MXene Reinforced Polymer Composites E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024

Seitenzahl: 1145

Beschreibung

MXene Reinforced Polymer Composites This volume is the first book to comprehensively explore the various fabrication and processing strategies for MXene-reinforced polymer composites including detailed characterizations and their numerous applications. The book systematically provides a critical discussion on the synthesis and processing methods, structure, properties, characterizations, surface chemistry, and functionalization strategies of MXenes and their utilization as efficient nanofiller into various polymer matrices to form high-performance polymer composites. The book provides a deep insight into the recent state-of-the-art progress in MXene-reinforced polymer composites, discussing several critical issues and providing suggestions for future work. The key features of this book are: * Providing fundamental information and a clear understanding of the synthesis, processing, compositions, structure, and physicochemical properties of MXenes; * Presenting a comprehensive review of several recent accomplishments and key scientific and technological challenges in developing MXene-reinforced polymer composites; * Exploring various processing and fabrication methods of MXene-reinforced polymer composites; * Providing deep insight into fundamental properties and various emerging applications of MXene-reinforced polymer/composites. Audience Researchers, postgraduates, and industry engineers working in materials science, polymer science, materials engineering, and nanotechnology, as well as technologists in electronic, electrical, and biomedical industries.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Preface

1 Two-Dimensional MXenes: Fundamentals, Characteristics, Synthesis Methods, Processing, Compositions, Structure, and Applications

Abstract

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Fundamentals

1.3 General Characteristics of the MXenes

1.4 Synthesis Methods

1.5 Applications

1.6 Conclusion and Future Scope

Acknowledgement

References

2 Chemical Exfoliation and Delamination Methods of MXenes

Abstract

2.1 Introduction

2.2 HF Etching Method

2.3

In-Situ

HF-Forming Etching Method

2.4 Molten Salt Etching Method

2.5 Electrochemical Etching Method

2.6 Hydrothermal Etching Method

2.7 Alkali Etching Method

2.8 Other Etching Methods

2.9 Exfoliation Strategies of Multilayered MXene

2.10 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

3 Surface Terminations and Surface Functionalization Strategies of MXenes

Abstract

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Surface Termination Strategies in MXenes

3.3 Methods of Surface Functionalization in MXenes

3.4 Application of Surface Modified MXenes

3.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

References

4 Electronic, Electrical and Optical Properties of MXenes

Abstract

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Structure of MXenes

4.3 An Overview of Various Methods of Synthesis of MXenes

4.4 Electronic Properties

4.5 Electrical Properties

4.6 Optical Properties

4.7 Conclusion

References

5 Magnetic, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of MXenes

Abstract

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Magnetic Characteristics of MXenes

5.3 Mechanical Characteristics of MXenes

5.4 Thermal Characteristics of MXenes

5.5 Conclusion

References

6 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Fabrication Methods, Processing, Properties and Applications

Abstract

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Fabrication Methods and Processing

6.3 Properties

6.4 Applications

6.5 Conclusion and Outlook

Acknowledgment

References

7 Structural, Morphological and Tribological Properties of Polymer/MXene Composites

Abstract

Abbreviations

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Overview of MXene

7.3 MXene/Polymer Nanocomposites

7.4 MXene/Polymer Nanocomposite Fabrication Methods

7.5 Characteristics of Polymer/MXene Composites

7.6 Novel Applications of Polymer/MXene Composites

7.7 Conclusion and Outlook

References

8 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Dielectric Applications

Abstract

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Synthesis of MXene

8.3 Modification Strategies of MXene

8.4 Synthesis Methods and Fabrication of MXene-Based Polymer Composites

8.5 Properties of MXene/Polymer Composite

8.6 Dielectric Applications of MXene/Polymer Composite Materials

8.7 Conclusion

References

9 MXenes-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Microwave Absorption and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Applications

Abstract

9.1 Introduction to MXenes

9.2 Materials for EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorption

9.3 MXenes-Based Materials for EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorption

9.4 EMI Shielding Mechanisms for MXene-Based Materials

9.5 MXenes/Polymer Composites for EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorption

9.6 Electrospun Fibers with MXenes as Additives

9.7 Conclusions and Future Outlook

References

10 Polymer/MXene Composites for Supercapacitor and Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitor Applications

Abstract

10.1 Introduction

10.2 MXene-Polymer Composites

10.3 Applications of MXene Polymer Composites for Supercapacitor Applications

10.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives

10.5 Conclusion

References

11 MXene-Based Polymer Composites for Hazardous Gas and Volatile Organic Compound Detection

Abstract

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Synthesis of MXenes and MXene–Polymer Composites

11.3 Properties of MXenes and MXene–Polymer Composites

11.4 Mxene–Polymer Composites Applications

11.5 Future Directions

11.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

12 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composites as Flexible Wearable Sensors

Abstract

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Performance Parameter for Flexible Pressure and Strain Sensor

12.3 Design of MXenes/Polymer Composites as Flexible Pressure Sensors

12.4 Design of MXenes/Polymer Composites as Flexible Strain Sensors

12.5 Design of MXenes/Biopolymer Composites as a Flexible Pressure Sensor

12.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

Acknowledgement

References

13 MXene-Based Polymer Composites for Various Biomedical Applications

Abstract

13.1 Introduction to MXenes

13.2 Synthesis of MXenes and Their Physicochemical Properties

13.3 Biomedical Applications of MXenes

13.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

References

14 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composite Membranes for Water Desalination and Wastewater Treatment

Abstract

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Preparation

14.3 Properties of MXene/Polymer Composites

14.4 MXene Composite Membranes: Potentiality in Wastewater Treatment and Water Desalination

14.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook

References

15 MXene-Based Polymer Composite Membranes for Pervaporation and Gas Separation

Abstract

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Development of MXene-Based Polymer Composite Membrane

15.3 Pervaporation

15.4 Gas Separation

15.5 Conclusion and Future Work

Acknowledgement

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Reaction conditions and unit cell c-axis parameter of the of MXenes ...

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 EDS results before and after MAX etching under different conditions...

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Some of the MXene structures have been studied so far.

Table 5.2 Calculated parameters from the mentioned equations [133]. Copyright ...

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Comparison of dielectric properties of different MXene/polymer compo...

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Details of materials used for EMI shielding and microwave absorption...

Table 9.2 MXene/Polymer composites in EMI shielding applications.

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Performance chart of various MXene-polymer composites.

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Performance parameters of various MXenes reinforced Polymer pressur...

Table 12.2 Performance parameters of various MXene/polymer composite strain se...

Table 12.3 Sensing performances of various MXene/biopolymer composite pressure...

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Biological applications of MXenes and their biocomposites in biosen...

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Mechanical properties of PSFO/MXene composite membranes [91].

Table 14.2 Various MXene/polymer composite systems for water purification and ...

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 The selectivity and permeability of MXenes and other pervaporation ...

Table 15.2 MXenes’ permeability and selectivity for H

2

/CO

2

gas separation.

Table 15.3 MXenes’ permeability and selectivity for CO

2

/N

2

gas separation.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 The crystallographic structure of single-, double-, and triple-laye...

Figure 1.2 The crystal structures of the (a) MAX [M

3

AX

2

] phase and (b) out-of-...

Figure 1.3 Variation of the force constant with bond length in various MAX pha...

Figure 1.4 The electronic band structure of Mo

2

HfC

2

O

2

with and without spin-or...

Figure 1.5 (a) The dielectric permittivity (real and imaginary) versus energy ...

Figure 1.6 (a) The M

3

AC

2

MAX phase primitive cell (left panel), and the result...

Figure 1.7 (a) Schematic for the formation of MXenes from of MAX phases by exf...

Figure 1.8 SEM images of (a) a typical unreacted Ti

3

AlC

2

MAX phases before HF ...

Figure 1.9 (a) The intercalation and delamination process for producing Ti

3

C

2

T

Figure 1.10 General strategy for Ti

3

C

2

T

x

synthesis from Ti

3

AlC

2

. Reproduced wi...

Figure 1.11 From the first discovery in 2011 the progress of the etching metho...

Figure 1.12 (a) Optical image of large-area 2D ultrathin α-Mo

2

C crystals on Cu...

Figure 1.13 Schematic illustration of the synthesis of Ti

4

N

3

T

x

by molten salt ...

Figure 1.14 Schematic of the reaction between Ti

3

AlC

2

and NaOH aqueous solutio...

Figure 1.15 Anodic etching of bulk Ti

3

AlC

2

in a binary aqueous electrolyte. (a...

Figure 1.16 Different application potential of MXenes. Reproduced with permiss...

Figure 1.17 (a) Modified charge density distribution of the N

2

-adsorbed Ti

3

C

2

O...

Figure 1.18 Electronically coupled metallic hybrids of NiFe layered double hyd...

Figure 1.19 Schematic illustration of hydrogen evolution of TM-doped MXenes. A...

Figure 1.20 2D MXenes for different Energy storage application. Reproduced wit...

Figure 1.21 Different bio-medical application of MXenes. Adapted from Ref. [85...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Schematic of the etching process of MAX [3].

Figure 2.2 (a) XRD patterns for Ti

3

AlC

2

before and after HF treatment (in orde...

Figure 2.3 XRD patterns of Ti

3

AlC

2

after etching with 50% HF solution: (a) var...

Figure 2.4 XRD patterns and SEM images of the Ti

3

AlC

2

precursor after treating...

Figure 2.5 (a) Etching of the MAX phase, washing, rolling and molding of the p...

Figure 2.6 XRD patterns of exfoliating Ti

3

AlC

2

by (a) LiF-HCl etchant, (b) NaF...

Figure 2.7 (a) Schematic structures of synthesis for Ti

3

C

2

through LiF-H

2

SO

4

e...

Figure 2.8 (a) The synthesis process of Ti

3

C

2

MXene by bifluoride salts; (b) S...

Figure 2.9 (a) Schematic illustration of reaction between Ti

3

AlC

2

and bifluori...

Figure 2.10 (a) Schematic for the transforming of Ti

2

AlC into TiC

0.5

[33]. Cop...

Figure 2.11 (a) Illustration for the synthesis of Ti

3

C

2

T

x

MXene by Lewis acidi...

Figure 2.12 (a) Mechanism for the preparation of MXene by electrochemical etch...

Figure 2.13 (a) Illustration for etching, exfoliation and delamination process...

Figure 2.14 (a) Schematic for the preparation of EE-Ti

3

C

2

T

x

; (b) The etching r...

Figure 2.15 (a) SEM images of Ti

3

C

2

T

x

obtained under different conditions [45]...

Figure 2.16 XRD patterns of etching Mo

2

Ga

2

C with different etching systems: (a...

Figure 2.17 (a) Schematic for the etching and delamination of Ti

3

AlC

2

via Alka...

Figure 2.18 (a) XRD patterns of MAX phases treated with ionic liquid under dif...

Figure 2.19 (a) XRD patterns of the MXenes obtained by different halogen salts...

Figure 2.20 (a) Illustration for the delamination of MXene flakes; XRD pattern...

Figure 2.21 (a) XRD patterns for V

2

CT

x

samples before and after treatments; (b...

Figure 2.22 (a) Schematic of etching and delamination of MXene using LiF/HCl e...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 The pictorial illustration of the TiVAlC MAX phase etching and dela...

Figure 3.2 Diagrammatic depiction of Ti

3

C

2

Cl

2

synthesis [40]. Copyright 2022, ...

Figure 3.3 A symbolic representation of alkali-based etching for Ti

3

C

2

nanoshe...

Figure 3.4 The illustrative overview of Ti

3

AlC

2

electrochemical etching [45]. ...

Figure 3.5 Surface functionalization methods of MXene.

Figure 3.6 Diagrammatic depiction of various adsorption sites in Ti3C2Tx chose...

Figure 3.7 SEM image of the (a) Nb2AlC, (b) Nb2CTx MXene, (c) N doped Nb2CTx [...

Figure 3.8 Functionalization of Ti3C2-MXene using aminosilane is shown schemat...

Figure 3.9 Diagrammatic depiction of Ti3C2Tx@PS nanocomposites synthesis [69]....

Figure 3.10 (a) The graphical representation of the impact of N-doped Ti

3

C

2

in...

Figure 3.11 CV of pristine Ti

3

C

2

, 900N-Ti

3

C

2

, 700N-Ti

3

C

2

, 500N-Ti

3

C

2

, and 900N...

Figure 3.12 An overview of applications of advancing 2D MXenes in nanomedicine...

Figure 3.13 Physical adsorption [71]. Copyright 2017, Reproduced with permissi...

Figure 3.14 SEM images of (a) layered Ti

3

C

2

T

x

nanosheets, (b) Ag@ Ti

3

C

2

T

x

nano...

Figure 3.15 (a, b) Diagrammatic illustration of 2D biodegradable Nb

2

C for NIR-...

Figure 3.16 (a) The drug loading, external or internal irradiation, and stimul...

Figure 3.17 Graphical illustration of the different catalytic heterogeneous re...

Figure 3.18 Mechanism of electrochemical carcinoembryonic antigen detection [6...

Figure 3.19 CO

2

/CH

4

long-term operation test of gad permeation [160]. Copyrigh...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 General composition of MXenes [25]. Copyright 2021. Reproduced with...

Figure 4.2 Total density of states (TDOS) and partial density of states (PDOS)...

Figure 4.3 Total density of states (TDOS) and partial density of states (PDOS)...

Figure 4.4 The phonon dispersion spectrum of the MXene structures (a) Ta

2

CF

2

(...

Figure 4.5 (a) Illustration of the dynamical stability attainment of the V

2

CO

2

Figure 4.6 The estimated band structure of (a) Nd

2

N and (b), (c), (d), (e) and...

Figure 4.7 The effect of varying the functional group on the TDOS of various M...

Figure 4.8 Predicted band gaps (indicated with scatter plots) of MXene using m...

Figure 4.9 Variation of band gap and strain energy of Ti

2

CO

2

MXene under diffe...

Figure 4.10 Illustration of the presence of direct and indirect band gaps for ...

Figure 4.11 Work function of Ti

2

CO

2

MXene as a function of the applied biaxial...

Figure 4.12 Variation of energy and band gap of Ti

2

CO

2

as a function of pressu...

Figure 4.13 Preparation of Ti

3

AlC

2

from different carbon sources (TiC, graphit...

Figure 4.14 Models of the functionalized MXene systems in the top and side vie...

Figure 4.15 Conductivity of Mo

2

T2C

3

Tz, Mo

2

TiC

2

Tz, and Mo

2

CTz freestanding thin...

Figure 4.16 Electrical property of Nb

4

C

3

T

x

flake, (a) Optical image, (b) SEM i...

Figure 4.17 (a) MXene Ti

3

C

2

nanosheets’ XRD profiles before and after alkaliza...

Figure 4.18 UV-vis absorption spectrum of the MAX phase, Ti

3

AlC

2

and the corre...

Figure 4.19 The variation of (a) dielectric constant’s imaginary part, (b) abs...

Figure 4.20 The non-linear optical transmittance of the 2D MXene, Ti

3

C

2

T

X

as a...

Figure 4.21 The enhanced confinement of electric field due to the enhanced SPP...

Figure 4.22 Z. scan results of Ti

3

C

2

T

X

and Ti

3

C

2

T

X

/Ag composite material at 53...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 (a) The comparative energy of Cr

3

C

2

in the FM, AFM, and NM forms va...

Figure 5.2 The computed value of the elastic modulus for Cr

2

M

2

C

3

T

2

when subjec...

Figure 5.3 The illustration of super-exchange coupling that takes place among ...

Figure 5.4 The several patterns of MAEs that may be found in the reciprocal sp...

Figure 5.5 Band configurations of pure and functionalized types of (a) V

2

N, (b...

Figure 5.6 The closest Oxygen and Zirconium elements, as well as the following...

Figure 5.7 Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility in stresses of (a) 0%...

Figure 5.8 Uniaxial tension y stress-strain curves (a), Tensile orientations, ...

Figure 5.9 (a) The monolayer Ti

3

C

2

calculated band structure with OH and F fun...

Figure 5.10 The stress-strain curve via (a) uniaxial x-direction, (b) uniaxial...

Figure 5.11 Stress-strain curve of (a) Hf

2

CO

2

(b) Zr

2

CO

2

multilayer material w...

Figure 5.12 (a) Shear modulus, (b) 2D stiffness, (c) Poisson’s ratio, and (d) ...

Figure 5.13 Ti

2

CO

2

stress-strain curves obtained at different strain rates and...

Figure 5.14 Titanium nitride MXene stress-strain diagrams in both the armchair...

Figure 5.15 Titanium carbide MXene stress-strain diagrams in both the armchair...

Figure 5.16 (a) MXene structures young’s modulus, (b) Fracture stress in MXene...

Figure 5.17 k

eff

vs. dimension of the flakes of Ti

3

C

2

T

X

[130]. Copyright 2018....

Figure 5.18 TG-DSC curve of Ti

2

C nanosheets [134]. Copyright 2015. Reproduced ...

Figure 5.19 TG and DTA curve of Mo

2

CT

x

in (a) Ar atmosphere and (b) air atmosp...

Figure 5.20 SEM images of Mo

2

CT

x

-N MXene after heat treatment at (a) 200°C in ...

Figure 5.21 TG-DTA curve of Ti

3

C

2

in (a) air (b) argon atmosphere [141]. Copyr...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Number change of publications by “polymer (topic) and MXene (topic)...

Figure 6.2 The fabrication methods and usages of MXene-reinforced polymer comp...

Figure 6.3 By means of physical mixing from MXene and polymer composites acqui...

Figure 6.4 Surface modification of MXene produces MXene-reinforced polymer com...

Figure 6.5 Surface modification of MXene produces MXene-reinforced polymer com...

Figure 6.6 By

in situ

polymerization, MXene-reinforced polymer composites can ...

Figure 6.7 MXene reinforced polymer composites could be acquired by the techno...

Figure 6.8 (a) XRD of Al-Ti

3

AlC

2

and Ti

3

AlC

2

. (b) Polarized Raman spectra of A...

Figure 6.9 (a) Piezoelectric effect demonstration for monolayer Ti

3

C

2

T

x

. (b) C...

Figure 6.10 (a) Two types of thermal conductivities (in-plane and out-of-plane...

Figure 6.11 TEM characterization results (a) for EP/MXenes with randomly fille...

Figure 6.12 (a) Hierarchical MXene structures with light absorption and enhanc...

Figure 6.13 Demonstration of flame-retardant mechanism for EP composites. Sour...

Figure 6.14 (a) LOI, digital photos for VBT of (b) pure EP and (c) EP-5.0CuP-M...

Figure 6.15 (a) Schematic demonstration of the improvement mechanism by Ti

3

C

2

....

Figure 6.16 (a) Fabrication demonstration of MXene paper. (b) Model demonstrat...

Figure 6.17 (a) MXene-based ECs. Source: Gund

et al.

[11]. Reproduced with per...

Figure 6.18 (a) Preparation of PI/MXene aerogels. (b) Water-oil system (PI/MXe...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Schematic representation of MXene/Polymer nanocomposite formation [...

Figure 7.2 Various production techniques for MXene-based composites.

Figure 7.3 Numerous characteristic properties of polymer/MXene composites.

Figure 7.4 XRD spectra of the coPA/MXene films [86]. Copyright 2019. Reproduce...

Figure 7.5 FT-IR spectra of (a) Mxene/alginate composites and (b) sodium algin...

Figure 7.6 XRD patterns (a,b) and FTIR spectra (c) of Ti

3

AlC

2

, Ti

3

C

2

, and TiO

2

Figure 7.7 (X) Schematic representation of (a)Friction coefficient and (b) wea...

Figure 7.8 Friction coefficient for epoxy resin and epoxy-Ti

3

C

2

3DNS composite...

Figure 7.9 Wear rate and wear volumes of epoxy resin and epoxy-Ti

3

C

2

3DNS comp...

Figure 7.10 FE-SEM images of the fractured surfaces of the Ti

3

C

2

/epoxy composi...

Figure 7.11 SEM images (a) polystyrene (PS)/DTAB-Ti

3

C

2

, (b) PS/OTAB-Ti

3

C

2

, (c)...

Figure 7.12 Surface morphology of (a) Ti

3

AlC

2

; (b) Ti

3

C

2

Tx; (c) Mxene/alginate...

Figure 7.13 Applications of Polymer/MXene composites.

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Elements required in MAX phase are depicted in periodic table with ...

Figure 8.2 Exfoliation technique of Ti

3

AlC

2

by wet HF etching to get Ti

3

C

2

. Re...

Figure 8.3 Synthesis of Ti

4

N

3

from Ti

4

AlN

3

using molten salts of fluorine. Rep...

Figure 8.4 (a) Variation of the dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss wi...

Figure 8.5 TEM image of exfoliated MXene and the measure of dielectric propert...

Figure 8.6 Synthesis steps of PVDF/GO and PVDF/GO@MXene nanocomposite films. R...

Figure 8.7 (a) Dielectric constant of binary composite of PVDF/GO, (b) Dielect...

Figure 8.8 (a) AC conductivity of PVDF/GO and (b) AC conductivity of PVDF/GO@M...

Figure 8.9 Schematic diagram of various applications using MXene/polymer compo...

Figure 8.10 (a) Plots of Permittivity vs. frequency, (b) Dielectric loss plots...

Figure 8.11 (a) Diagram displaying the interaction of MXene/PVDF at interface,...

Figure 8.12 Schematic representation of a sandwiched dielectric capacitor (a) ...

Figure 8.13 Fabrication of CaCu

3

Ti

4

O

12

/Ti

3

C

2

T

x

MXene/SR ternary composites. Re...

Figure 8.14 (a) Plot of dielectric constant vs. frequency of polymer/MXene bin...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 MAX phase materials and MXenes [9]. Copyright 2014, Reproduced with...

Figure 9.2 MXene and their gelation (a) SEM image (b) AFM image (c) TEM image ...

Figure 9.3 SEM image and SAXS of MF-1 (a), MF-2 (b), and MF-3 (c). (d) orienta...

Figure 9.4 SEM micrographs of Ti

3

AlC

2

synthesized by (a) graphite, (b) TiC, an...

Figure 9.5 Explored properties and applications of MXenes [31]. Copyright 2022...

Figure 9.6 Conductivities of different MXenes [79]. Copyright 2020, Reproduced...

Figure 9.7 Scheme of EMI shielding mechanism [70]. Copyright 2020, Reproduced ...

Figure 9.8 Shielding performance with respect to thickness [79]. Copyright 202...

Figure 9.9 (a−c) EMI shielding performances. (d) EMI SE

T

, SE

A

, and SE

R

. (e) Av...

Figure 9.10 Possible shielding mechanism in case of a foam structure and a fil...

Figure 9.11 Shielding performance of MXene composite films (a), (b) before and...

Figure 9.12 Schematic representation of composite preparation (b−d) Digital im...

Figure 9.13 (a) EMI SSE/t of Ti

3

C

2

T

x

/BC composite films. (b) comparison of SET...

Figure 9.14 Electrospinning setups for getting various fiber morphologies [121...

Figure 9.15 Electrospun fiber with different additives for shielding applicati...

Figure 9.16 Preparation of electrospun/MXene composites [124]. Copyright 2019,...

Figure 9.17 (a–e) SEM micrographs of electrospun/MXene fibers with different M...

Figure 9.18 Schematic of the preparation process employed for preparing d-Ti3C...

Figure 9.19 (a) EMI SET, (b) EMI SEA, (c) EMI SER of films (d) average EMI SE ...

Figure 9.20 Scheme of the mechanism of EMI shielding [129]. Copyright 2019, Re...

Figure 9.21 (a) Preparation procedure for hybrid fiber, (b) optical image with...

Figure 9.22 (a, b) EMI SE of hybrid fillers in the X band. (c) R, A, and T coe...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Spray coating method for fabricating multifunctional MXene-adorned...

Figure 10.2 Ragone plot.

Figure 10.3 Classification of supercapacitor.

Figure 10.4 MXene and polyindole interaction and electron transport mechanism....

Figure 10.5 An illustration of the TDPs’ synthesis process. (Reprinted with pe...

Figure 10.6 TEM images of (a) MXene, (b) pure PANI, (c) DLTAPANI (d) MXene-PAN...

Figure 10.7 (a) CV curves of samples at a 10 mV s

−1

. (b) GCD curves at

1

Figure 10.8 Synthesis procedure of GMP. (Reprinted with permission from ref [8...

Figure 10.9 (a) CV curves at 5 mV s

−1

. (b) GCD curves at 1 A g

−1

. ...

Figure 10.10 (a) Schematic of the GMP//graphene pouch type of ASC device. (b) ...

Figure 10.11 Ti

3

C

2

/PPy preparation is represented schematically. (Reprinted wi...

Figure 10.12 SEM images of (a) PPy, (b) Ti

3

C

2

MXene, (c) Ti

3

C

2

/PPy-2, (d) Ti

3

C

Figure 10.13 (a) Cyclic voltammogram of composites at 10 mVs

−1

, (b) Spec...

Figure 10.14 Schematic representation for the preparation of Ti

3

C

2

/Polyaniline...

Figure 10.15 SEM images of (a) N-Ti

3

C

2

, (b) PANI, (c) N-Ti

3

C

2

/PANI-240, (d) N-...

Figure 10.16 Hierarchical Ti

3

C

2

/PANI-NTs-1 nanocomposite generation and manufa...

Figure 10.17 (a) CV curves of electrodes at the scan rate 2 mV s

-1

. (b) CV cur...

Figure 10.18 CV curves of SSC fabricated using Ti

3

C

2

/PANI-NTs-1. (a) CV curves...

Figure 10.19 Synthesize procedure of PPy/Ti

3

C

2

nanocomposite. (Reprinted with ...

Figure 10.20 SEM images of (a) Ti

3

C

2

MXene, (b) S1, (c) S2, (d) S3. (Reprinted...

Figure 10.21 A schematic diagram of symmetric planar supercapacitor’s producti...

Figure 10.22 (a) Atomic-scale representation of PDT Chains with Ti

3

C

2

T

x

(b) CV...

Figure 10.23 A schematic illustration of PDT/Ti

3

C

2

T

x

electrode production proc...

Figure 10.24 (a) CV curves of Ti

3

C

2

T

x

, PDT and PDT/Ti

3

C

2

T

x

(b) CV curves of th...

Figure 10.25 Schematic representation of synthesis method of film and optical ...

Figure 10.26 (a) CV of device at various scan rates and equaling, (b) Specific...

Figure 10.27 (a) CV curves of positive & negative electrode at various potenti...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Schematic method of preparing single layer MXene sheet.

Figure 11.2 The process of schematic exfoliation process of Ti

3

AlC

2

.

Figure 11.3 Method of preparing V

2

C MXene from V

2

AlC MAX phase which was obtai...

Figure 11.4 FE-SEM images of the MXene V2C obtained by microwave heating. (a, ...

Figure 11.5 (a) represents the formation of the MnO

2

/Mn

3

O

4

composite. (b) synt...

Figure 11.6 (a) representation of the micro structured core-sheath fibers with...

Figure 11.7 Real-time response of Ti

3

C

2

T

x

-TiO

2

against (a) hexanal, (b) aceton...

Figure 11.8 Proposed mechanism of sensing VOC (ethanol) with the help of energ...

Figure 11.9 Schematic illustration of the preparation of MXene/polymer composi...

Figure 11.10 Data representing the selectivity % of the gas sensor with differ...

Figure 11.11 Catalyst-based applications of MXene.

Figure 11.12 Application of MXenes as photocatalysts. Figure taken from [107],...

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Structural and sensing mechanism of MXene@PDMS 280/P (a), MXene@PD...

Figure 12.2 (A) Photograph of superhydrophobic PPy/MXene pressure sensor, (B) ...

Figure 12.3 (A) Structure of filter paper (a-b), (B) Characteristic peaks can ...

Figure 12.4 (A) Fabrication 3D microporous MXene/PANI functionalized on melami...

Figure 12.5 (A) Schematic fabrication process of flexible (P VDF-TrFE) hybrid ...

Figure 12.6 (a, b) Schematic design of three-step development of MXene PVDF se...

Figure 12.7 (A) Relative capacitance change (∆C/C

0

) at various time periods of...

Figure 12.8 Skin affinity test of PGM hydrogel (a1–a3) [45]. Copyright 2022. R...

Figure 12.9 (A) Schematic design of strain sensor m-MXene FM, (B) Digital phot...

Figure 12.10 (A) Fabrication (a), and SEM images (b-d) of tile-like stacked hi...

Figure 12.11 (A) Initial resistance, conductivity with varied ratios of MXene ...

Figure 12.12 Mechanical Characteristics of MXene-PAM/SA-Ca

2+

organohydrogel (a...

Figure 12.13 Synthesis process and mechanism of PACG-M hydrogel and hydrogen e...

Figure 12.14 (A) (a) Sensitivity of the MXene/tissue paper pressure sensor as ...

Figure 12.15 Compressive stress-strain curve of the CTS/MX (a), SEM images of ...

Figure 12.16 (A) superhydrophobic performance of SMSS sensor on the different ...

Figure 12.17 Schematic preparation of MXene/cellulose nanofiber (CNF)-foam (a)...

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 (a) MXene synthesis by top-down acid exfoliation method. (b) Etchi...

Figure 13.2 (a) Bottom-up approach for MXene synthesis by chemical vapor depos...

Figure 13.3 SEM images of Ti

3

C

2

(a), TiO

2

-Ti

3

C

2

nanocomposite (b)-(c), and Naf...

Figure 13.4 TiO

2

-Ti

3

C

2

MXene nanocomposite for hemoglobin immobilization and d...

Figure 13.5 (a) Current and time response of GCE composed of Nafion, Hb & Ti

3

C

Figure 13.6 Synthesis of magnetic 2D Ti

3

C

2

-IONPs-SPs nanocomposites by exfoli...

Figure 13.7 (a) TEM images of synthesized MXene, (b) Ti

3

C

2

–IONP composite, (c)...

Figure 13.8 (a) Mechanism of Ti

3

C

2

-PVP@DOXjade-based multi-modal cancer treatm...

Figure 13.9 Injection and implantation of Ti

3

C

2

-SP nanosheets and phase-change...

Figure 13.10 Antibacterial activity of basified chitosan, glutaraldehyde linke...

Figure 13.11 Fabrication of MXene nano-flakes composite with ADA and gelatin. ...

Figure 13.12 (a) FTIR spectra of lyophilized ADA-GEL, ADA-GEL-0.2M and ADA-GEL...

Figure 13.13 (a–c) LIVE (green)/DEAD (red) cell staining of NH3T3s on (a) ADA-...

Figure 13.14 Fluorescence microscopy images of NH3T3s stained with F-actin (re...

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Diagrammatic illustration of the synthesis process of Ti

3

C

2

T

x

/NR m...

Figure 14.2 Diagrammatic demonstration of the LBL assembly technique for fabri...

Figure 14.3 (a) The pictorial representation of wet-spinning process [84]. Cop...

Figure 14.4 Pictorial representation of the development and embedment of the M...

Figure 14.5 SEM images detailing the cross-sectional view of the PSF incorpora...

Figure 14.6 The morphological characteristics of (a) M0, (b) M1, (c) M2, (d) M...

Figure 14.7 Thermal conductivities of Ag/Tertiary filler/Epoxy composites [93]...

Figure 14.8 Thermal conductivity of m-MXene and un-MXene nanocomposites [94]. ...

Figure 14.9 (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesized MXene membrane produ...

Figure 14.10 The stability of MXene membrane on long term absorption by dyes. ...

Figure 14.11 Schematic representation of fabricating (a) GO/MXene-derived 2D m...

Figure 14.12 Water permeability and removal rate of the dye rhodamine B by (a)...

Figure 14.13 Rejection rate of various dyes by different MXene membranes [106]...

Figure 14.14 Schematic representation of the MXene-Fe composite membranes in t...

Figure 14.15 Schematic illustration of the mechanism of separation by GO reinf...

Figure 14.16 Study showing the tolerance of composite to harsh conditions, (a)...

Figure 14.17 Schematic illustration showing the reaction mechanism of function...

Figure 14.18 Schematic illustration showing the fabrication of MXene-PDA-Bi

6

O

7

Figure 14.19 Schematic illustration for the preparation of PmPD/MXene membrane...

Figure 14.20 Mechanism of adsorption of Cr(VI) on PmPD/Ti

3

C

2

T

x

MXene membrane ...

Figure 14.21 Recyclability of PmPD/Ti

3

C

2

T

x

MXene membrane [113]. Copyright 202...

Figure 14.22 (a) Rejection rate and, (b) water permeability of Ca

2+

ions by di...

Figure 14.23 (a) Water permeability and (b) ion rejection rate of various ions...

Figure 14.24 Permeation fluxes and oil content in the filtrates of different o...

Figure 14.25 Recyclability of MXene composite [116]. Copyright 2019. Reproduce...

Figure 14.26 Schematic illustration showing the preparation of modified MXene/...

Figure 14.27 (a) Rejection performance of various oil/water emulsions by MXene...

Figure 14.28 (a) SEM images displaying the adhesion of bacteria on membrane su...

Figure 14.29 The d-spacings for the (a) unmodified MXMs and (b) modified-Al

3+

...

Figure 14.30 Rejection efficiency and permeate flux of the membranes [126]. Co...

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 MXene membranes prepared by self-crosslinking using hydroxyl to ox...

Figure 15.2 (a) Diagram of a creased MXene lamellar membrane [27]. Copyright 2...

Figure 15.3 (a) Schematic diagram illustrating the hydrogen bonding among peba...

Figure 15.4 Development of TiO

2

and MXene composite membranes to remove probab...

Figure 15.5 Diagrammatic representation amine composite mixed matrix membranes...

Figure 15.6 The preparation strategies for MXene/PEG mixed matrix membrane via...

Figure 15.7 Diagram showing the usual topologies of PA TFC membranes with inte...

Figure 15.8 A schematic showing formation procedure of nanolaminate carbon-anc...

Figure 15.9 Schematic diagram of PV process. Adapted from Ref. [55]. Copyright...

Figure 15.10 Contact angle of water measured for pure cellulose acetate (CA), ...

Figure 15.11 (a) SEM image, (b) TEM image, and (c) high-resolution TEM image o...

Figure 15.12 (a) Schematic of the interfacial polymerization using TMC and HPE...

Figure 15.13 (a) Representation of the influence of quantity of MXene on membr...

Figure 15.14 (a) Comparison of the solvent permeance versus the combined solve...

Figure 15.15 (a) MXMA membrane water penetration and ion rejection through dif...

Figure 15.16 Schematic representing gas mixture permeance of MXene membrane [1...

Figure 15.17 The different diffusion mechanism in porous membrane, (1) Knudsen...

Figure 15.18 The variation of permeance for various gas with (a) the inverse s...

Figure 15.19 (a) Variation of CO

2

permeance with PEG (600) loadings; selectivi...

Figure 15.20 Stability test on (a) 2 μm thick membrane MXene towards H

2

/CO

2

mi...

Figure 15.21 Construction and performance of a lamellar membrane based on MXen...

Figure 15.22 (a) SEM analyses (cross-sectional) of MXene laminates (The photog...

Guide

Cover Page

Table of Contents

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Preface

Begin Reading

Index

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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

MXene Reinforced Polymer Composites

Fabrication, Characterization and Applications

Edited by

Kalim Deshmukh

New Technologies-Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Plzeň, Czech Republic

Mayank Pandey

Department of Electronics, Kristu Jayanti College, Bengaluru, India

and

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, United States

This edition first published 2024 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2024 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-119-90104-4

Cover images: Pixabay.ComCover design by Russell Richardson

Preface

Recently, MXenes, a relatively new and exciting class of two-dimensional (2D) materials, have attracted much attention in various research disciplines. MXenes, also called transition metal carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides, exhibit various compositions and remarkable properties, such as easy dispersibility, high surface-to-volume ratio, metallic conductivity and exceptional mechanical and structural characteristics. These properties make them promising candidates to be used as nanofillers in polymer composites. Polymer/MXene composites are benefitted from the attractive physicochemical properties of MXenes and the flexibility and facile processability of polymer matrices.

This book provides a detailed discussion of fundamental characteristics, synthesis and processing methods, structure, properties and characterizations of MXenes. Furthermore, it discusses surface chemistry and functionalization strategies of MXene and their incorporation into various polymer matrices to form high-performance polymer composites, followed by a systematic review of various strategies employed to design and synthesize advanced polymer/MXene composites comprising different polymers and different types of MXenes. The book further summarizes various applications of polymer/MXene composites as dielectrics, microwave absorption and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, supercapacitors and electrochemical double layer capacitors, gas and volatile organic compounds sensing, flexible wearable sensors, biomedical engineering and biomedicine, water desalination and wastewater treatment, as well as pervaporation and gas separation. This book serves as a unique resource that critically describes the important research accomplishments and findings in the area of MXene-based polymer composites, putting forth key technical challenges and future research perspectives in this field.

This book covers a comprehensive discussion on various promising aspects ranging from fundamental characteristics, synthesis, exfoliation and delamination techniques, surface chemistry, surface functionalization, and various properties of MXenes to fabrication, processing, characterizations, and numerous applications of MXene-reinforced polymer composites. The book comprises 15 chapters, which are summarized as follows.

Chapter 1 introduces 2D MXenes, their fundamental characteristics, processing, compositions, structure and various applications. Chapter 2 gives state-of-the-art recent progress in different chemical exfoliation and delamination methods of MXenes. Chapter 3 describes surface terminations, surface chemistry, and different functionalization strategies of MXenes. Chapter 4 discusses the electronic, electrical, and optical properties of MXener, while the magnetic, mechanical and thermal properties of MXenes are discussed in Chapter 5.

Chapter 6 provides information about different fabrication and processing methods and properties of MXene-reinforced polymer composites. Chapter 7 discusses the structural, morphological and tribological properties of polymer/MXene composites. Chapters 8-15 discuss various applications of MXene-reinforced polymer composites including dielectrics, microwave absorption and EMI shielding, supercapacitors and electrochemical double layer capacitors, gas and volatile organic compounds sensing, flexible wearable sensors, biomedical engineering and biomedicine, water desalination and wastewater treatment, as well as pervaporation and gas separation. Overall, this book will benefit all academic and industrial researchers who work in the emerging field of 2D MXenes and their polymer composites.

We are deeply grateful to all authors for their excellent contributions to this book. We also highly appreciate the dedicated support and valuable assistance rendered by Martin Scrivener and the Scrivener Publishing team during the publication of this book.

Dr. Kalim Deshmukh

Dr. Mayank Pandey

Prof. Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

December 2023