The Tacitus Encyclopedia E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
- Sprache: Englisch
The most comprehensive reference work on Tacitus published in English The Tacitus Encyclopedia is the only complete reference of its kind in the field of Tacitean studies. Spanning two volumes, this unprecedented resource contains more than 1,000 entries covering every person and place named in all extant works of Roman historian and politician Tacitus (c. 56-120 CE). Written by an international collaboration of diverse contributors, the entries contextualize individuals and places named in Tacitus and show their relationship to the larger Tacitean corpus. Alphabetized and cross-referenced entries contain general descriptions and background information of items as they appear in the texts, citations to ancient sources and relevant scholarship, and suggested readings. Designed to be a starting point for further research, the Encyclopedia also includes 165 key concepts topics related to the study of Tacitus, including ancient historiography, history, social history, gender and sexuality, literary criticism, ancient authors, reception, and material culture. Providing readers with an expansive view of the contents of Tacitus, this invaluable reference: * Covers approximately 1,000 individuals and 400 regions, cities, towns, and geographical and topological features * Provides readers of all levels with an accessible entry point to Tacitus's Annals, Histories, Agricola, Germania, and Dialogue on Orators * Explores a broad range of topics such as gender, slavery, literary history, and the reigns of individual emperors * Treats the scholarship and reception of Tacitus from antiquity to the present * Discusses scholarly trends, current methodology, and future directions of Tacitean studies Available in print and online, The Tacitus Encyclopedia is a must-have resource for students and academics in the fields of history, historiography, classics, art history, social sciences, European intellectual history, archaeology, and Roman studies.
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The Tacitus Encyclopedia
Edited by
Victoria Emma Pagán University of Florida Gainesville, Florida
Volume I
This edition first published 2023
© 2023 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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CONTENTS
Volume 1
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Preface
Reader Guide
Notes on Contributors
Abbreviations
The Tacitus Encyclopedia (Entries A–I)
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Volume 2
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Reader Guide
Notes on Contributors
The Tacitus Encyclopedia (Entries J–Z)
L
M
N
0
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
w
X
Z
Map
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
CHAPTER 19
Table T.1 Articles mentioning...
Table T.2 Hits for Tacitus...
List of Illustrations
CHAPTER 01
Figure A.1 Bronze sestertius from...
Figure A.2 Marble relief from...
Figure A.3 Marble relief from...
Figure A.4 Modern Antakya, Turkey...
CHAPTER 02
Figure B.1 “Boadicea and...
CHAPTER 06
Figure F.1 “Some Flavian...
CHAPTER 07
Figure G.1 Draped woman in...
Figure G.2 Gold aureus with...
CHAPTER 10
Figure J.1 Platform for temple...
Figure J.2 Platform for temple...
Figure J.3 The Western or...
CHAPTER 11
Figure L.1 Statue of Livia...
Figure L.2 Grand Camé...
Figure L.3 Dupondius of Tiberius...
CHAPTER 12
Figure M.1 Gemma Claudia with...
Figure M.2 Sardonyx Cameo with...
Figure M.3 Livia Iulia and...
CHAPTER 13
Figure N.1 Portrait head of...
Figure N.2 Silver denarius of...
CHAPTER 17
Figure R.1 Nicolas Poussin, Death...
Figure R.2 Benjamin West, Agrippina...
Figure R.3 Thomas Thornycroft, Boudicca...
Figure R.4 Jacques-Louis David...
Figure R.5 Ernst Von Bandel...
Figure R.6 Angelika Kauffman, Thusnelda...
Figure R.7 William Brassey Hole...
Guide
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Table of Contents
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Preface
Reader Guide
Notes on Contributors
Abbreviations
JULIO-CLAUDIAN FAMILY TREE
Begin Reading
Map
Index
End User License Agreement
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
When approached to contribute to the Tacitus Encyclopedia in early 2018, one scholar declined with candor and brevity to rival Tacitus, and an afterthought: “I do hope it doesn’t give you too much aggravation, though I guess it’s bound to.” That statement could not have been more wrong. Any aggravation has been more than offset by the camaraderie of this international team of scholars and students whose hard work, dedication, kind words, patience, encouragement, expertise, and generosity have made the entire project an absolute joy. Each contributor is a hero. Many of them stepped up to compose entries that had been orphaned for any number of reasons, especially once the Covid pandemic took hold—just as we were nearing the finish line—and reduced our workforces, doubled our teaching workloads, and changed the landscape of our work life such that several contributors were forced to leave the project because of additional obligations both personal and professional. Every contributor brought a positive attitude and a commitment to the team. It has been an honor and a privilege to lead them and to learn from them. Together they have created far more than a reference work; they have created a vibrant community of scholars working toward a common purpose. Such an experience does not have to be rare in academia, if only we open ourselves to the possibilities that we find in each other. Thank you, contributors, for entrusting me with your work, for lending yourselves to the enterprise, and for providing an example for others to follow.
In addition to the contributors, several scholars provided guidance, expertise, advice, suggestions, and help along the way. I thank Evelyn Adkins, Rhiannon Ash, Christopher Baron, Isaac Bennett-Smith, Susanna Braund, Jeffrey Buller, Cecilia Criado, Margalit Finkelberg, Erich Gruen, Noah Harris, David Jackson, Christina Kraus, Ana Lóio, Simon Malloch, Carole Newlands, Simon Perris, James Rives, Richard Thomas, Constance Shehan, and the anonymous referees who provided invaluable feedback on the original proposal and the headword list. I owe a special debt to Alberto De Simoni for his fine translations into English from Italian, German, French, and Spanish. My colleague Andrew Nichols was the first to accept an invitation to contribute. My former colleague Biagio Santorelli deserves special mention for being the very first to volunteer and for marshalling a host of Italian contributors. Momentum for the project was maintained by workshops graciously hosted by James McNamara at Victoria University Wellington in August 2018 and by Biagio Santorelli at the University of Genoa in November 2019. One more colloquium was planned for the annual meeting of the Classical Association of the Middle West and South in March 2020 but was cancelled due to the outbreak of the pandemic in the United States.
At Wiley-Blackwell Press, I am grateful to Haze Humbert for seeing me through the Companion to Tacitus and for extending the initial invitation to edit the encyclopedia in 2009. I also wish to thank the many people at the press who have helped along the way. Will Croft always gave prompt attention to detail, and Andrew Minton was very clever at motivating me to finish. To the entire production team, thank you.
The University of Florida has provided more than a decade of support. In 2012, I was granted a Faculty Enhancement Opportunity for the initial development of the headword list. The Office of Research bestowed a Research Foundation Professorship for 2014 to 2016. The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences awarded a Humanities Enhancement Grant in the summer of 2017 and a sabbatical for the calendar year 2018. I was also supported by a term professorship from 2017 to 2020. The Department of Classics, the Rothman Endowment in Classics, and the Center for Greek Studies always gladly subsidized the project.
Yet such generous professional and financial support would have gone wasted without the constant care of friends and family. I wish to thank Angela De Simone, Megan Lyons, Judith Page, and Rose Pruitt who shared their unique talents that directly affected the timely completion of the encyclopedia. Once more I thank the extended, now multigenerational, families of Pagáns and Wolperts who have remained by my side from the beginning. Closest of all, I thank my husband, Andrew Wolpert; our daughter Ellie, whose high school graduation provided a sufficiently imperative deadline; and our son Abraham, whose college graduation is a coincident cause for celebration.
PREFACE
The Tacitus Encyclopedia provides a point of entry for further research for every person or place named in Tacitus, or for topics related to the study of Tacitus. To achieve this aim, the encyclopedia is built on two principles. The first is that it should contain every person or place occurring in the works of Tacitus. This principle of general inclusion meets with three challenges. First, Tacitus names approximately 1,000 individuals and about 300 of these are known only from his works. Second, because he was writing during the reign of Trajan when the Roman Empire was at its height and stretched from Britain to Babylon, his works are filled with the names of approximately 400 regions, cities, towns, and geographical and topological features. Third, because Roman historiography incorporated historical exempla, Tacitus was free to call upon persons and events from the past. Thus, in addition to the events and people whose history he records within the temporal parameters of his writings (e.g., Tiberius, Agrippina the Younger, Agricola), he is also at liberty to refer to ancient Greeks such as Homer and Solon, legendary Romans such as Romulus and Evander, and major figures from the Republic such as Scipio and Sulla.
The principle of general inclusion is easier in theory than in practice. It is impossible to promise that the encyclopedia will contain everything ever mentioned in or concerning Tacitus. Such an objective could never be fully achieved; comprehensive coverage is unrealistic. It may also be objected that some persons or topics that are not mentioned by Tacitus ought to be included because of their importance to Roman imperial history or literature. For example, although Titus Labienus was an important figure of the Late Republic, whose presence is felt at Annals 4.34, he is not included because Tacitus does not mention him by name. Scope is limited in the interest of focus, and Tacitus’ own omissions are as instructive as his inclusions. The reader who looks for Titus Labienus and is disappointed in fact discovers such items are conspicuous by their absence (a phenomenon first recognized by Tacitus at Annals 3.76.2). Finally, general inclusion does not mean comprehensive analysis. Entries are starting points for further inquiry, designed to set the reader on a path toward more in-depth research. Any reference work is bound by such disclaimers. However, it is hoped that these volumes will give a clearer picture of the contents of Tacitus through a text-based historical treatment than has been achieved by previous reference works.
The second principle is that the entries are treated in the context of the works of Tacitus. This principle sets the encyclopedia apart from the Onomasticon Taciteum by Philippus Fabia (Paris: Fontemoing, 1900) which contains only proper names mentioned in Tacitus without any context or bibliography, and from the fourth edition of the Oxford Classical Dictionary edited by Simon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth, and Esther Eidinow (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012) which selectively covers the entire classical world in one volume and thus does not contain all the persons or places mentioned by Tacitus. Although the eighty volumes of the monumental Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft have been updated and revised by Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, Christine Salazar, and David Orton, eds., as Brill’s New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World (Leiden: Brill, 2002–2010), again the scope is so broad that even if a minor figure from Tacitus is included, it is not situated within the broader Tacitean corpus. Thus, the Tacitus Encyclopedia is neither prosopography nor atlas nor dictionary; rather, the entries are intended to show the relationship of persons, places, and topics across the works of Tacitus.
The principle of historical context is the chief strategy for achieving general inclusion. To include every person or place named in Tacitus, I consolidated several entries into larger topics, using a system of “blind entries.” For example, the entry “Rome, topography” includes eight places in the city that Tacitus mentions only in passing (Janiculum, Mulvian Bridge, Palatine, Pomerium, Querquetulanum, Tarpeian Rock, Vatican Valley, Velabrum). The reader can find adequate explanations for the individual places in the Oxford Classical Dictionary. The entry here considers Tacitus’ depiction of the city and puts these landmarks in their Tacitean contexts. Another good example is the Earthquake of 17 CE that affected several cities that are mentioned only in Annals 2.47; the reader looking for Tmolus, Myrina, Mostene, or Temnos will be directed to the entry, “Earthquake of 17 CE.” Several proper names of persons or places are mentioned only in Claudius’ speech on the citizenship of Gauls in Annals 11.24, so these were grouped under the entry for the “Tabula Lugdunensis.” There are a total of 1,892 entries; of these, 846 are blind entries that redirect readers to one of the other 1,046 full entries. The consolidation of incidental items, best treated elsewhere, allows for fuller treatment of topics and persons that have proven important to the study of Tacitus. Through this process of consolidation and blind entries, the encyclopedia comes as close as possible to including every proper name and place, either as its own entry or as part of a larger entry.
In addition to headwords gleaned from the Tacitean corpus, the encyclopedia also includes 165 key concepts in ancient historiography (e.g., bias, digression, speeches), history (e.g., army, provinces, civil wars of the Late Republic), social history (e.g., economy, slaves, torture), gender and sexuality (e.g., women, marriage, adultery), literary criticism (e.g., intertextuality, ideology, metahistory), ancient authors (e.g., Suetonius, Cassius Dio, Plutarch), and material culture (e.g., statues, major inscriptions, numismatics). These reflect traditional topics pertinent to ancient historiography and are complemented by entries on emerging trends in scholarship (e.g., disability, emotions, medicine).
The encyclopedia includes fewer entries on reception. There are only eleven organized either by historical era or by artistic medium, in stark opposition to the Virgil Encyclopedia with at least one hundred that treat separate historical periods, geographic regions, and individual artists, writers, or musicians. While there are several companions to the receptions of Vergil, Ovid, Cicero, Aristophanes, Euripides, and Sophocles to name but a few, published by Brill, Oxford, Cambridge, and even Wiley-Blackwell, Tacitean scholars have yet to convene and publish findings on the reception of Tacitus under one cover. It is my hope that this encyclopedia will inspire future research on the reception of Tacitus.
Encyclopedias can easily be perceived as outdated hegemonic devices. Nowhere was this more painfully obvious than in the gleaning of headwords from the Germania. Indeed, the identification of Germani is not self-evident, and most of the tribes mentioned in the treatise defy literary or archaeological documentation. Since the turn of the century, many scholars have applied postcolonial theory and criticism not just to the ancient texts but to the reception of classical texts in later colonial and postcolonial worlds. Such modes of analysis have moved us beyond the simplicities of labeling tribes toward a greater understanding of the discursive frameworks that underpin Roman hegemony.
An encyclopedia would seem to unravel all that work, almost purposefully. The practice of selecting headwords, even under the principle of general inclusion, depends on a static identification of a person, place, or concept. An encyclopedia does not admit ambiguity. For example, a Messalinus is mentioned at Annals 3.18.3; his full name is Valerius Messala Messalinus. Is he the consul of 3 BCE, mentioned at 1.8.4 as Messala Valerius, or the consul of 20 CE, mentioned at 3.2.3, as M. Valerius? Tacitus mentions the Hercynia silua at Germania 28.2, but there is no consensus about the location of the place, or even its physical features; we can only agree that it is not to be confused with the Hyrcanian Forest near the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. At the most basic level, contributors have been tasked with identification and description. Although we have resisted prescription, nevertheless the collective result endorses a certain idea of the past.
Yet, while the reader holds two volumes, the contributors and editor have experienced a long process of negotiation and exploration that has resulted in meaningful knowledge. This process has led me to believe that, as important as it is to write books for an audience, sometimes there is much to be gained in the writing of books for the authors themselves. Collaboration is common in the sciences, but rare in the humanities, which is unfortunate, because collaboration is a powerful way to unsettle assumptions and see things from multiple perspectives. If the final product is less satisfying to the reader than the collaborative process has been to the contributors, blame should be assigned to the editor alone.
A word, then, about the assembly of contributors. In recruiting scholars, I was reminded of the story of the making of the Oxford English Dictionary. From its beginning, the OED was a crowd-sourced project. Editors issued in various publications calls for volunteers who agreed to read a set of books from which they identified quotations that would illustrate the meaning or use of a particular word. They sent the quotations on slips of paper that formed the basis of the definitions. On this example then, I constructed a website and asked the Society for Classical Studies, the Classical Association of the Middle West and South, and the Classical Association of Canada to circulate a “Call for Contributors.” By the end of the first day, I had received six responses; the next morning there were six more. I received queries from Romania, Turkey, Sweden, and Spain, which yielded specialists in Roman Dacia, Armenia, and Parthia. Furthermore, volunteers would also recommend scholars, and so the network grew quickly. The call for contributors has introduced me to many rising scholars and advanced graduate students writing dissertations, with access to the most recent developments on a given topic. So, although some scholars declined to participate, the resulting community of scholars is unprecedented for its diversity.
In the end, 179 contributors are included here, from six continents and twenty-nine countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Scotland, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and twenty-six of the fifty United States. In addition to faculty members at all ranks, contributors include high school teachers and independent scholars and range in age from advanced undergraduates to emeriti professors; among the more senior is Barbara Levick. Many scholars with specialized areas of expertise wrote just one entry, for example, “imagines” by Harriet Flower; “reception, opera” by Robert Ketterer; “Livy” by Stephen Oakley; “Roman roads” by Jared Hudson. Leonardo Gregoratti composed the most entries, forty-nine, followed closely by Steve Rutledge with forty-one. The Tacitus Encyclopedia is no doubt a product of its time and bears all the marks of the early millennium. I anticipate that readers may be interested as much in the democratic approach to research that produced such a diverse roster of contributors as in the content itself.
READER GUIDE
In each entry, the reader may find information about the headword as it relates to Tacitus; for example, the entry on “Vergil” describes the relationship between Vergil and Tacitus without delving into specifics about the poet. Entries do not provide original scholarship; rather they provide the reader with enough background information to comprehend the entry in the context of Tacitus’ writings and to pursue the topic further on their own.
Headwords are ordered in letter-by-letter alphabetical order. Multiword headwords are ordered according to first word then by the second word in letter-by-letter alphabetical order (e.g., Cornelius Aquinus, Cornelius Balbus, Cornelius Cethegus). Homonyms are ordered chronologically and indicated by an Arabic numeral in parentheses (see nomenclature below).
Anatomy of an Entry
Entries on persons in Tacitus (the bulk of entries) begin, when possible, with birth and death dates, or a sentence that situates the person temporally, followed by a one- or two-sentence description of the significance and importance of the person. Following the principle of historical methodology, entries then provide biographical information in chronological order.
When possible, entries on places identify the modern name of the place and refer the reader to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World.
Entries on topics begin with an overview followed by greater detail as it relates to Tacitus. Contributors provide intellectual and social context; changes over time in the topic and its treatment; current emphases in research and methodology; and future directions for research.
Within entries, cross-references are indicated in small capital letters that refer the reader to other entries in the encyclopedia.
Entries are followed by four possible headings:
See also
refers to other entries that will complement the topic but are not mentioned specifically in the entry.
Reference works
may provide references to major concordances, atlases, and lexica for matters prosopographical, geographical, or epigraphic.
References
are those items explicitly cited in an entry. Entries contain relatively few references. Only the most important works are explicitly cited and listed with full publication details.
Further Reading
provides suggestions for books and articles that are not mentioned in entries but serve as additional resources on the topic with full publication details.
Blind Entries
Following the principle of general inclusion, the encyclopedia contains 846 blind entries, which are alphabetized with the regular entries and direct readers to another entry where the topic is discussed comprehensively, or where the item is put into context. For example, the reader who searches for Egnatia Maximilla will be directed to “Pisonian Conspiracy, victims,” where fourteen persons who are not named elsewhere in Tacitus or other extant sources are discussed in historical context. Many of the blind entries are persons not attested elsewhere in extant literature or attested by Tacitus only once. Within entries, blind entries are indicated in bold face.
Conventions
In adopting conventions for the encyclopedia, broad accessibility and preference for forms familiar to the general reader are expected to compensate for departures from strict consistency.
Latinized forms of Ancient Greek names, as employed by the Oxford Classical Dictionary are preferred, e.g., Aeschylus. Names which are well-known enough to have achieved a standard English form are preferred, e.g., Homer.
Anglicized forms of Latin names, as employed by the Oxford Classical Dictionary are preferred, e.g., Livy. Names which are well known enough to have achieved a standard English form are preferred, e.g., Mark Antony. Emperors (e.g., Caligula, Domitian, Trajan) and classical authors (e.g., Lucan, Plutarch) are listed by their English names. Most places are listed according to Latin name, with few exceptions of places whose English names are more familiar (e.g., Jerusalem). Otherwise, we have used Latin spellings.
The following editions of Tacitus have been preferred: S. Borszák, ed. Ab excessu divi Augusti libri I-VI (Leipzig: Teubner, 1992); K. Wellesley, ed. Ab excessu divi Augusti libri XI-XVI (Leipzig: Teubner, 1986); E. Koestermann, ed. Historiarum libri (Leipzig: Teubner, 1957); M. Winterbottom and R. M. Ogilvie, eds. Opera minora (Oxford: Clarendon, 1975).
No single translation of the works of Tacitus is consulted uniformly.
Nomenclature
Tacitus does not observe consistent nomenclature. For example, he does not give the full name Gaius Asinius Gallus, since praenomina (e.g., Gaius, Lucius, Marcus) were falling out of fashion by his time. The name Asinius Gallus appears three times in Book 1 of the Annals (1.12.2, 1.76.1, and 1.77.3); however, earlier in the same book Tacitus twice inverts the names: Gallus Asinius (1.8.3 and 1.13.2). Therefore, we cannot rely on Tacitus to give the full form of a person’s name or its correct order at the first mention. Sometimes the inversion or shortening appears in the text prior to the full name, if the full name appears at all.
Therefore, it is the convention of this encyclopedia to list a person by nomen, then cognomen, e.g., Pedanius Secundus. The exceptions are persons most commonly referred to by cognomina, e.g., Agricola, Agrippa, Cicero, Maecenas. The only persons referred to by praenomina are Gaius Caesar and Lucius Caesar (sons of Agrippa), or persons whom Tacitus names only by praenomen and who are otherwise unknown.
Three strategies are employed to mitigate the difficulties posed by the high incidence of homonymy. First, when possible, we use the English suffixes “the Elder” or “the Younger.” Second, when possible, we include the praenomen to distinguish individuals, e.g., Iunius Brutus, Lucius versus Iunius Brutus, Marcus. However, when all three names are the same (e.g., Aemilius Lepidus, Marcus), we have assigned an Arabic numeral in parentheses, with (1) being the oldest person with the same name; these Arabic numerals are unique to the Tacitus Encyclopedia. Even with these strategies, disambiguation of homonyms requires the reader to consult the birth and death dates, magistracies (with dates when possible), citations to Tacitus, and the reference (in the form A 000) to the second edition of the Prosopographia Imperii Romani.
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
Colin Adams is Professor of Ancient History at the University of Liverpool, UK. His research interests are Greco-Roman Egypt, the ancient economy, ancient transport, travel, and geographical knowledge, on which he has published widely.
Sara Agnelli received a PhD in Classics from the University of Florida, with a dissertation on ancient medicine. She is Assistant Director for Graduate Engagement at the University of Florida Center for the Humanities and Public Sphere.
Nathanael Andrade is a Professor in the Department of History at Binghamton University, SUNY. He has authored many publications on the Roman Near East and the Roman Empire’s connections with the societies of Asia. These include Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World (Cambridge: University Press, 2013), The Journey of Christianity to India in Late Antiquity: Networks and the Movement of Culture (Cambridge University Press, 2018), and Zenobia: Shooting Star of Palmyra (Oxford University Press, 2018).
Theodore Antoniadis is an Assistant Professor of Latin at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. He has written various articles in peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings on Senecan tragedy and Flavian epic, while his current research focuses primarily on the Punica of Silius Italicus.
Konstantinos Arampapaslis holds a PhD in Classical Philology from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His work focuses on the depiction of magic and witchcraft in the literature of the Neronian period, and especially its connections with the religious life of the first century CE. His research interests include the topic of marginality in the setting of the Roman Empire as well as the stereotypes and prejudice in Neronian and Flavian literature.
Sergio Audano is the Coordinator of the «Centro di Studi sulla Fortuna dell’Antico ‘Emanuele Narducci’»—Sestri Levante. Qualified as Full Professor of Latin Literature, he recently published an annotated edition of Agricola and Germania.
Leanne Bablitz is Professor of Roman History in the Department of Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Studies at the University of British Columbia. She received her PhD from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2003. She is the author of Actors and Audience in the Roman Courtroom (2007) and several articles that examine the interaction of legal practice and physical space. Her current research projects explore various aspects of the lived experience of the law within Roman Italy.
Neil Barney (MA, University of Victoria) examines declamation as a venue for self-presentation and communal speech.
George Baroud is Assistant Professor in the Department of Writing, Literature and Publishing at Emerson College. His primary areas of interest are Greek and Roman rhetoric and historiography (especially Tacitus); the philosophy of history; and Classical reception in the Arabic and Islamic worlds. His monograph project, tentatively titled Tacitus’ Annals and the Aesthetics of History, is in preparation; he has published on friendship in Valerius Maximus; migration in the Roman empire; and on various aspects of Tacitus.
Salvador Bartera is Assistant Professor of Classics at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. His main research interests focus on Roman historiography, particularly Tacitus, and its interactions with epic poetry. He is also interested in the reception of the Classics in the Renaissance. His main publications include articles on Tacitus, the neo-Latin Jesuit poet Stefonio, the history of the commentary tradition of Tacitus, and the concept of fides in Tacitus’ Histories. He is currently working on a commentary on Annals 16, and is co-editor, with Kelly E. Shannon-Henderson, of the Oxford Critical Guide to Tacitus.
Carson Bay (PhD—Florida State University, 2018) is a Postdoctoral Researcher in the Institut für Judaistik at Universität Bern in Bern, Switzerland.
Trudy Harrington Becker† (1961–2022) was Senior Instructor in History and Classical Studies at Virginia Tech.
Martin Beckmann is Associate Professor in the Department of Classics at McMaster University (Hamilton, Canada).
Luca Beltramini is a Researcher in Latin Literature at the University of Padua. His research focuses on Livy and Roman historiography. His works include a commentary on Livy’s Book 26 (Pisa 2020) and a forthcoming monograph on the conflict of generations in Livy.
Herbert W. Benario† (1929–2022) was Professor Emeritus of Classics at Emory University.
Yasmina Benferhat has studied Classics at the University Paris-Sorbonne. She is Assistant Professor at the University of Lorraine and does research on political life and also on water culture in ancient Rome. her newest publication is L’eau et le plaisant. Usages et représentations de l’eau dans l’œuvre de Pline le Jeune (Bruxelles, 2019). She has written two books on Tacitus: Du bon usage de la douceur en politique dans l’œuvre de Tacite (Paris, 2011) and L’eau et le mouvant. Usages et représentations de l’eau dans l’œuvre de Tacite (Bruxelles, 2017).
Shreyaa Bhatt is Lecturer in Philosophy at Newcastle University. Her current areas of research include ancient and early modern political thought and the work of Michel Foucault. Her work on Tacitus has appeared in Helios, Arethusa, and Foucault Studies.
Kristin Bocchine is a doctoral candidate at the University of North Texas where she studies Greek and Roman knowledge of Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire. Her research interests include the study of Second Temple and early Rabbinic Judaism, early Christianity, and ethnic identity in the Roman Empire.
Joshua Seo Breckenridge is a MA candidate for Classical Studies and holds a BA in Classics and Economics, both from Case Western Reserve University. He is currently serving as a 2021–22 AmeriCorps member with City Year Cleveland. His research interests include the intersections of quantitative analyses and Classical Studies and the ancient economy, commerce, and trade networks. He has presented his undergraduate thesis titled “The Role of the Roman Government within the Grain Market during the Beginning of the Roman Empire” at the 2021 CAMWS Annual Meeting.
Thomas Brodey is a student at Amherst College (class of 2022) and a recipient of the Schupf Scholarship.
Nicoletta Bruno completed her PhD in Classics at Università degli Studi di Bari. She is currently Teaching Fellow at Università degli Studi di Bari. She was Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin at Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (BAdW) and Fritz Thyssen Stiftung Postdoctoral Fellow at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. Her main research interests are Latin epic poetry, ancient historiography, Latin lexicography, reception of classics, history of classical scholarship.
Marshall C. Buchanan is a PhD candidate in classics at the University of Michigan. His dissertation is about the narrative of decline in Roman historiography and its appearance in Tacitus.
Claudio Buongiovanni is Full Professor of Latin Language and Literature at the University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli.” His main fields of research are Latin historiography (especially Sallust and Tacitus); Latin epigram (especially Martial); Latin political vocabulary between Republican and Imperial Age; ancient and modern reception of Latin authors. In 2005 he published the monograph Sei studi su Tacito, in 2012 a philological commentary on the Epigrammata longa in Martial’s tenth book; he also published several articles on Tacitus, Martial, as well as on authors or topics mainly related to the Latin literature of the Late Republic and the Imperial Age.
Alberto Cafaro is Adjunct Professor of Roman History at the University of Siena and Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of Pisa. His research interests include Roman politics and institutions during the Late Republic and Early Empire, social and economic history of Roman Italy, ancient prosopography, and Latin epigraphy. He took part in archaeological excavations in Italy and Turkey. He is author of Governare l’impero: la praefectura fabrum fra legami personali e azione politica, Historia—Einzelschriften 262 (2021). He has published in Ancient Society and Studi Classici e Orientali. He is a contributor to the prosopographical database Amici Populi Romani, and a member of the Vada Volaterrana Harbour Project (University of Pisa) and the Misis Höyuk Excavation Project (CNR-ISMA—Roma).
Lauren Caldwell is Lecturer in Classics at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Her research is on social history, medicine, and law in the Roman Empire. She has published Roman Girlhood and the Fashioning of Femininity (Cambridge, 2015) and “From Household to Workshop: Women, Weaving, and the Peculium” in Women’s Lives, Women’s Voices: Roman Material Culture and Female Agency in the Bay of Naples (University of Texas 2021).
Hamish Cameron is a Lecturer in Classics at Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand. His work focuses on mobility, geography, cyberpunk, classical reception in games, and the Roman Near East. His recent book, Making Mesopotamia (2019), examines the representation of Northern Mesopotamia as a borderland in Roman geographic writing of the first four centuries CE.
Robert Campbell is a postgraduate researcher. He is contracting with various scholars for copyright and index creation. His current affiliation is with the University of Nebraska at Omaha. The current areas of research are Minoan archaeology, Late Bronze Age history, Minoan religious iconography, and Cretan philology. Currently, he is a Media Editor for the Ancient History Encyclopaedia and is a reviewer for multiple publishing companies.
Jacqueline M. Carlon is Emerita Professor, Classics, at the University of Massachusetts, Boston. Her research interests include Roman elite identity in the early principate and epistolography. She is the author of a commentary: Selected Letters from Pliny the Younger’s Epistulae (Oxford, 2016), and a monograph: Pliny’s Women: Constructing Virtue and Creating Identity in the Roman World (Cambridge, 2009).
C. Cengiz Çevik, PhD, is from the Department of Latin Language and Literature at Istanbul University (2018). The subject of his doctoral thesis is “Relation of Politics and Philosophy in Roman Republic.” He gave Latin Lectures in Yeditepe University and Doga College (2010–2017). He is the author of “Cicero’nun Devleti” (Cicero’s State) and “Roma’da Siyaset ve Felsefe” (Philosophy and Politics at Rome). He translated some Latin works to Turkish such as Cicero’s De Re Publica, De Legibus, De Officiis, De Fato, De Senectute, De Amicitia, De Finibus, Seneca’s Naturales Quaestiones, De Constantia Sapientis. His current area of research is political philosophy of the Greek and Roman periods.
Stephen Chappell, PhD, is retired Associate Professor Emeritus of Ancient History with a longstanding interest in Roman historiography and provincial history.
Emery Cholwell is a student at Amherst College (class of 2021), majoring in Classics and Psychology.
Panayiotis Christoforou is a Stipendiary Lecturer in Ancient History at University College and St. John’s College, University of Oxford. His main research interests lie in Roman history, particularly the political culture of the Roman empire and popular discourses of the Roman empire. His most recent publication is “‘An Indication of Truly Imperial Manners’: The Roman emperor in Philo’s Legatio ad Gaium” Historia 70 (2021).
Jo-Marie Claassen (D.Litt., Stellenbosch) retired from teaching at that university in 2001. She is best known for her work on exile (particularly the banishment of Ovid, but also Cicero, Seneca, Dio Chrysostom, and Boethius). Her monograph, Displaced Persons: The Literature of Exile from Cicero to Boethius, appeared in 1999, and a collection of articles, Ovid Revisited: the Poet in Exile, in 2008. Most of her recent work is on Ovid, but she has also published on the consolatory tradition, on a variety of African figures, on Afrikaans literature and the Classics, and on Latin teaching methods, including computer-aided instruction.
Lucie Claire is an Assistant Professor at the University of Picardie Jules Verne (Amiens, France), where she teaches Latin language and literature. She devoted her doctoral dissertation to the humanistic editions and commentaries of the Annales of Tacitus and more particularly to the work of Marc-Antoine Muret on the Latin historian. Her research focuses on the issues and commentaries of Latin historians in the Renaissance, the genre of commentary, and the philological writings of Marc-Antoine Muret.
Timothy Clark is a Humanities Teaching Fellow in the Department of Classics and the College at the University of Chicago. He completed his doctorate in Classics at the University of Chicago in June 2020, writing a dissertation on Roman representations of Parthia and Armenia. His research interests center around the articulation and negotiation of political power and cultural identity between Rome and the peoples, cultures, and polities on its eastern frontier.
Isabelle Cogitore is Professor of Latin Language and Literature at the Université Grenoble Alpes (France) and Director of UMR 5316 Litt&Arts. Published works: La légitimité dynastique, d’Auguste à Néron, à l’épreuve des conspirations, BEFAR 313, Rome-Paris, 1994; Le doux nom de liberté, Bordeaux, Ausonius 2011; edited works: Femmes influentes, dans le monde hellénistique et à Rome, IIIème siècle av. J.-C.-Ier siècle ap.J.-C., Grenoble, ELLUG, 2016.
Kathleen M. Coleman is the James Loeb Professor of the Classics at Harvard University. She specializes in Latin literature under the Flavian emperors and Trajan, and in Roman social history, especially spectacle and punishment, and she also has strong interests in epigraphy and material culture, especially mosaics. She is the author of commentaries on Statius, Silvae IV, and Martial, Liber spectaculorum, both published by Oxford University Press.
John Granger Cook, Professor at LaGrange College, has focused his research on the interaction of Christianity with Greco-Roman culture and has published monographs on the following themes: the reaction to the New Testament and the Septuagint by Greco-Roman philosophers; the attitudes of Roman political authorities from Claudius to Hadrian toward Christianity; crucifixion in the Mediterranean world; and empty tomb, resurrection, and apotheosis in their ancient context.
Anthony Corbeill, Basil L. Gildersleeve Professor of Classics at the University of Virginia, is author of Controlling Laughter: Political Humor in the Late Roman Republic (Princeton 1996), Nature Embodied: Gesture in Ancient Rome (Princeton 2004), and Sexing the World: Grammatical Gender and Biological Sex in Ancient Rome (Princeton 2015). He is currently preparing a commentary on Cicero’s De haruspicum responsis.
Juan Manuel Cortés-Copete is Professor of Ancient History at the University Pablo de Olavide, Seville (Spain). He is the author of articles and books on Aelius Aristides. He is currently working on the edition and commentary of the correspondence between the Emperor Hadrian and the Greek cities. His recent publications include: “Hadrian among the Gods” in Empire and Religion, edited by E. Muñiz, J.M. Cortés-Copete, F. Lozano, 112–136. Leiden: Brill; “Governing by Dispatching Letters: the Hadrianic Chancellery” in Political Communication in the Roman World, edited by C. Rosillo, 107–136. Leiden: Brill; and “Koinoi nomoi: Hadrian and the Harmonization of Local Laws” in The Impact of Justice on the Roman Empire, edited by O. Hekster and K. Verboven, 105–121. Leiden: Brill.
Eleanor Cowan is Lecturer in Ancient History in the Department of Classics and Ancient History at the University of Sydney. Her core areas of research are the historian Velleius Paterculus as well as the language and ideas of the late republic and early principate and Roman ideas about the rule of law. Recent publications include E. Cowan (2019) “Hopes and Aspirations: Res Publica, Leges et Iura, and Alternatives at Rome” in The Alternative Augustan Age edited by K. Morrell, J. Osgood, K. Welch, 27–45. New York: Oxford University Press and E. Cowan, (2016) “Contesting Clementia: The Rhetoric of Severitas in Tiberian Rome before and after the Trial of Clutorius Priscus,” Journal of Roman Studies, 106: 77–101. DOI 10.1017/S0075435816000605.
David B. Cuff, B.A. (Hons.), Memorial (1999), MPhil, Oxon. (2001), PhD, Classics, Toronto (2010), is the Director of Strategic Research and Partnerships in the Office of the Dean, Faculty of Liberal Arts & Professional Studies at York University. Dr. Cuff’s research background is in the area of Roman history, especially of the Roman auxiliary units in the first and second centuries CE. His ongoing interests include identity and cultural diversity in the Roman army and provinces (Cuff, D. “The King of the Batavians: Remarks on Tab. Vindol 3.628.” Britannia 42 (2012): 145–156).
Edward Dąbrowa, is Professor of Ancient History at the Institute of History of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. Research interests: history of Anatolia, the Near East (Syria and Judea), Mesopotamia, and Iran in the Hellenistic, Parthian and Roman periods.
Megan M. Daly is the Assistant University Librarian of Classics, Philosophy, and Religion at the University of Florida. Her research focuses on the study of Germanicus, Germania, and leaders within the works of Tacitus. She has written “Seeing the Caesar in Germanicus: Reading Tacitus’ Annals with Lucan’s Bellum Civile” and is also interested in Tacitus’ perspective on intellectual freedom.
Aske Damtoft Poulsen studied classics at Oslo University (2007–2013). He did his PhD at the University of Lund (2013–2018) with a dissertation on accounts of northern barbarians in Tacitus’ Annals. Having spent the winter of 2018 as a postdoctoral fellow at the Swedish Institute in Rome, in 2019–2021 he was a Carlsberg Foundation Internationalisation Fellow at the University of Bristol with a project on peace and power in the early Roman Principate. He is now working on a project on alternatives to autocracy in imperial historiography at Aalborg University.
Shawn Daniels received his PhD from the University of Florida in 2013 and has taught as an adjunct instructor in the Classics at Wright State University, Edison State University, and Bowling Green State University. His research interests include late antiquity and ancient crafting, and he recently published a translation of Boym’s The Medical Key to the Doctrine of the Chinese on Pulses.
Christopher J. Dart is an honorary fellow in the School of Historical and Philosophical Studies at the University of Melbourne in Australia. His research focuses on the history of the Roman Republic and early empire. He is the author of The Social War, 91 to 88BCE: A History of the Italian Insurgency against the Roman Republic (2014).
Caillan Davenport is Associate Professor of Classics and Head of the Centre for Classical Studies, The Australian National University. He is the co-editor of Fronto: Selected Letters (Bloomsbury, 2014) and author of A History of the Roman Equestrian Order (Cambridge, 2019). His research focuses on Roman politics and political culture in the Roman Republic, the Empire, and Late Antiquity.
Nicholas Dee is an instructor of Classics at Bowling Green State University. In 2016 he completed a dissertation entitled “Oaths and Greed in Tacitus’ Histories” (University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign).
Jeanine De Landtsheer† (1954–2021) earned her PhD in Classics from the KU Leuven in 1993 and became a full-time researcher in the Seminarium Philologiae Humanisticae in 1995. Her research focused on Justus Lipsius. She was editorial assistant of several international journals. She is remembered by her colleagues for her endless generosity and widely admired attention to detail.
Bedia Demiriş
