Xenophon
Anabasis
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Table of contents
BOOK I.
CHAPTER I.
CHAPTER II.
CHAPTER III.
CHAPTER IV.
CHAPTER V.
CHAPTER VI.
CHAPTER VII.
CHAPTER VIII.
CHAPTER IX.
CHAPTER X.
BOOK II.
CHAPTER I.
CHAPTER II.
CHAPTER III.
CHAPTER IV.
CHAPTER V
CHAPTER VI.
BOOK III.
CHAPTER I.
CHAPTER II.
CHAPTER III.
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V.
BOOK IV.
CHAPTER I.
CHAPTER II.
CHAPTER III.
CHAPTER IV.
CHAPTER V.
CHAPTER VI.
CHAPTER VII.
CHAPTER VIII.
FOOTNOTES:
BOOK I.
CHAPTER I.
Parentage
of Cyrus the Younger. After the death of his father he is accused of
plotting against his brother Artaxerxes, who imprisons him, but
releases him on the intercession of his mother, and sends him back to
his province, where he secretly collects forces, of which a large
proportion are from Greece, to make war on his brother.1.
Of Darius[1]
and Parysatis were born two sons,[2]
the elder Artaxerxes,[3]
and the younger Cyrus. After Darius had fallen sick, and suspected
that the end of his life was approaching, he was desirous that both
of his sons should attend him.2.
The elder then happened to be present; Cyrus he sent for from the
province of which he had made him satrap. He had also appointed him
commander of all the forces that muster in the plain of Castolus.[4]Cyrus
accordingly went up, taking with him Tissaphernes as a friend, and
having also with him three hundred heavy-armed Greeks,[5]
and Xenias of Parrhasia,[6]
their captain.3.
But when Darius was dead, and Artaxerxes was placed upon the throne,
Tissaphernes brought an accusation against Cyrus before his brother,
saying that he was plotting against him. Artaxerxes was induced to
give credit to it, and had Cyrus arrested, with the intention of
putting him to death; but his mother, having begged his life, sent
him back to his province.4.
When Cyrus had departed, after being thus in danger and disgrace, he
began to consider by what means he might cease to be subject to his
brother, and make himself king, if he could, in his stead. Parysatis,
their mother, was well disposed towards Cyrus,[7]
as she loved him better than Artaxerxes, who was on the throne. 5.
Whatever messengers from the king[8]
came to visit him, he let none of them go till he had inclined them
to be friends to himself, rather than the monarch.[9]
He also paid such attention to the Barbarians[10]
that were with him, that they were in a condition to take the field,
and well inclined towards himself. 6. His Greek force he collected as
secretly as he could, that he might surprise the king as little
prepared as possible.He
collected troops in the following manner. Whatever garrisons he had
in his towns, he sent orders to the commanders of them to procure
respectively as many Peloponnesians as they could, of the best class
of soldiers, on pretence that Tissaphernes was forming designs upon
those towns. For the cities of Ionia had formerly been, under the
government of Tissaphernes, having been assigned to him by the king,
but had at this time all revolted to Cyrus except Miletus. 7.
Tissaphernes, discovering that the people of Miletus were forming a
similar design, [to go over to Cyrus,[11]]
put some of them to death, and sent others into banishment. Cyrus,
receiving the exiles under his protection, and assembling an army,
laid siege to Miletus by land and sea, and used every exertion to
restore these exiles; and he had thus another pretext for augmenting
the number of his forces. 8. He then sent to the king, and requested
that, as he was his brother, these cities should be given to him
rather than that Tissaphernes should govern them; and in this
application his mother supported him. Thus the king had no suspicion
of the plot against him, but supposed that Cyrus, from being at war
with Tissaphernes, was spending the money upon troops; so that he was
not at all concerned at the strife between them, especially as Cyrus
remitted to him the tribute arising from the cities which
Tissaphernes had had.9.
Another army was collected for him in the Chersonesus opposite
Abydos, in the following method. Clearchus, a Lacedæmonian, happened
to be in exile. Cyrus, having met with him, was struck with
admiration for him, and made him a present of ten thousand
darics.[12]
Clearchus, on receiving the gold, raised, by means of it, a body of
troops, and making excursions out of the Chersonesus, made war upon
the Thracians that are situated above the Hellespont, and was of
assistance to the Greeks; so that the towns on the Hellespont
willingly contributed money for the support of his men. This too was
a force thus secretly maintained for Cyrus.10.
Aristippus, also, a Thessalian, happened to be a guest-friend[13]
of Cyrus, and, being pressed by an adverse faction at home, came to
him, and asked him for two thousand mercenary troops, and three
months' pay for them, representing that he would thus be enabled to
overpower his enemies. Cyrus granted him four thousand, and six
months' pay, desiring him not to terminate the strife until he should
consult him. Thus another body of troops was clandestinely supported
for him in Thessaly.11.
He then requested Proxenus a Bœotian, who was also his guest-friend,
to join him with as many men as he could procure, stating that he
intended to make war on the Pisidians, as they molested his
territories. He also desired Sophænetus of Stymphalus,[14]
and Socrates, an Achæan, both of them his guest-friends, to come to
him, and bring as many men as possible, pretending that he was going
to war with Tissaphernes on behalf of the Milesian exiles; and they
acted as he wished.
CHAPTER II.
Cyrus
begins his march, proceeding from Sardis through Lydia into Phrygia,
where he is joined by new forces. The city of Celænæ; the plain of
Caystrus, where the soldiers demand their arrears of pay, which Cyrus
discharges with money received from the queen of Cilicia. The town of
Thymbrium; the fountain of Midas. Cyrus enters Cilicia, and is met at
Tarsus by Syennesis, the king of the country.1.
When it seemed to him time to march up into the country, he made it
his pretext for doing so that he wished to expel the Pisidians
entirely from the territory, and mustered, as if for the purpose of
attacking them, the whole of the troops, as well Barbarian as Greek,
that were on the spot.[15]
He also sent word to Clearchus to join him, bringing whatever force
was at his command; and to Aristippus, as soon as he had come to
terms with the party at home, to send him back the troops that he
had. He also desired Xenias the Arcadian, who commanded for him the
mercenaries in the several towns, to bring him all his men except
such as would be required to garrison the citadels. 2. He summoned,
too, the army that was besieging Miletus, and invited the exiles to
accompany him on his expedition; promising them, that if he
successfully accomplished the objects for which he undertook it, he
would never rest till he had re-established them in their country.
They cheerfully consented, as they had confidence in him, and, taking
their arms, joined him at Sardis.3.
To Sardis also came Xenias, bringing with him the troops from the
several towns, to the number of four thousand heavy-armed men.
Thither came also Proxenus, with heavy-armed men to the number of
fifteen hundred, and five hundred light-armed; Sophænetus the
Stymphalian with a thousand heavy-armed; Socrates the Achæan with
five hundred; and Pasion of Megara with three hundred heavy-armed,
and the same number of peltasts.[16]
Both Pasion and Socrates were among those serving in the army at
Miletus.4.
These joined him at Sardis. Tissaphernes, observing these
proceedings, and considering the force to be greater than was
necessary to attack the Pisidians, set out, with all possible speed,
to give notice of the matter to the king, taking with him about five
hundred cavalry; 5. and the king, as soon as he heard from
Tissaphernes of the preparations of Cyrus, made arrangements to
oppose him.Cyrus,
at the head of the force which I have stated, commenced his journey
from Sardis,[17]
and proceeded through Lydia, three days' march,[18]
a distance of twenty-two parasangs,[19]
as far as the river Mæander. The breadth of this river is two
plethra,[20]
and a bridge was thrown over it, constructed of seven boats. 6.
Having crossed the stream, he went forward through Phrygia, one day's
march, eight parasangs, till he reached Colossæ, a populous city,
wealthy and of considerable magnitude. Here he halted seven days;
when Menon the Thessalian joined him with a thousand heavy-armed
troops and five hundred peltasts, consisting of Dolopians, Ænianes,
and Olynthians.7.
Hence he proceeded in three days' march, a distance of twenty
parasangs, to Celænæ, a populous, large, and rich city of Phrygia.
Here Cyrus had a palace, and an extensive park full of wild beasts,
which he was accustomed to hunt on horseback whenever he wished to
give himself and his horses exercise. Through the middle of this park
flows the river Mæander; its springs issue from the palace itself;
and it runs also through the city of Celænæ. 8. There is also at
Celænæ a palace of the Great King,[21]
situated near the source of the river Marsyas, under the citadel.
This river too runs through the city, and falls into the Mæander.
The breadth of the Marsyas is twenty-five feet. Here Apollo is said
to have flayed Marsyas, after conquering him in a trial of musical
skill, and to have hung up his skin in the cave, where the source of
the stream rises: and on this account the river is called the
Marsyas. 9. Xerxes is said to have built both this palace and the
citadel of Celænæ, when he was returning from Greece after his
discomfiture in battle.Cyrus
remained here thirty days; during which time Clearchus, the
Lacedæmonian exile, joined him with a thousand heavy-armed men,
eight hundred Thracian peltasts, and two hundred Cretan archers. At
the same time Sosis[22]
of Syracuse arrived with three hundred heavy-armed men, and
Sophænetus, an Arcadian, with a thousand. Here Cyrus held a review
of the Greeks in the park, and took their number; and they were in
all eleven thousand heavy-armed troops, and about two thousand
peltasts.[23]
10. Hence he proceeded two days' march, a distance of ten parasangs,
to Peltæ, a well-peopled city, where he halted three days, during
which Xenias the Arcadian celebrated the sacred rites of Lycæan
Jove,[24]
and held public games on the occasion; in which the prizes were
golden strigiles.[25]
Cyrus was present at the games as a spectator. Thence he proceeded,
two days' march, twelve parasangs, to Ceramon Agora, a populous city,
the last on the side of Mysia.11.
Hence he proceeded, in three days' march, the distance of thirty
parasangs, to the Plain of Caystrus, a populous city. Here he halted
five days; and at this time more than three months' pay was due to
the troops, which they frequently went to his tent to demand. Cyrus
put them off, giving them hopes, but was evidently distressed; for it
was no part of his character not to pay when he had the means. 12.
But while he was there, Epyaxa, the wife of Syennesis king of the
Cilicians, paid him a visit, and was said to have presented him with
a large sum of money. He in consequence gave the troops pay for four
months. The Cilician queen had with her a body-guard of Cilicians and
Aspendians; and it was reported that Cyrus had connexion with her.13.
Hence he proceeded two days' march, ten parasangs, to Thymbrium, a
populous city. Here, by the road-side, was a fountain, called the
fountain of Midas, king of Phrygia; at which Midas is said to have
captured the Satyr,[26]
by mixing wine with the water.14.
Hence he proceeded, two days' march, ten parasangs, to Tyriæum, a
well-peopled city, where he stayed three days. The Cilician queen is
said to have requested Cyrus to show her his army. With the desire
therefore of exhibiting it to her, he reviewed his troops, as well
Greek as Barbarian, in the plain. 15. He ordered the Greeks to be
marshalled, and to take their places, as they were accustomed to do
for battle, each captain arranging his own men. They were accordingly
drawn up four deep; Menon and his troops took the right wing;
Clearchus and his men the left; and the other captains occupied the
centre. 16. First of all, then, Cyrus reviewed the Barbarians, who
marched past him, drawn up in troops and companies;[27]
and afterwards the Greeks, riding by them in his chariot, with the
Cilician queen in her car.[28]
They had all brazen helmets, scarlet tunics, greaves, and polished
shields. 17. When he had ridden past them all, he stopped his chariot
in front of their phalanx, and sent Pigres the interpreter to the
Greek officers, with orders for them to present arms,[29]
and to advance with their whole phalanx. The officers communicated
these orders to their soldiers; and, when the trumpeter gave the
signal, they presented arms and advanced. Then, as they proceeded
with a quicker pace and loud shouts, the soldiers of their own accord
took to running, bearing down upon the tents of the Persians. 18.
Upon this, there arose great terror among the rest of the Barbarians;
the Cilician queen fled from her car; and the people in the market
deserted their goods and took to their heels; while the Greeks
marched up to the tents with laughter. The Cilician queen, on
beholding the splendour and discipline of the army, was struck with
admiration; and Cyrus was delighted when he saw the terror with which
the Greeks inspired the Barbarians.19.
Hence he advanced, three days' march, a distance of twenty parasangs,
to Iconium, the last town of Phrygia; where he halted three days. He
then went forward through Lycaonia, five days' march, a distance of
thirty parasangs; and this country, as being that of an enemy, he
permitted the Greeks to ravage.20.
From hence Cyrus despatched the Cilician queen, by the shortest road,
into Cilicia; and sent with her the troops which Menon had, and Menon
himself. Cyrus, with the rest of the army, proceeded through
Cappadocia, four days' march, a distance of twenty-five parasangs, to
Dana, a populous, large, and wealthy city. Here he stayed three days;
in the course of which he put to death a Persian, named Megaphernes,
a wearer of the royal purple,[30]
and a certain other person in power, one of the provincial governors
having accused them of conspiring against him.21.
They then made an attempt to enter Cilicia; but the sole entrance was
a road broad enough only for a single carriage, very steep, and
impracticable for an army to pass, if any one opposed them.
Syennesis, besides, was said to be stationed on the heights, guarding
the defile; on which account Cyrus halted for a day in the plain. The
next day, a messenger came to inform him that Syennesis had quitted
the heights, on receiving information that Menon's army was already
in Cilicia within the mountains, and hearing that Tamos had a number
of galleys, belonging to the Lacedæmonians and Cyrus himself,
sailing round from Ionia to Cilicia. 22. Cyrus accordingly ascended
the mountains without any opposition, and saw[31]
the tents in which the Cilicians kept guard. Hence he descended into
a large and beautiful plain, well watered, and abounding with all
kinds of trees, as well as vines. It also produced great quantities
of sesamum, panic, millet,[32]
wheat, and barley. A chain of hills, strong and high, encompasses it
on all sides from sea to sea. 23. Descending through this plain, he
proceeded, in four days' march, a distance of twenty-five parasangs,
to Tarsus, a large and opulent city of Cilicia. Here was the palace
of Syennesis, the king of the Cilicians; and through the midst of the
city runs a river, called the Cydnus, the breadth of which is two
plethra. 24. This city the inhabitants, with Syennesis, had deserted
for a strong-hold upon the mountains, except those who kept
shops.[33]
Those also remained behind, who lived near the sea at Soli and at
Issi.25.
Epyaxa, the wife of Syennesis, had arrived at Tarsus five days before
Cyrus. But in passing over the mountains which skirt the plain, two
companies of Menon's troops had perished; some said that they had
been cut to pieces by the Cilicians, while committing some
depredations; others, that being left behind, and unable to find the
rest of the army or their road, they had been destroyed while
wandering about. They amounted to a hundred heavy-armed men. 26. When
the rest of Menon's troops came up, full of resentment at the fate of
their comrades, they plundered both the city of Tarsus and the palace
in it. Cyrus, on entering the city, sent for Syennesis to come to
him; but Syennesis answered, that he had never yet put himself in the
power of one stronger than himself; nor would he then consent to go
to Cyrus, until his wife prevailed upon him, and he received solemn
assurances of safety. 27. Afterwards, when they had met, Syennesis
gave Cyrus a large sum of money for the support of his army, and
Cyrus in return presented him with such gifts as are held in
estimation by a king, a horse with a golden bit, a golden chain and
bracelets, and a golden scimitar and Persian robe. He also engaged
that his country should no more be plundered, and that he should
receive back the captured slaves, if they anywhere met with them.
CHAPTER III.
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!