Pocket Guide to Knots E-Book

Lindsey Philpott

• Herausgeber: IMM Lifestyle Books
• Kategorie: Lebensstil
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2019

Seitenzahl: 197

Beschreibung

Knots can be used for a variety of applications, and knowing which one to tie and how to tie it correctly is an invaluable skill for anyone involved in sailing, climbing or other outdoor activities. Pocket Guide to Knots provides comprehensive instructions for tying more than 100 popular knots commonly used in climbing, hiking, boating, camping and fishing. An introductory section outlines the basics of rope construction, the many different types of ropes and cordage, as well as their maintenance and care, and also delves into the interesting history of knots and knot tying. The chapters are arranged by 'family' for easy identification, each knot featuring detailed tying instructions and step- by- step photography in full colour, as well as tips and lore, important advice on strength and security, and a quick-reference system that indicates suitable applications.

Leseprobe

Pocket Guide to

Knots

Lindsey Philpott

Pocket Guide to

Knots

Lindsey Philpott

Published in 2012 by

New Holland Publishers Ltd

London • Cape Town • Sydney • Auckland

www.newhollandpublishers.com

Garfield House 86–88

Edgware Road London W2 2EA

United Kingdom

1/66 Gibbes Street

Chatswood NSW 2067

Australia

Wembley Square First Floor

Solan Road Gardens

Cape Town 8001 South Africa

218 Lake Road

Northcote, Auckland

New Zealand

Copyright © 2006, 2012 New Holland Publishers

Copyright © 2006, 2012 in text: Lindsey Philpott

Copyright © 2006, 2012 in illustrations: New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd

Copyright © 2012 in photographs: New Holland Image Library, NHIL/Neil Corder and NHIL/Maryann Shaw, with the exception of the individual photographers and/or their agents as listed on page 192.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers and copyright holders.

Publishing managers: Claudia dos Santos, Simon Pooley

Commissioning editor: Alfred LeMaitre

Editor: Katja Splettstoesser

Designer: Elmari Kuyler

Cover Design: Stephanie Foti

Illustrator: Steven Felmore

Picture researchers: Karla Kik, Tamlyn McGeean

Production: Olga Dementiev

Printer: Toppan Leefung Printing Limited

ISBN 978 1 78009 258 4

10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Contents

ROPES – TOOLS AND TERMS

Introduction

How to Use this Book

Origins, History and Uses

Types of Rope, Cordage and Tape

How Ropes are Made

Caring for Rope and Cordage

Coiling, Carrying, Storage

Tools and Accessories

Basic Tying Techniques

STOPPER KNOTS

Overhand Knot

Double Diamond Knot

Figure-of-Eight Knot

Heaving Line Knot

Wall Knot

Crown Knot

Double Matthew Walker Knot

Manrope Knot

Stopper Knot

Stevedore Knot

LOOPS

Alpine Butterfly Loop

Angler’s Loop

Blood Loop Dropper Knot

Jury Mast Knot

Bowline Loop

Double Bowline

Bowline in the Bight

Portuguese Bowline

Spanish Bowline

Water Bowline

Midshipman’s Hitch

Overhand Loop

Overhand Sliding Loop

Figure-of-Eight Loop in the Bight

Figure-of-Eight Loop with Three Adjustable Loops

Threaded Figure-of-Eight Loop

Double Figure-of-Eight Loop

HITCHES

Anchor Bend

Bachmann Knot

Clove Hitch

Boom Hitch

Rigger’s Hitch

Rolling Hitch

Buntline Hitch

Cow Hitch

Pedigree Cow Hitch

Figure-of-Eight Hitch

French Prusik

Extended French Prusik

Gaff Topsail Halyard Bend

Heddon Knot

Highwayman’s Hitch

Klemheist Knot

Lighterman’s Hitch

Mooring Hitch

Munter Friction Hitch

Marlinespike Hitch

Munter Mule

Ossel Hitch

Palomar Knot

Pile Hitch/Double Pile Hitch

Trucker’s Hitch

Round Turn and Two Half Hitches

Timber and Killick Hitch

BENDS

Hunter’s Bend

Ashley’s Bend

Sheet Bend

Double Sheet Bend

Tucked Sheet Bend

Fisherman’s Knot

Double Fisherman’s Knot

Triple Fisherman’s Knot

Double Carrick Bend – Ends Adjacent

Double Carrick Bend – Ends Opposed

Albright Special

Blood Knot

Double Harness Bend

Double Overhand Bend

Flemish Bend

Figure-of-Eight Bend – Parallel Ends

Double Figure-of-Eight Bend

Heaving Line Bend

Shake Hands Bend

Strop Bend

Simple Simon Double

Zeppelin Bend

SPECIAL KNOTS

Good Luck Knot

Sailor’s Knife Lanyard Knot

Prusik Knot

Mariner’s Knot with a Prusik

Sheepshank

Man o’ War Sheepshank

BINDINGS

Constrictor Knot

Strangle Knot

Boa Knot

Bottle Sling Knot

Double Figure-of-Eight Hitch

Pole Lashing

Miller’s Knot

Sheer Lashing

Square Lashing

Diagonal Lashing

Reef Knot

Thief Knot

Transom Knot

BRAIDS

Chain Sennit

Four- or Eight-Strand Plait

Three- or Six-Strand Plait

Turk’s Head Mat

SPLICES

Back Splice

Eye Splice

Short Splice

Common Whipping

Sailmaker’s Whipping

Palm and Needle Whipping

Seizings

GLOSSARY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX

PHOTOGRAPHIC CREDITS

Disclaimer

Although the author and publishers have made every effort to ensure that the information contained in this book was correct at the time of going to press, they accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person using this book.

This chapter offers a brief review of some of the vast history of knotting, followed by an explanation of the different types of rope and cordage that may be found, their various methods of construction, the means of coiling and caring for rope or cordage, some of the tools used in knotting and splicing, and brief definitions of the terms used. Whatever you seek in knotwork, whether you want to know a quicker way to tie your favourite knot or learn to tie one for the first time, these chapters will help you find a path through the tangles and turns to produce smooth leads and twist-free knots that perform just as intended.

ROPES

TOOLS AND TERMS

Introduction

How to Use this Book

Origins, History and Uses

Types of Rope, Cordage and Tape

How Ropes are Made

Caring for Rope and Cordage

Coiling, Carrying, Storage

Tools and Accessories

Basic Tying Techniques

INTRODUCTION

Lucetta:

Why then, your ladyship must cut your hair.

Julia:

No, girl; I’ll knit it up in silken strings,

With twenty odd-conceited true-love knots . . .

(Shakespeare, The Two Gentlemen of Verona)

According to original research by archaeologist J. Wymer, there are records of knots 380,000 years old. We guess that some of the earliest held skins or thatch to the support posts of a dwelling at Terra Amata near Nice, France. From that humble beginning knotting has continued to grow becoming more complex with new materials and new discoveries.

It is almost certain that you will some day need to tie rope or cord into a knot. When you do, it is my earnest hope that you will find something in this book to help you. There are almost always more knots than you could reasonably use, but the question remains: for the situation you find yourself in right now, which knot should you use? When you find your answer here, I believe that you will be converted to thinking about knots not only on the occasion of tying the balloons for your child’s birthday party, but for the sheer joy of tying string into a useful tool or decorative shape.

Professionally tied knot boards are considered works of art by their originators.

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

This book is arranged in sequential chapters, but if you prefer to read from the middle or end of the text, it will accommodate your immediate needs. Families of knots are grouped together in each chapter and build on what has gone before. Here are some hints to help you understand the basic layout for each knot:

An introductory paragraph provides the history or derivation of each knot. Here, we also list alternative names for the knot and refer to others that build on, or offer interesting comparisons.

Throughout this book we refer to the diameter of rope or line by means of the abbreviation ‘d’.

Pictographs suggest likely uses for each knot, but are not intended to be exclusive of other applications.

sailing

climbing

decorative

camping and outdoor pursuits

fishing

general purpose

The photographs on each page illustrate the main steps involved in tying the knot. Follow the photographs and read the accompanying text for maximum benefit.

If you use these knots for climbing or other hazardous pursuits, remember that you do so at your own risk. The instructions in this book are not intended as a substitute for proper instruction from a qualified instructor.

Occasionally we provide security tips after the step-by-step text. For your own safety, follow these tips carefully!

The tip boxes provide points to facilitate tying a knot, further uses of the knot and occasionally an alternative method of tying.

Throughout this book, we refer to the right hand as the dominant hand and the left hand as the subdominant hand. If you are left-handed, simply use the left hand where you see references to the right hand. You can also prop this book alongside a mirror so that you can read the written material directly from the book and look at the reflected photo image to see the exact left-hand method.

A glossary is provided in case you are not already familiar with some of the terms used.

ORIGINS, HISTORY AND USES

Humans have secured or ‘lashed’ one object to another throughout history. However, lashings need to be secured with knots. So, how did knots come about?

Knotting and lashing were probably first used by early Homo erectus (1.2 million to 400,000 years ago) to make composite tools and construct portable shelters. The techniques and tools improved with Homo neanderthalensis (200,000 years ago) and through the practice of hunting with bola weights in Africa and China. Remnants of this type of weapon were discovered in sites that are at least 500,000 years old.

Knots as tools were not greatly in physical evidence until after the last ice age (around 10,000 to 8000 years ago) when early man, Homo sapiens, became more focused on agriculture.

Knotting extended the applications of tool making, and broadened to include the practice of securing skins together to form tents, simple garments and shoes. Crafts such as fishing and weaving further developed the art of knotting and increased the need for strong, yet pliable materials that could be used to bind and tie.

The making of simple floating rafts during the Palaeolithic and Neolithic eras (between 2 million and 10,000 years ago) was highly significant for the development of rope making. Coastal and eventually transoceanic voyages were made with coracles – vessels made from animal skins stretched over wooden frames. Seizing the craft together with sinews, leather strips and lashings of cedar bark became an art form in itself. The great age of sail, from about ad1600 through ad1900, helped to spread and formalize knotting practices throughout the world.

For the sake of longevity, the use of leather had to be revised to make the line waterproof. New fibres and methods of treating existing fibres meant the invention of new methods to tie knots in slippery lines. The development of masted craft with sails (such as the coracle or Irish curragh) also brought about the need for standing rigging that was sturdy and able to resist the abrasion that inevitably resulted from longer journeys.

Sail trim and sail control demanded different fibres and knots that would hold in the running rigging. Today, sophisticated racing yachts drive ever greater developments in lines and knotting.

With the increased use of knotting came the need for new flexible materials that retained the tensile strength of the original material. The limitations of grasses, sinews, leather strips and other semi-flexible rope-making material gave rise to the need for an improved fibre.

Racing yachts, and some modern cruising yachts like this one, are well known for their use of high-tech lines.

Twisted groups of long grasses were found to hold together better and appeared stronger than parallel, single stalks. This technique improved the ability of the ropes to stay intact, to be flexible and to make longer ropes than were available in the natural fibre.

Cotton, silk, hemp, manila, sisal, henequen, coir and other natural products formed the earliest of the fibres for rope-like material. To a lesser extent, human and animal hair was used in practical and decorative works, but the idea of twisting thin fibres together was clearly significant.

The development of rope over the last hundred years or so, from the invention of wire rope in the mid 1800s and Nylon in the early 1900s, has vastly improved the art and science of knot-tying.

More recent developments over the last 30 years have included the monofilament line, the potential length of which is almost limitless; a variety of weaving techniques to improve holding power; and the reheating and prestretching of fibres to give improved tensile strength in the superfibres of today, where some ropes are stronger than steel wire ropes, size for size.

Functionality apart, knotting has also added to the decorative value of stone, wood, metal and glass ornamentation in churches, public buildings and family coats of arms. Celtic knotwork is one of the ornate forms of knotting used in decorating books, stone crosses, jewellery, sword hilts and leatherwork. Add to this Korean maedup, Chinese knotting and Japanese hanamusubi, and a panoply of new techniques and intricate decorative forms emerges.

HISTORY’S TREASURE TROVE

The rope used 10,000 to 8000 years ago rotted away naturally, but we can find circumstantial evidence for its need:

The hand axe was the principal chopping tool during the middle to late Pleistocene period (between 1.8 million to 11,000 years ago). As a shaped stone held in the hand, the hand axe did not require lashing.

The greater leverage of the pole axe was needed to hew down trees, and to lash poles together for use in home-building and fence-making. Poles tied together made a barrier from the cold; they aided in the construction of wattle fences, and could be used for restraining domestic animals.

Leather strips provided strong lashings and secure fastenings in the Stone Age (2 million years ago). The development of the wheel in the later Bronze Age (approximately 3500 years ago) further reinforced the need for leather lashings to ensure flexibility of the joints in carts and war chariots. Without them, the rigid joints from regular woodwork would have resulted in many broken carts on the rough roads and byways.

The Inca quipu, although not particularly decorative, helped to cement a nation together through this vital communication and record-keeping tool.

The intricacy of knotting is intriguing to mathematicians and young children alike, who are drawn to knots with colourful names and complex forms for different reasons – think of the Turk’s Head, the Monkey’s Fist and the Highwayman’s Hitch. Mathematicians enjoy the possibilities of examining the topology of space and time in mathematical knots and string theory. Children want to know how to tie the knots; they have little or no fear of the intricacy and see the intertwining as something to master and use for themselves.

Forensic knot analysis furthers the ability of the criminologist to determine more about the perpetrator of a crime from the ligatures used. The forensic knot analyst detects past patterns of behaviour, the tyer’s handedness, and sometimes also the speed or haste of the knot-tyer’s actions. This information can provide vital clues to help criminologists track down the perpetrator.

Knotting can save lives in the form of a surgeon’s sutures or the use of free-rope techniques by search-and-rescue teams. Knotting also has its place in aerospace (control wires), building (lashing scaffolding poles), bookbinding, camping, climbing, decorating and fashion (macrame), electrical installation (pulling cables), engineering (bridges and cranes), fishing, garrotes, horse tack, knotted decorations, lariats, needlework, spelunking (caving), tatting, whips, xebecs and zithers, to name a few!

TYPES OF ROPE, CORDAGE AND TAPE

Ropes have progressed adeptly from natural fibres, such as lianas and grasses, to woven and heat-treated fibres made from oil-derived plastics. They now include in their families such types as twisted wire ropes with flat outer surfaces for elevator cables, coated braided fibre lines that resist abrasion and shock loading for rock climbing, tapes of steel or plastics for binding packages together, and extruded plastics of monofilament construction for long-line commercial fishing. Here are some of the main types of line used today:

Monofilament construction utilizes extruded plastics to form a single-thickness material that is flexible, light and readily coiled to form fishing line that may be several miles long with no splices or knots! Specialized monofilament lines even include tapered and coloured construction for fly-fishing – the lines are light and practically invisible to the fish. Monofilament is also the basis of the more complex multifilament ropes. Steel-wire rope comprises preformed monofilament wires twisted into strands and ropes. However, this wire is drawn through a die and is not extruded.

Twisted rope fibres produce a homogeneous and flexible material that can be produced consistently and economically, yet still retain the feel of the original plant source. Twisting the fibres together produces nearly parallel fibres in individual strands which, in turn, can be twisted into rope. Twisted fibre rope is probably the oldest form of tool still in use today, apart from the lever.

White 3-strand right-laid twisted nylon line

Extruded monofilament nylon line

6-strand wire with Independent Wire Rope Core (6x19 IWRC), pictured here with exposed core

8-strand multi-plait nylon

8-strand single-braided (plaited) polypropylene

16-strand double-braided polyester cover over 16-strand braided polyester core (pictured here with exposed core)

12-strand single-braided urethane-coated Spectra™, known as Spectron 12 by Samson Ropes™

24-strand braided polyester cover over 16-strand braided multifilament polypropylene/Spectra™ core, known as Samson’s XLS Extra™

8-strand braided heatset multifilament polypropylene over 5-strand parallel fibre core

4-strand left-laid twisted hemp fibre

3-strand right-laid twisted sisal fibre

Red, white and blue polypropylene worming added to a length of 3-strand polypropylene Roblon™ (treated with UV-resistant coating)

Nylon webbing

Braided lines have a composite construction made possible by the use of man-made materials of continuous length that are formed into two or more parts. These parts work together to provide abrasion-resistant materials that are also resistant to massive dynamic, tensile and torsion forces.

Twisted wire ropes are flexible (with many layers) and abrasion resistant (with fewer layers of thicker wire) for continuous use as cables in control surfaces of airplanes, spacecraft or even the common lift.

Tapes of fibre or metal have found great utility in a world that demands the securing together of square or cubic forms, such as boxes on pallets. The knots and fastenings used to secure cubic forms have been developed along with those new materials.

Today’s vast array of ropes and cordage is a far cry indeed from the days of sinews and grasses, and yet ropes still use the power of resisting the elemental forces of tension and torsion, just as steel plates resist the elemental forces of compression and shearing.

HOW ROPES ARE MADE – CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS

The three basic materials used in rope making are the use of spun or extruded monofilament, twisted multifilament, and braided multifilament. Tapes are produced by a combination of braiding, weaving or by extrusion as a ribbon. The long fibres of the base material lend themselves to spinning or weaving processes that can produce longer yarns, strands and ropes.

Because not all fibres have the same length, however, it is necessary to use different spinning, twisting and weaving techniques to produce the desired length, springiness, tensile strength, abrasion resistance, flexibility and ability to accept knots.

Despite the use of so many man-made fibres, some ropes are still made from natural fibres. Natural fibres have a better ‘feel’ or ‘hand’ when used for lines aboard ships, for use in the garden or for restraining horses and other large animals. Combinations of the three techniques are used to make a wider variety of lines today than was ever possible in the past.

THREE-STRAND LINE

Monofilament line is produced from molten material that hardens on cooling. The material is squeezed through a spinneret to produce a fine, thread-like line commonly used in specialized applications such as fishing and open-heart surgery. Product consistency is maintained by ensuring that the original temperature remains within fine limits, while not burning the product with high-speed production methods. Because the resulting monofilament is stiff, it requires the use of cold crimping through rollers to produce a more flexible line.

BRAIDED-COVER TWISTED-CORE LINE

The manufacture of rope in the mid-18th century was a laborious process, as depicted in this engraving dated approximately 1760.

Twisted or laid multifilament line uses the process of twisting large numbers of the original fine fibres in parallel into a series of yarns. The yarns are twisted together in the opposing direction to form strands. The resulting strands are then twisted in the opposing direction again to form line. The resulting twisted line is formed either as Z-twist (right laid) or as S-twist (left laid) for use in the appropriate location. When twisting the original fibres together in this fashion, they form strong bonds between the original fibres. The developed twist and countertwist together help to prevent the ‘unlaying’ or ‘unravelling’ of a line.

Multifilament line is produced by combining several dozen strands of very thin monofilaments into a thicker thread that is then used as the basis for weaving a new line. Braided multifilament line is produced by taking several yarns of parallel multi-fibres and then weaving them into a homogeneous line using a ‘maypole’ over-and-under construction.

Plain-braid, braid-on-braid or braid-on-laid and braid-on-parallel constructions are the four principal methods used for constructing special-purpose ropes. Plain- or single-braided line is made by forming a tube of maypole construction without a core. Braided line is typically made with comparatively few yarns (8-, 12-, or 16-strand line) plaited together to form a continuous tubular form of line. Braid-on-braid is formed by making a tube of braided cover or sheath material over a core of simply braided yarns. Braid-on-laid is made by using a tube of braided line to cover a laid (twisted-line) core. Parallel-fibre construction uses a tube of braided line to cover a core of parallel-fibre yarns parcelled with light paper or tape.

The materials used in construction of lines are almost as varied as the lines themselves. Natural and man-made fibres form the basis of all line materials.

Some of the more popular sources of natural fibre include silk (from silkworms, Bombyx mori), cotton (from the cotton plant Gossypium hirsutum), sisal and henequen (from the Agave sisalana and the Agave fourcroydes plants), manila (from Musa textilis), coir (from Cocos nucifera), hemp (from Cannabis sativa), linen (from Linum usitatissimum), as well as jute and seagrass. However, natural fibres are gradually giving way to man-made materials of a more consistent quality.

A rope-twisting machine used in World War I and during the Great Depression in Iowa, USA, to make ropes from twine and lightning conductors from wire for agricultural use.

All man-made fibre ropes comprise either plastics or metals. The plastics include four basic polymers – polyamide (PA-6 or nylon), polyester (Terylene or Dacron), polyethylene (polythene), and polyolefins (polypropylene). Other plastics are formed from the basic polymers, such as Kevlar (from aramids), Polysteel (from copolymers of polystyrene and polypropylene), low-creep Vectran (from liquid crystal polymer), Spectra (from ultra-high molecular-weight polyethylene), and Technora (another aramid but with improved fatigue life).

The drawn metals, such as iron, steel, stainless steel, copper, bronze and aluminium, also have different applications for ropes. Most metal ropes cannot be knotted because they are stiff. However, we include them here because all can be spliced or joined by cable connectors.

CARING FOR ROPE AND CORDAGE

Like most tools, each type of rope and cordage (the line and rigging of a vessel) requires specific maintenance, storage and care. You can usually obtain this information from the original manufacturer for specific applications. Generally, however, ropes and cordage will last much longer if these few simple techniques are incorporated into their maintenance programme:

Keep dirt away from and out of the line. Dirt particles will wear away your line from the inside and create a hidden danger for lines that are highly or dynamically loaded.

Whip the ends of your lines before washing to prevent them from fraying and forming an unsightly cow’s tail. This means making tightly made turns around the ends (see pp176–181).