F. W. H. Myers
Human Personality and Its Survival of Bodily Death
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Table of contents
PREFACE
GLOSSARY
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER II DISINTEGRATIONS OF PERSONALITY
CHAPTER III GENIUS
CHAPTER IV SLEEP
CHAPTER V HYPNOTISM
CHAPTER VI SENSORY AUTOMATISM
CHAPTER VII PHANTASMS OF THE DEAD
CHAPTER IX TRANCE, POSSESSION, AND ECSTASY
CHAPTER X EPILOGUE
APPENDICES TO CHAPTER II
APPENDICES TO CHAPTER IV
APPENDICES TO CHAPTER V
APPENDICES TO CHAPTER VI
APPENDICES TO CHAPTER VII
APPENDICES TO CHAPTER VIII
APPENDICES TO CHAPTER IX
FOOTNOTES:
PREFACE
THE
book which is now at last given to the world is but a partial
presentation of an ever-growing subject which I have long hoped to
become able to treat in more adequate fashion. But as knowledge
increases life rolls by, and I have thought it well to bring out
while I can even this most imperfect text-book to a branch of
research whose novelty and strangeness call urgently for some
provisional systematisation, which, by suggesting fresh inquiries and
producing further accumulation of evidence, may tend as speedily as
possible to its own supersession. Few critics of this book can, I
think, be more fully conscious than its author of its defects and its
lacunæ; but also few critics, I think, have yet realised the
importance of the new facts which in some fashion the book does
actually present.Many
of these facts have already appeared in
Phantasms of the Living;
many more in the
Proceedings
of the Society for Psychical Research; but they are far indeed from
having yet entered into the scientific consciousness of the age. In
future years the wonder, I think, will be that their announcement was
so largely left to a writer with leisure so scanty, and with
scientific equipment so incomplete.Whatever
value this book may possess is in great measure due to other minds
than its actual author's. Its very existence, in the first place,
probably depends upon the existence of the two beloved friends and
invaluable coadjutors to whose memory I dedicate it now.The
help derived from these departed colleagues, Henry Sidgwick and
Edmund Gurney, although of a kind and quantity absolutely essential
to the existence of this work, is not easy to define in all its
fulness under the changed circumstances of to-day. There was indeed
much which is measurable;—much of revision of previous work of my
own, of collaborative experiments, of original thought and discovery.
Large quotations purposely introduced from Edmund Gurney indicate,
although imperfectly, how closely interwoven our work on all these
subjects continued to be until his death. But the benefit which I
drew from the association went deeper still. The conditions under
which this inquiry was undertaken were such as to emphasise the need
of some intimate moral support. A recluse, perhaps, or an
eccentric,—or a man living mainly with his intellectual inferiors,
may find it easy to work steadily and confidently at a task which he
knows that the bulk of educated men will ignore or despise. But this
is more difficult for a man who feels manifold links with his kind, a
man whose desire it is to live among minds equal or superior to his
own. It is hard, I say, for such a man to disregard altogether the
expressed or implied disapproval of those groups of weighty
personages to whom in other matters he is accustomed to look up.I
need not say that the attitude of the scientific world—of all the
intellectual world—then was very much more marked than now. Even
now I write in full consciousness of the low value commonly attached
to inquiries of the kind which I pursue. Even now a book on such a
subject must still expect to evoke, not only legitimate criticism of
many kinds, but also much of that disgust and resentment which
novelty and heterodoxy naturally excite. But I have no wish to exalt
into a deed of daring an enterprise which to the next generation must
seem the most obvious thing in the world.
Nihil ausi nisi vana contemnere
will certainly be the highest compliment which what seemed to us our
bold independence of men will receive. Yet gratitude bids me to say
that however I might in the privacy of my own bosom have 'dared to
contemn things contemptible,' I should never have ventured my
amateurish acquirements on a publication of this scale were it not
for that slow growth of confidence which my respect for the judgment
of these two friends inspired. Their countenance and fellowship,
which at once transformed my own share in the work into a delight,
has made its presentation to the world appear as a duty.My
thanks are due also to another colleague who has passed away, my
brother, Dr. A. T. Myers, F.R.C.P., who helped me for many years in
all medical points arising in the work.To
the original furnishers of the evidence my obligations are great and
manifest, and to the Council of the S.P.R. I also owe thanks for
permission to use that evidence freely. But I must leave it to the
book itself to indicate in fuller detail how much is owing to how
many men and women:—how widely diffused are the work and the
interest which have found in this book their temporary outcome and
exposition.The
book, indeed, is an exposition rather than a proof. I cannot
summarise within my modest limits the mass of evidence already
gathered together in the sixteen volumes of
Proceedings
and the nine volumes of the
Journal
of the S.P.R., in
Phantasms of the Living
and other books hereafter referred to, and in MS. collections. The
attempt indeed would be quite out of place. This branch of knowledge,
like others, must be studied carefully and in detail by those who
care to understand or to advance it.What
I have tried to do here is to render that knowledge more assimilable
by co-ordinating it in a form as clear and intelligible as my own
limited skill and the nature of the facts themselves have permitted.
I have tried to give, in text and in Appendices, enough of actual
evidence to illustrate each step in my argument:—and I have
constantly referred the reader to places where further evidence will
be found.In
minor matters I have aimed above all things at clearness and
readiness in reference. The division of the book into sections, with
Appendices bearing the same numbers, will, it is hoped, facilitate
the use both of syllabus and of references in general. I have even
risked the appearance of pedantry in adding a glossary. Where many
unfamiliar facts and ideas have to be dealt with, time is saved in
the end if the writer explains precisely what his terms mean.
GLOSSARY
Note.—The
words and phrases here included fall under three main heads:—(1)
Words common only in philosophical or medical use.(2)
Words or phrases used in psychical research with some special
significance.(3)
A few words, distinguished by an asterisk, for which the author is
himself responsible.Aboulia.—Loss
of power of willing.After-image.—A
retinal picture of an object seen after removing the gaze from the
object.Agent.—The
person who seems to initiate a telepathic transmission.Agraphia.—Lack
of power to write words.Alexia
or
Word-blindness.—Lack
of power to understand words written.Anæsthesia,
or the loss of sensation generally, must be distinguished from
analgesia,
or the loss of the sense of pain alone.Analgesia.—Insensibility
to pain.Aphasia.—Incapacity
of coherent utterance, not caused by structural impairment of the
vocal organs, but by lesion of the cerebral centres for speech.Aphonia.—Incapacity
of uttering sounds.Automatic.—Used
of mental images arising and movements made without the initiation,
and generally without the concurrence, of conscious thought and will.
Sensory automatism
will thus include visual and auditory hallucinations.
Motor automatism
will include messages written and words uttered without intention
(automatic script, trance-utterance, etc.).Automnesia.—Spontaneous
revival of memories of an earlier condition of life.Autoscope.—Any
instrument which reveals a subliminal motor impulse or sensory
impression,
e.g.,
a divining rod, a tilting table, or a planchette.Bilocation.—The
sensation of being in two different places at once, namely where
one's organism is, and in a place distant from it.Catalepsy.—"An
intermittent neurosis producing inability to change the position of a
limb, while another person can place the muscles in a state of
flexion or contraction as he will." (Tuke's
Dictionary of Psychological Medicine.)Centre
of Consciousness.—The
place where a percipient imagines himself to be. The point of view
from which he seems to himself to be surveying some phantasmal scene.Chromatism.—See
Secondary Sensations.Clair-audience.—The
sensation of hearing an internal (but in some way veridical) voice.Clairvoyance
(Lucidité).—The
faculty or act of perceiving, as though visually, with some
coincidental truth, some distant scene.Cænesthesia.—That
consensus or agreement of many organic sensations which is a
fundamental element in our conception of personal identity.Control.—This
word is used of the intelligence which purports to communicate
messages which are written or uttered by the
automatist,
sensitive
or
medium.*Cosmopathic.—Open
to the access of supernormal knowledge or emotion.Cryptomnesia.—Submerged
or subliminal memory of events forgotten by the supraliminal self.*Dextro-cerebral
(opposed to
*Sinistro-cerebral)
of left-handed persons as employing preferentially the
right
hemisphere of the brain.Diathesis.—Habit,
capacity, constitutional disposition or tendency.Dimorphism.—In
crystals the property of assuming two incompatible forms: in plants
and animals, difference of form between members of the same species.
Used of a condition of alternating personalities, in which memory,
character, etc., present themselves at different times in different
forms in the same person.Discarnate.—Disembodied,
opposed to
incarnate.Disintegration
of Personality.—Used
of any condition where the sense of personality is not unitary and
continuous: especially when secondary and transitory personalities
intervene.Dynamogeny.—The
increase of nervous energy by appropriate stimuli, often opposed to
inhibition.Ecmnesia.—Loss
of memory of a period of time.*Entencephalic.—On
the analogy of
entoptic:
of sensations, etc., which have their origin within the brain, not in
the external world.Eugenics.—The
science of improving the race.Falsidical.—Of
hallucinations
delusive,
i.e.,
when there is nothing objective to which they correspond. The
correlative term to
veridical.Glossolaly.—"Speaking
with tongues,"
i.e.,
automatic utterance of words not belonging to any real language.Hallucination.—Any
sensory perception which has no objective counterpart within the
field of vision, hearing, etc., is termed a hallucination.Heteræsthesia.—A
form of sensibility decidedly different from any of those which can
be referred to the action of the known senses.Hyperboulia.—Increased
power over the organism,—resembling the power which we call
will
when it is exercised over the voluntary muscles,—which is seen in
the bodily changes effected by self-suggestion.Hyperæsthesia.—Unusual
acuteness of the senses.Hypermnesia.—"Over-activity
of the memory; a condition in which past acts, feelings, or ideas are
brought vividly to the mind, which, in its normal condition, has
wholly lost the remembrance of them." (Tuke's
Dict.)*Hyperpromethia.—Supernormal
power of foresight.Hypnagogic.—Illusions
hypnagogiques
(Maury) are the vivid illusions of sight or sound—"faces in
the dark," etc.—which sometimes accompany the oncoming of
sleep. To similar illusions accompanying the
departure
of sleep, as when a dream-figure persists for a few moments into
waking life, I have given the name
*hypnopompic.Hypnogenous
zones.—Regions
by pressure on which hypnosis is induced in some hysterical persons.*Hypnopompic.—See
Hypnagogic.Hysteria.—"A
disordered condition of the nervous system, the anatomical seat and
nature of which are unknown to medical science, but of which the
symptoms consist in well-marked and very varied disturbances of
nerve-function" (Ency.
Brit.).
Hysterical affections are not dependent on any discoverable lesion.Hysterogenous
zones.—Points
or tracts on the skin of a hysterical person, pressure on which will
induce a hysterical attack.Ideational.—Used
of impressions which display some distinct notion, but not of sensory
nature.Induced.—Of
hallucinations, etc., intentionally produced.Levitation.—A
raising of objects from the ground by supposed supernormal means;
especially of living persons.Medium.—A
person through whom communication is deemed to be carried on between
living men and spirits of the departed. It is often better replaced
by
automatist
or
sensitive.Message.—Used
for any communication, not necessarily verbal, from one to another
stratum of the automatist's personality, or from an external
intelligence to the automatist's mind.Metallæsthesia.—A
form of sensibility alleged to exist which enables some hypnotised or
hysterical subjects to discriminate between the contacts of various
metals by sensations not derived from their ordinary properties of
weight, etc.Metastasis.—Change
of the seat of a bodily function from one place (e.g.,
brain-centre) to another.*Metetherial.—That
which appears to lie after or beyond the ether: the metetherial
environment denotes the spiritual or transcendental world in which
the soul may be supposed to exist.*Methectic.—Of
communications between one stratum of a man's intelligence and
another.Mirror-writing
(écriture
renversée, Spiegel-schrift).—Writing
so inverted, or, more exactly,
perverted,
as to resemble writing reflected in a mirror.Mnemonic
chain.—A
continuous series of memories, especially when the continuity
persists after an interruption.Motor.—Used
of an impulse to action not carrying with it any definite idea or
sensory impression.Negative
hallucination
or
systematised anæthesia.—Signifies
the condition of an entranced subject who, as the result of a
suggestion, is unable to perceive some object or to hear some sound,
etc.Number
forms.—See
Secondary sensations.Objectify.—To
externalize a phantom as if it were a material object; to see it as a
part of the waking world.*Panmnesia.—A
potential recollection of all impressions.Paræsthesia.—Erroneous
or morbid sensation.Paramnesia.—All
forms of erroneous memory.Paraphasia.—The
erroneous and involuntary use of one word for another.Percipient.—The
correlative term to Agent; the person on whose mind the telepathic
impact falls; or, more generally, the person who perceives any motor
or sensory impression.Phantasm
and Phantom.—Phantasm
and phantom are, of course, mere variants of the same word; but since
phantom has become generally restricted to
visual
hallucinations, it is convenient to take phantasm to cover a wider
range, and to signify any hallucinatory sensory impression, whatever
sense—whether sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste, or diffused
sensibility—may happen to be affected.Phantasmogenetic
centre.—A
point in space apparently modified by a spirit in such a way that
persons present near it perceive a phantasm.Phobies.—Irrational
restricting or disabling preoccupations or fears;
e.g.,
agoraphobia,
fear of open spaces.Photism.—See
Secondary sensations.Point
de repère.—Guiding
mark. Used of some (generally inconspicuous) real object which a
hallucinated subject sometimes sees as the nucleus of his
hallucination, and the movements of which suggest corresponding
movements of the hallucinatory object.Polyzoism.—The
property, in a complex organism, of being composed of minor and
quasi-independent organisms. This is sometimes called "colonial
constitution," from animal
colonies.Possession.—A
developed form of motor automatism, in which the automatist's own
personality disappears for a time, while there appears to be a more
or less complete substitution of personality, writing or speech being
given by another spirit through the entranced organism.Post-hypnotic.—Used
of a suggestion given during the hypnotic trance, but intended to
operate after that trance has ceased.Precognition.—Knowledge
of impending events supernormally acquired.Premonition.—A
supernormal indication of any kind of event still in the future.*Preversion.—A
tendency to characteristics assumed to lie at a further point of the
evolutionary progress of a species than has yet been reached; opposed
to reversion.*Promnesia.—The
paradoxical sensation of recollecting a scene which is only now
occurring for the first time; the sense of the
déjà vu.*Psychorrhagy.—A
special idiosyncrasy which tends to make the phantasm of a person
easily perceptible; the breaking loose of a psychical element,
definable mainly by its power of producing a phantasm, perceptible by
one or more persons, in some portion of space.*Psychorrhagic
diathesis.—A
habit or capacity of detaching some psychical element, involuntarily
and without purpose, in such a manner as to produce a phantasm.Psycho-therapeutics.—"Treatment
of disease by the influence of the mind on the body." (Tuke's
Dict.)Reciprocal.—Used
of cases where there is both agency and percipience at each end of
the telepathic chain, so that A perceives P, and P perceives A also.*Retrocognition.—Knowledge
of the past, supernormally acquired.Secondary
personality.—It
sometimes happens, as the result of shock, disease, or unknown
causes, that an individual experiences an alteration of memory and
character, amounting to a change of personality, which generally
seems to have come on during sleep. The new personality is in that
case termed
secondary,
in distinction to the original, or
primary,
personality.Secondary
sensations
(Secunddrempfindungen,
audition colorée,
sound-seeing,
synæsthesia,
etc.).—With
some persons every sensation of one type is accompanied by a
sensation of another type; as for instance, a special sound may be
accompanied by a special sensation of colour or light (chromatisms
or
photisms).
This phenomenon is analogous to that of
number-forms,—a
kind of diagrammatic mental picture which accompanies the conception
of a progression of numbers. See Galton's
Inquiries into Human Faculty.Shell-hearing.—The
induction of hallucinatory voices, etc., by listening to a shell.
Analogous to crystal-gazing.Stigmatisation.—The
production of blisters or other cutaneous changes on the hands, feet,
or elsewhere, by suggestion or self-suggestion.Subliminal.—Of
thoughts, feelings, etc., lying beneath the ordinary
threshold
(limen)
of consciousness, as opposed to
supraliminal,
lying
above
the threshold.Suggestion.—The
process of effectively impressing upon the subliminal intelligence
the wishes of some other person.
Self-suggestion
means a suggestion conveyed by the subject himself from one stratum
of his personality to another, without external intervention.*Supernormal.—Of
a faculty or phenomenon which transcends ordinary experience. Used in
preference to the word
supernatural,
as not assuming that there is anything outside nature or any
arbitrary interference with natural law.Supraliminal.—See
Subliminal.Synæsthesia.—See
Secondary Sensations.Synergy.—A
number of actions correlated together, or combined into a group.Telekinesis.—Used
of alleged supernormal movements of objects, not due to any known
force.*Telepathy.—The
communication of impressions of any kind from one mind to another,
independently of the recognised channels of sense.*Telæsthesia.—Any
direct sensation or perception of objects or conditions independently
of the recognised channels of sense, and also under such
circumstances that no known mind external to the percipient's can be
suggested as the source of the knowledge thus gained.*Telergy.—The
force exercised by the mind of an agent in impressing a
percipient,—involving a direct influence of the extraneous spirit
on the brain or organism of the percipient.Veridical.—Of
hallucinations, when they correspond to real events happening
elsewhere and unknown to the percipient.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Maior
agit deus, atque opera la maiora remittit.
—VIRGIL.IN
the long story of man's endeavours to understand his own environment
and to govern his own fates, there is one gap or omission so singular
that, however we may afterwards contrive to explain the fact, its
simple statement has the air of a paradox. Yet it is strictly true to
say that man has never yet applied to the problems which most
profoundly concern him those methods of inquiry which in attacking
all other problems he has found the most efficacious.The
question for man most momentous of all is whether or no he has an
immortal soul; or—to avoid the word
immortal,
which belongs to the realm of infinities—whether or no his
personality involves any element which can survive bodily death. In
this direction have always lain the gravest fears, the
farthest-reaching hopes, which could either oppress or stimulate
mortal minds.On
the other hand, the method which our race has found most effective in
acquiring knowledge is by this time familiar to all men. It is the
method of modern Science—that process which consists in an
interrogation of Nature entirely dispassionate, patient, systematic;
such careful experiment and cumulative record as can often elicit
from her slightest indications her deepest truths. That method is now
dominant throughout the civilised world; and although in many
directions experiments may be difficult and dubious, facts rare and
elusive, Science works slowly on and bides her time,—refusing to
fall back upon tradition or to launch into speculation, merely
because strait is the gate which leads to valid discovery,
indisputable truth.I
say, then, that this method has never yet been applied to the
all-important problem of the existence, the powers, the destiny of
the human soul.Nor
is this strange omission due to any general belief that the problem
is in its nature incapable of solution by any observation whatever
which mankind could make. That resolutely agnostic view—I may
almost say that scientific superstition—"ignoramus
et ignorabimus"—is
no doubt held at the present date by many learned minds. But it has
never been the creed, nor is it now the creed, of the human race
generally. In most civilised countries there has been for nearly two
thousand years a distinct belief that survival has actually been
proved by certain phenomena observed at a given date in Palestine.
And beyond the Christian pale—whether through reason, instinct, or
superstition—it has ever been commonly held that ghostly phenomena
of one kind or another exist to testify to a life beyond the life we
know.But,
nevertheless, neither those who believe on vague grounds nor those
who believe on definite grounds that the question might possibly be
solved, or has actually been solved, by human observation of
objective facts, have hitherto made any serious attempt to connect
and correlate that belief with the general scheme of belief for which
Science already vouches. They have not sought for fresh corroborative
instances, for analogies, for explanations; rather they have kept
their convictions on these fundamental matters in a separate and
sealed compartment of their minds, a compartment consecrated to
religion or to superstition, but not to observation or to experiment.It
is my object in the present work—as it has from the first been the
object of the Society for Psychical Research, on whose behalf most of
the evidence here set forth has been collected,—to do what can be
done to break down that artificial wall of demarcation which has thus
far excluded from scientific treatment precisely the problems which
stand in most need of all the aids to discovery which such treatment
can afford.Yet
let me first explain that by the word "scientific" I
signify an authority to which I submit myself—not a standard which
I claim to attain. Any science of which I can here speak as possible
must be a
nascent
science—not such as one of those vast systems of connected
knowledge which thousands of experts now steadily push forward in
laboratories in every land—but such as each one of those great
sciences was in its dim and poor beginning, when a few monks groped
among the properties of "the noble metals," or a few
Chaldean shepherds outwatched the setting stars.What
I am able to insist upon is the mere Socratic rudiment of these
organisms of exact thought—the first axiomatic prerequisite of any
valid progress. My one contention is that in the discussion of the
deeper problems of man's nature and destiny there ought to be exactly
the same openness of mind, exactly the same diligence in the search
for objective evidence of any kind, exactly the same critical
analysis of results, as is habitually shown, for instance, in the
discussion of the nature and destiny of the planet upon which man now
moves.
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!