Secret of Research into other Realms through the Metamorphosis of Consciousness'; 'The Inner Enlivening of the Soul through the Qualities of Metals'; 'Initiation Science'; 'Star Knowledge'; 'Possible Aberrations in Spiritual Research'.

Leseprobe

TRUE AND FALSE PATHS OF SPIRITUAL RESEARCH

Eleven lectures given in Torquay from 11 to 22 August 1924

REVISED AND TRANSLATED BY PAUL KING WITH REFERENCE TO EARLIER TRANSLATIONS BY H. COLLINSON AND A. H. PARKER

INTRODUCTION BY PAUL KING

RUDOLF STEINER

RUDOLF STEINER PRESS

CW 243

Rudolf Steiner Press Hillside House, The Square Forest Row, RH18 5ES

www.rudolfsteinerpress.com

Published by Rudolf Steiner Press 2020

Originally published in German under the title Das Initiaten Bewußtsein. Die wahren und die falschen Wege der geistigen Forschung (volume 243 in the Rudolf Steiner Gesamtausgabe or Collected Works) by Rudolf Steiner Verlag, Dornach. The text is based on shorthand notes that were not reviewed or revised by the speaker. This authorized translation is based on the sixth German edition (2004), edited by Walter Kugler

Published by permission of the Rudolf Steiner Nachlassverwaltung, Dornach

© Rudolf Steiner Nachlassverwaltung, Dornach, Rudolf Steiner Verlag 2004

This translation © Rudolf Steiner Press 2020

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978 1 85584 576 3 ebook ISBN 978 1 85584 513 8

Cover by Andrew Morgan Design Typeset by Symbiosys Technologies, Visakhapatnam, India Printed and bound by 4Edge Ltd., Essex

CONTENTS

Editor’s Preface

Introduction, by Paul King

LECTURE 1TORQUAY, 11 AUGUST 1924Nature is the Great Illusion. ‘Know Thyself’

Why investigate the spiritual worlds at all?The true paths to real spiritual knowledge.Knowledge of the world in its totality through spiritual perception within physical facts.

LECTURE 2TORQUAY, 12 AUGUST 1924The Three Worlds and their Reflected Images

Differences in consciousness in ancient and modern times.Creative imagination that occurs naturally in dreaming today.Further strengthening of the soul-life.

LECTURE 3TORQUAY, 13 AUGUST 1924Form and Substantiality of the Mineral Kingdom in relation to Human Levels of Consciousness

The nature of crystallized minerals.Substantiality and metallity of the mineral world.From spatial consciousness into time consciousness.

LECTURE 4TORQUAY, 14 AUGUST 1924The Secret of Research into other Realms through the Metamorphosis of Consciousness

The connection of metallity with other states of consciousness.Changes in the relation to knowledge and science in the course of history.Pictures of ancient times.

LECTURE 5TORQUAY, 15 AUGUST 1924The Inner Enlivening of the Soul through the Qualities of Metals

The copper condition of the human being.The mystery of Mercury.The mystery of Silver.

LECTURE 6TORQUAY, 16 AUGUST 1924Initiation Science

Waking and dream consciousness.The ages of life as organs of perception.Overlapping starry spheres.

LECTURE 7TORQUAY, 18 AUGUST 1924Star Knowledge

The spiritual background to the differentiated development of humanity.Moon beings.The nature of mediums and their emanations.

LECTURE 8TORQUAY, 19 AUGUST 1924Possible Aberrations in Spiritual Research

Ahrimanic elemental beings.Possession.The inner mystery of mediumship.

LECTURE 9TORQUAY, 20 AUGUST 1924Abnormal Ways into the Spiritual World and How to Transform Them

The use of scientific thinking for the path of knowledge.Overcoming the caricature of the scientific method for research into mediumism and somnambulism.Art as a bridge between matter and spirit.

LECTURE 10TORQUAY, 21 AUGUST 1924Influences of the Extraterrestrial Cosmos on Human Consciousness

Influences exerted by sun and moon.A living grasp of the moon-sphere as starting point for a path of initiation.Comprehending the human organism in Imaginations.

LECTURE 11TORQUAY, 22 AUGUST 1924To What Extent is Spiritual Research Accepted?

Two possible routes in research.Birth, death, and evil.The revelation of heaven in earthly form through art.

Notes and References

Rudolf Steiner’s Collected Works

Significant Events in the Life of Rudolf Steiner

Index

EDITOR’S PREFACE

These lectures were given at an International Summer School organized by the Anthroposophical Society in England under the theme of ‘Right and Wrong Paths of Spiritual Research’. Marie Steiner gave them the title of ‘Initiation Science’ for the [German] printed edition published in 1927. She also gave the headings for the individual lectures as well as the section headings within the lectures.

The division of the lecture into three parts comes from the fact that Dr Steiner interrupted each lecture twice to allow the interpreter, George Adams-Kaufmann, to translate.

INTRODUCTION

IN this cycle of lectures, given during a ‘summer school’ held in Torquay in August 1924, Steiner is responding to a request to speak about ‘true and false paths of spiritual research’. Bearing in mind we are dealing here with spiritual research and not just spiritual experiences in general, a ‘true’ path in this sense is one that leads to genuine and reliable results that advance our knowledge of the human being and the world. A ‘false’ path is one that uses methods that are inappropriate for the subject, or anachronistic, or occur in a drug-altered or dulled state of consciousness; for although these may involve momentous experiences for the experiencer, they tend to be too subjective or chaotic to be of value for the purposes of knowledge.

By way of analogy consider the following.

Imagine a world in which a group of scientists who have been deaf from birth, decide to make a scientific study of music. They choose a symphony orchestra as the subject of this project. While the musicians play, the researchers film their movements, the expression on their faces, measure the temperature fluctuations in their bodies, etc. They connect monitoring devices to their instruments to measure the vibrational frequency of the strings in the stringed instruments, the air vibrations of the wind instruments, the pressure vibrations in the percussion. Everything is filmed, measured and monitored. All the data are then collated, analysed, and presented in a report of several hundred pages.

But how close have the researchers come to understanding music? And how useful is their study for a general deepening of our knowledge?

This method could be described as a ‘false path’ for researching music. The most basic requirement for an understanding of music is firstly to listen to it! One must leave the realm of sight and listen one’s way into the world of sound, and take it from there. As Steiner says: ‘This is the secret to researching other worlds: that we undergo a change in ourselves, even in our forms of consciousness. For we cannot gain access to other worlds by theorizing or by investigation using the same means as we use in ordinary life, but by a metamorphosis, a transformation of our consciousness into other forms of consciousness.’

But the approach of the deaf scientists in our analogy is very close to the approach usually taken by our present physical science when it comes to researching non-physical phenomena. To research meditation, for instance, monitoring electrodes are attached to a meditator’s head and body and the meditative process is assessed according to brainwaves and breath rate, etc. The essential component—namely consciousness (the ‘music’)—is not investigated directly. The scientific approach is ‘deaf’ to it.

So the problem here for our present scientists is that non-physical phenomena, even when conceded to exist, cannot be measured by physical means. The only technology that can explore consciousness is consciousness itself. And, as Steiner describes in these lectures, consciousness—or certain levels of it—is also the means by which we enter the spiritual world.

Fortunately, this ‘consciousness technology’ can be developed. Through rigorous self-training in specific meditation and concentration, and regular work on ‘detoxifying’ one’s thoughts, feelings, and actions, consciousness can be developed to a point where it can enter the spiritual world in a stable and reliable way. When this is achieved, spiritual research becomes possible.

This naturally poses a great challenge for any would-be scientist. Scientific training today does not usually include serious schooling in meditation and work on one’s character! But in the future (perhaps in a century or two?), we can hope that scientific training will come to incorporate something of the ancient mysteries, so that study of the spiritual world will be integrated with study of the physical world, and the students trained in developing a consciousness that is capable of spiritual research.

Individuals who are already able to investigate it, report that the realm of consciousness is vast. Each condition of consciousness is like a whole world in itself (‘We must familiarize ourselves with the fact that other consciousnesses enable us to look into other worlds which are not the world of our everyday existence’). And a change of consciousness brings one into a different ‘place’ (‘But we are now once again somewhere else because the condition of our consciousness has altered...’). In the lectures Steiner shows a variety of entry points to certain conditions of consciousness and the spiritual realms they connect with: for example, by focusing on various parts of the body, on certain metals, or on different stages in our biography.

But why research the spiritual at all? What’s the point?

From a purely materialist perspective there is naturally no point at all—what’s the point in investigating what doesn’t exist? But if we see things from a broader spiritual standpoint, then everything in the material world has ‘precipitated’ out of the spiritual and can only be understood fully when the spiritual laws of its being are taken into account. Child development, for example, involves not just physical growth and brain development, but also a gradual unfolding of the child’s non-material members-of-being, of the etheric and astral body. By understanding this unfolding—which can only be done by means of spiritual science and spiritual research—we can design an education for the child that supports this development, rather than undermines it and perhaps leads to compromised health in later life.

The importance of initiation science for medicine is almost self-evident. Steiner describes how understanding certain organs requires entering into a particular condition of consciousness that opens us up to the nature of these organs at a cosmic level. It also indicates the possible cure when the organs are sick. Steiner speaks in these lectures about how, for example, certain digestive disorders are associated with the patient being drawn unconsciously and too strongly into the realm where human souls wander in their first phase after death. For our present way of thinking this is an extremely bizarre notion. And yet, insight of this kind can also lead to a cure, which Steiner describes in the lecture.

Initiation science can also give insight into the nature, for example, of the plant and the cosmic influences that promote its healthy growth. In agriculture and horticulture such knowledge is important to ensure healthy and vibrant crops for healthy and vibrant food.

Initiation science may even have the potential to develop alternative energies that are not harmful to the environment and are even health-promoting! This alone would be quite a ‘point’ for researching the non-physical worlds.

Since the Enlightenment, humanity has been steadily developing its modern mode of clear rational thinking. This achievement has led to the deep penetration and investigation of the physical world that is characteristic of our age. The next evolutionary step, however, is to take this clear logical thinking and apply it to the non-physical world, so that our understanding of the physical can be extended into the super-physical. This requires more than just experiencing the spiritual world; it requires the training mentioned above to the point where it can not only perceive the spiritual, but also understand what it perceives and can formulate this into thoughts so that someone else, who does not necessarily have spiritual perception themselves, can also comprehend it. Then the research becomes valuable to all who are prepared to study it.

Without the spiritual dimension, life and the cosmos become pretty meaningless. Peoples with a strong spirituality tend to have a rich culture. Without nourishment from the spirit, culture becomes impoverished and in our civilization is replaced by mere entertainment and human-unfriendly technology. In fact, it seems to me that if we are to have a future at all, we must find the spirit, embrace it, and integrate it into our physical lives. This is perhaps the greatest challenge of our time.

‘The significance of the great turning point of our age lies in the fact that the world presents a picture of destruction, of increasing chaos; but in this chaos, in this terrible fury of human passions that casts darkness over everything and would finally bring it all into decadence, there is revealed, to those who have insight, the impulse of the spiritual powers who stand behind it all and are ready to lead humanity into a new spirituality. And the right preparation for anthroposophical spiritual science consists in listening to the voice of the spirit that is sounding into our materialistic existence.’

We need to listen to ‘the music’.

Paul King May 2020

LECTURE 1

11 AUGUST 1924

Nature is the Great Illusion ‘Know Thyself’

Why investigate spiritual worlds at all?

IHAVE been asked to speak in these lectures about the paths leading to the supersensory world, to spiritual life and to supersensory knowledge. These paths can combine with those taken in such a magnificent and positive way by the modern age which have increased our knowledge of the sensory physical world. For reality can be apprehended only by the person who is able to reinforce the remarkable discoveries which the natural and historical sciences have added to our stock of knowledge in recent times, with insight derived from the spiritual world.

Wherever the external world confronts us it is in truth both spiritual and physical; behind every physical phenomenon will be found, in some form or other, a spiritual agent which is the real protagonist. And there is never any kind of spiritual entity that leads an empty, idle existence, just passing time in boredom, but every spiritual entity wherever it may be found will also be active right into the physical level at some time and some place.

I propose to discuss in these lectures how the world in which man lives may be known in its totality, on the one hand through a consideration of his physical environment and, on the other hand, through the perception of the spiritual. In this way I hope to indicate the true and erroneous methods of attaining such knowledge.

Before touching tomorrow on the actual subject matter of these lectures, I should like to offer a brief introduction so that you can have some idea of what to expect from them and what purpose I have in view. They are concerned in the first place with bringing home to us the question: why do we undertake spiritual investigation at all? Why, as thinking, feeling, practical persons, are we not satisfied with accepting the phenomenal world as it is and taking an active part in it? Why do we strive at all to attain knowledge of a spiritual world?

In this context I should like to refer to an ancient perception, an old saying that embraces a truth ever more widely accepted and which, inherited from the earliest days of human thinking and aspiration, is still found today when we inquire into the nature of the world. Without in any way using these ancient, unfamiliar views as a basis, I would like nevertheless to call attention to them whenever appropriate.

From the East there echoes across thousands of years the saying: the world that we perceive with our senses is maya, the Great Illusion. And if, as man has always felt during the course of his development, the world is maya, then he must transcend the ‘Great Illusion’ to find ultimate truth.

But why did man look upon this world that he sees with his eyes, hears with his ears, and perceives with his other senses, as maya? Why, precisely in the earliest times when people were nearer to the spirit than they are today, did the mystery centres arise, centres that were dedicated to the cultivation of science, religion, art and practical living, whose aim was to point the way to truth and reality, in contradistinction to that which, purely in the external world, was the Great Illusion, the source of man’s knowledge and activity? How is one to account for those outstanding sages who trained their neophytes in the ancient, holy Mysteries and sought to lead them from illusion to truth? This question can only be answered if one reviews man more dispassionately, from a more detached angle.

‘Know thyself!’1—such is another ancient saying that comes down to us from the past. From the fusion of these two sayings—‘The world is maya,’ from the East, and ‘Know thyself!’, from ancient Greece—there first arose the quest for spiritual knowledge amongst later humanity. But in the ancient Mysteries, too, the quest for truth and reality had its origin in this twofold perception that, in the final analysis, the world is illusion and that man must attain to self-knowledge.

But it is only through life itself that man can come to terms with this question, not through thinking alone, but through the will and through full participation in the reality immediately accessible to us as human beings. Neither in full consciousness, nor in clear understanding, but with deep feeling, every human being the world over can say to themselves: ‘You yourself cannot be like the outer world that you see and hear.’

This feeling goes deep. One must reflect upon the implication of these words: ‘You cannot be like the external world that you perceive with your five senses.’ When we look at the plants we see the first green shoots emerge from the root in springtime; they blossom in summer and towards autumn they ripen and bear fruit. We see them grow, fade and die; the duration of their life-cycle is a single year. We see, too, how many plants absorb ‘hardness’ from the soil, if I can put it that way, permeate themselves with ‘hardness’ and form a tree trunk. On the way here yesterday evening by road we saw many extremely old plants which had absorbed quantities of these hardening substances in order that their life-cycle should not be limited to a single year, but should be extended over a longer period of time and thus would bear new growing-points again and again on their stems. And the human being is able to observe how these plants grow, fade and die.

And we observe the animals. We see them come into being and pass away. It is even the same with the mineral kingdom. We observe the mineral deposits in mighty majestic mountain ranges. And modern scientific knowledge has also come to realize that even these majestic mountains come into being and pass away. And finally we turn to some conception such as the Ptolemaic or Copernican system, for example, or some conception borrowed from the ancient or later Mysteries, and we conclude as follows: all that I see in the majesty of the stars, all that rays down to me from sun and moon with their wondrous and complex orbits, all this, too, comes into being and passes away. But apart from coming into being and passing away, the kingdom of nature has other attributes. These are such that, if he is to know himself, man should not assume that he is the same as everything that comes into being and passes away—the plants, minerals, sun, moon and stars.

Man then comes to the conclusion: I bear within me some quality that is different from anything I see and hear around me. I must find the truth of my own being. I cannot find it in anything that I see and hear.

In all the ancient Mysteries human beings felt this urge to discover the reality of their inner being, whereas all the transient phenomena of space and time were felt to be an expression of the Great Illusion. And so, in order to arrive at an understanding of man’s inner being, they looked for something other than what was revealed by the outer senses. And this ‘something other’ was experienced as a spiritual world. And how to find the right path to this spiritual world will be the subject of these lectures.

You can easily imagine that man’s initial impulse will be to want to follow the same approach he is wont to follow in exploring the sense-world. He will simply transfer the method of sense-perception to his exploration of the spiritual world. If, however, investigation into the sense-world is subject to illusion, then we can expect the potential for illusion to be greater, not less, if the methods for investigating this sense-world are also applied to the spiritual world. And, in effect, this is what happens, as we shall see. If we research the spiritual world in the same way as we do the sense-world, the illusion cannot be reduced but must increase. And by extending sensory research into the spiritual world, we simply become absorbed in a greater and more compelling illusion.

And again, if we harbour vague, indistinct mystical feelings about the spirit, dream-fantasies about it, the spiritual will simply remain unknown to us. We just believe but have no real knowledge. If we are content simply to adopt this course, the spiritual will not become better known to us but progressively more unknown. Thus man may follow two false paths, as it were.

On the one hand, he pursues the same line of enquiry in relation to the spiritual as he does to the sense-world. And the sense-world presents him in the first place with illusion. If he tries to take the same approach with the spiritual world—as the ordinary spiritualists sometimes do— then he arrives not at a lesser illusion but at an even greater one.

On the other hand he can follow the other way of approach. In this case no attempt is made to investigate the spiritual world along clear, deeply penetrating lines, but through belief and mystical feelings. That way the spiritual world remains a closed book. No matter how hard we pursue this path of vague inklings and mystical feeling we will know ever less and less about the spiritual world. Neither path leads us into the spiritual world. In the first instance the illusion is magnified, in the second, our ignorance. As against these two erroneous paths we must find the right path.

The true paths to real spiritual knowledge

We must bear in mind how impossibly difficult it is to get from a knowledge of the Great Illusion in the sense I have indicated to a knowledge of the true self; and furthermore, if one intends to prepare oneself for a true, authentic approach to spiritual understanding, how impossible it is, in a state of illusion, to overcome all these nebulous feelings about the true self and come to a clear perception of reality.

Let us look quite impartially at what is involved here. A materialist can never feel such deep admiration and respect for the recent scientific discoveries of Darwin, Huxley, Spencer2 and others as someone who has insight into the spiritual world. For these individuals, and many others since the time of Giordano Bruno2, spared no effort in order to gain insight into what the ancient Mysteries considered to be the world of maya. One does not have to accept the theories advanced by Darwin, Huxley, Spencer, Copernicus, Galileo2 and the rest. Let others theorize what they will about the universe, we have no intention of being drawn into their arguments. But we must recognize the tremendous impetus given by all these individuals to the detailed, factual study of specific organs in man, animal and plant, or of some particular enigma relating to the mineral kingdom. Just imagine how much we have learned in recent times about the functions of the glands, nerves, heart, brain, lungs, liver and so on, as a result of their stimulating researches. They deserve our greatest respect and admiration. But in real life this knowledge can take us only to a certain point. Let me give you three examples to illustrate my point.

We can follow in extraordinary detail how the very first cells in the human ovum develop; how they gradually develop into a human embryo, how the various organs evolve step by step, and how from tiny peripheral organs the complex heart and circulatory system are built up. All this can be demonstrated. We can follow the organic growth of the plant from root to blossom and seed and from this factual information we can construct a theory of the world that extends to the stars. Our astronomers and astrophysicists have already done this. They construct a theory of the cosmos showing how the world emerges from a stellar-nebular system which assumed a progressively more definite structure, was capable of evolving life, and so on.

But despite all this theorizing, we come ultimately face to face once again with the essential being of man, the problem of how to respond to the injunction, ‘Know thyself!’ If we know only the self that is limited to a knowledge of the minerals, plants, animals, and human glandular and circulatory systems, then what do we know? We know only the world man enters at birth and leaves at death. Nothing more. But, in the depths of our being, we sense that this is not our true and final limit. And so, in face of all the knowledge that the external world yields in such majesty and perfection, we must answer from our innermost being: all this is what you assume only between birth and death. But what are you in your essential being? The moment the question of knowledge of man and nature takes a religious turn, the human being whose organs can only apprehend the world of the Great Illusion becomes stuck. The injunction, ‘Know thyself, so that you may know in your innermost being whence you come and whither you go,’ this problem of cognition, looked at from a religious standpoint, remains unanswered.

On entering the Mystery Schools the neophyte was left in no doubt that however much he may have learned through sense-observation, this information could offer no answer to the great riddle of human nature when approached from a religious point of view.

Furthermore, though we may observe very precisely how the human face is formed, or how an individual moves their arms and hands, how they walk and stand, or however much we may train ourselves to have the finest sense for the form of an animal or a plant insofar as we can know these through sense-observation—directly we try to give artistic expression to this feeling, to what we have perceived, we are again faced with an unanswerable problem.

For how have people since ancient times given artistic expression to what they know of the world? It was the Mysteries in earlier ages that gave the impetus for this. Their knowledge of nature and its various aspects was related to the existing level of understanding, but at the same time it was deepened by spiritual insight.

One need only look back to ancient Greece. Today a sculptor or painter works from a model—at least this was the practice until recently. He sets out to copy or imitate something. The Greek artist did not work in this way, although he is assumed to have done so; rather, he sensed the spiritual human form within himself. In sculpture, if he wished to portray an arm in movement, he was aware that what he saw externally in a model was informed by a spiritual content, that every material object has been created according to the spirit, and in his work he strove to create according to that spirit.

Even as late as the Renaissance a painter did not use a model; it served only as a stimulus. He knew intuitively what activated hand or arm and expressed this in his rendering of movement. He expressed how the human being lives inwardly with the spirit. Merely looking at the external and superficial aspects of the Great Illusion, of maya, merely copying the model, leaves us stuck where we are: not in the human being but in front of him. From the standpoint of art, if we fail to transcend the world of illusion, we are faced with the formidable enigma of human nature and no answer is vouchsafed us.

And again, on entering the ancient Mysteries, it was made clear to the neophyte who was about to be initiated: if you remain within the world of maya, you will be unable to penetrate the essential being of man or of any other kingdom of Nature. You cannot become an artist. In the sphere of art too it was found necessary to remind the neophyte of the clear injunction, ‘Know thyself,’ and then he began to feel the need for spiritual knowledge.

But, you will say, there are some thoroughly materialistic sculptors and painters. They also achieve something and know very well how to draw forth the secrets from their model and invest their figures and materials with these secrets. That is indeed so, but where does this ability come from? People fail to realize that this ability has not come from the artists themselves. They owe it to earlier artists who in their turn had it from their predecessors. It is through tradition. But they are unwilling to admit this because they claim they owe everything to themselves. They know how the old masters worked and imitate them. But the earliest of the old masters learned their secret from the spiritual insights of the Mysteries. The earliest painters and sculptors received it from the Mysteries. Raphael and Michelangelo3 learned it from those who still drew on these Mysteries.

But true art must be created out of the spiritual. There is no other solution. As soon as we touch upon the problem of man, any perception of the Great Illusion, of maya, has no answer to the riddle of life, to the riddle of man. If we are to return to the fountain-head of art and artistic creativity we must recover insight into the spiritual world.

Now a third example. The botanist or zoologist can gain wonderfully detailed knowledge of the form of every available plant. The biochemist can describe the processes that take place in plant life. He can also learn how foodstuffs are transmuted in the organs of digestion and the blood, and are carried to the nervous system. A highly intelligent anatomist, physiologist, botanist or geologist can cover a wide field of the world of the Great Illusion, but if he intends to use this knowledge for purposes of healing or medical treatment, if he wishes to press forward from the outer, or even the inner constitution of man to his essential being, he cannot do it.

You will say: but there are doctors aplenty who are materialists and have no interest in the spiritual world. They treat patients in accordance with the methods of natural science and yet they cure people.

That is so, but why? They are able to affect cures because they too have behind them a tradition based upon an old world-conception. Old remedies were derived from the Mysteries, but they all shared a remarkable characteristic. If you look at an old prescription, you will find that it is highly complicated. It makes considerable demands upon those who prepare it and who apply it to the particular purpose laid down by tradition. If, ladies and gentlemen,* you had gone to an old physician and asked how such a prescription was made up, he would never have replied: first I make chemical experiments and ascertain whether the materials behave in such and such a way; then I try it out on the patients and note the results. Such an idea would never have occurred to him. People have no idea of the circumstances prevailing in earlier epochs. He would have replied: I live in a laboratory (if I may call it that) that is arranged on the basis of the Mystery teachings, and when I light upon a remedy I owe it to the Gods. He was quite clear on this point, that through the whole atmosphere created in his laboratory he was in close communication with the spiritual world. Spiritual beings were just as present to him as human beings are to us. He was aware that through the influence of spiritual beings in the spiritual world he could be more than he would be without their influence. And he proceeded to make up his complicated prescriptions, not from natural knowledge, but as the Gods indicated. It was known within the Mysteries that, in order to understand man, one could not remain stuck in illusion, but had to penetrate through to the truth of the divine world.

With all their knowledge of the external world, people today are further from the truth of the divine world than the ancients were with their Mysteries. But the way back must be found again.

From this third example it is evident that if we seek to heal, even though equipped with the widest possible knowledge of nature (that is, of the Great Illusion), we still stand with unanswered questions in the face of human life and the riddle of man. If we wish to understand man from the standpoint of maya, the ‘Great Illusion,’ to the standpoint of ‘Know thyself’, which is demanded for the purposes of healing, then we shall be unable to advance a single step further in our understanding.

And so, in the light of these examples, we can say: anyone who wishes to bridge the gap between the world of the Great Illusion, of maya, and the ‘Know thyself’, will realize, the moment they approach the human being with religious feeling, or as a creative artist, a healer or doctor, that they stand before a void if their sole starting point is the world of illusion. They are powerless unless they find a form of knowledge that transcends the knowledge of external nature, which is knowledge of maya, the Great Illusion.

Knowledge of the world in its totality through spiritual perception within physical facts

Let us now draw a comparison between the way in which people sought to reach a comprehensive knowledge of the world out of the spirit of the Mysteries, and the way in which this is attempted today. We shall then be in a position to find our bearings in relation to the paths leading to this comprehensive knowledge.

The world and its essential nature were spoken of in a very different way a few thousand years ago from how authorities speak today. Let us look back to the epoch a few thousand years ago, when a brilliant and majestic knowledge flourished in the Mysteries of the Near East. We will attempt to look more closely into the nature of this knowledge by giving a brief description of its characteristics.

In ancient Chaldea, the following was taught: man’s soul forces reach their maximum potentiality when he directs the eye of the spirit to the wonderful contrast between the life of sleep (his consciousness is dimmed, he is oblivious of his environment) and his waking life (he is clear-sighted, he is aware of the world around him). These alternating conditions of sleep and waking were experienced differently thousands of years ago. Sleep was less unconscious, waking life not so fully conscious. In sleep man was aware of mighty, ever-changing picture formations, of the weaving swell of cosmic life. He was in the midst of ‘beingness’ when he slept.

The dimming of consciousness during sleep is a consequence of human evolution. A few thousand years ago waking life was not as clear and lucid as it is today. Objects had no clearly defined contours; they were blurred. They still rayed out all kinds of spiritual qualities. There was not the same abrupt transition between sleeping and waking. The people of that epoch were still able to distinguish these two states, and the environment of their waking life was called Apsu. That was the world of waking.

The life of the weaving swell of movement experienced during sleep, this realm that blurred the clear distinction between the minerals, plants and animals of waking life, was called Tiamat.

Now the Chaldean Mystery Schools taught that when man was weaving in Tiamat during sleep, he was closer to truth and reality than when he lived his waking life amongst minerals, plants and animals. Tiamat was more primordial, more closely related to the world of man than Apsu. Apsu was more unknown. Tiamat represented something that lay closer to man than Apsu. But in the course of time Tiamat underwent changes and this was brought to the notice of the neophytes in the Mystery Schools. From the weaving life of Tiamat emerged demoniacal forms, horse-like shapes with human heads, leonine forms with the heads of angels. These arose out of the warp and weft of Tiamat and these demoniacal forms became hostile to man.

Then there appeared in the world a mighty Being, Ea. Anyone today who has a feeling for the quality of the sounds of language can sense how the conjunction of these two vowels points to that powerful Being who, according to these old Mystery teachings, stood at man’s side to help him when the demons of Tiamat grew strong. Ea or Ia, became later—if one anticipates the particle that indicates something existing, ‘Soph’—Soph-Ea, Sophia. ‘Ea’ is what we designate with the abstract word wisdom; ‘Ia’ is the Wisdom that holds sway in all things. ‘Soph’ is a particle that signifies roughly a state of being. Sophia, Sophea, Sopheia, is the all-prevailing, omnipresent Wisdom who sent to mankind her son, then known as Marduk, later called Michael—the Michael who holds sway from the hierarchy of the Archangels. He is the same Being as Marduk, the son of Ea, Wisdom—Marduk-Michael.

According to the Mystery teachings Marduk-Michael was great and powerful, and all the demoniacal beings such as horses with human heads and lion forms with angels’ heads—all these surging, weaving, demoniacal forms, conjoined as the mighty Tiamat, were arrayed against him. Marduk-Michael was powerful enough to command the storm-wind that sweeps through the world. All that Tiamat embodied was seen as a living reality, and rightly so, for they experienced it as real beings. All these demons together were envisaged as the adversary, a powerful dragon which embodied all the demonic powers born out of Tiamat, the night. And this dragon-being, breathing fire and fury, advanced upon Marduk-Michael. Michael first smote him with various weapons and then drove the full force of his storm-wind into the dragon’s entrails so that Tiamat burst, rolled asunder, and was scattered over all the world. And so Marduk-Michael was able to create [out of him] the Heavens above and the Earth beneath. Thus arose the Above and the Below.

Such was the teaching of the Mysteries: that the great son of Ea, Wisdom, has vanquished Tiamat and has fashioned from one part of him the Heavens above and from the other the Earth below. And if you lift up your eyes to the stars, O man, you will see one part of what Marduk-Michael formed in the Heavens out of the fearful abyss of Tiamat, for the benefit of mankind. And if you look below, where the plants grow out of the mineral-rich earth, where the animals take form, you will find the other part which the son of Ea, of Wisdom, has reshaped for the benefit of mankind.

Thus the ancient Chaldeans looked back to a formative process in the world that arose out of being. They experienced it all as a living reality. The demonic forms that populated the night, the weaving, surging beings of Tiamat, had been transformed by Marduk-Michael into the stars above and the Earth below. All the demons had been transformed by Marduk-Michael into shining stars; all that grows out of the Earth was the reshaped skin and tissue of Tiamat—this is the form in which the people of ancient times pictured what they were aware of through the old attributes of soul. This they accounted as knowledge.

Then, in conditions of great secrecy, certain priests prepared their pupils, strengthening their soul powers for a particular mystery. And once the neophytes had developed the necessary strength of soul, they were in a position to understand what is taught to children today in their first elementary lessons: that the sun stands still, the earth turns on its axis, that worlds are formed from nebulae. This natural scientific knowledge that children today are taught at school, was then a great secret. On the other hand, the teaching that was given openly was that concerning the deeds of Marduk-Michael which I have just described to you. In our schools and universities today— and they lay no claim to secrecy—and even in our primary schools the Copernican system and astro-physics are taught, subjects which, in ancient times, only the sages were able or permitted to undertake, and then only after long preparation. What every schoolchild knows today could, in those days, only be known by Initiates. Today all this is part of the school curriculum.

There was an epoch dating still further back than the epoch of the ancient Chaldean Mysteries, when people only spoke of such things as I have just described—of Ea, of Marduk-Michael, of Apsu and Tiamat. They abhorred everything taught by these ‘eccentric’ Mystery teachers about the movements of the stars or of the sun, and who wished to study only what is external and visible, and not the invisible which was evident to humanity albeit in the form of the ancient clairvoyance. They rejected the knowledge which the old Initiate-teachers and their pupils had acquired.

Then came the time when the primeval wisdom gradually spread from the East, and both forms of knowledge were valued. People valued the expression of the beings of the spiritual worlds, the deeds of Marduk-Michael, for example; and equally they treasured what we could draw on the board like this (Steiner draws)—the sun in the centre and the planetary bodies revolving round it in cycles and epicycles.

Then, in the course of time, insight into the spiritual worlds, the worlds of demons and gods, was lost and intellectual knowledge was developed, the knowledge which we prize so highly today and which reached its zenith in the early years of our epoch. We are now living in an age in which the spiritual is despised as much as the material world was despised in ancient times by those for whom the spiritual was self-evident. We need to get used to a time when we will again be in a position to accept side by side with the teachings of astronomers, astrophysicists, zoologists and botanists, a knowledge of spiritual realities derived from spiritual insights. That time has arrived and we must be ready to meet it if we are to accomplish what the age requires and gain access once more to religion, art, healing, and so on.

Just as in ancient times spirituality shone amongst people while the material world was despised, to be followed by an epoch when material knowledge was accepted and the spiritual suppressed; just as people were in error in ancient times by living solely in the spiritual and despising the outer world; and just as in an age when people valued materiality and were in error by despising spirituality—so now the time must come when we need to transform our vast, comprehensive knowledge of the external world, so deserving of admiration, into a renewed knowledge of the Mystery teachings.

Since the material science of today has torn itself away from primal spirituality piece by piece, so that nothing remains on earth of the ancient edifice except, at most, a few fragments like those we dig up from ancient buildings, we must once again recover the spiritual; but there must be a full and clear understanding of everything we bring to light when we delve into the history of past epochs. We must find our way back to the spiritual through a new deepening of religious feeling, through a new artistic expression, through a new art of healing, and through a new knowledge of the spirit that permeates the being of man, and so on.

These are three examples which I have given you today in the hope of renewing the Mysteries which can give us an understanding of the totality of the world’s being and of human activity for the welfare of humanity with regard to this totality, and not just in the one-sidedness of material reality.

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