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- Herausgeber: Packt Publishing
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
- Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018
With the help of the Unity 2018 Cookbook, you’ll discover how to make the most of the UI system and understand how to animate both 2D and 3D characters and game scene objects using Unity's Mecanim animation toolsets.
Once you’ve got to grips with the basics, you will familiarize yourself with shaders and Shader Graphs, followed by understanding the animation features to enhance your skills in building fantastic games. In addition to this, you will discover AI and navigation techniques for nonplayer character control and later explore Unity 2018’s newly added features to improve your 2D and 3D game development skills. This book provides many Unity C# gameplay scripting techniques.
By the end of this book, you'll have gained comprehensive knowledge in game development with Unity 2018.
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Unity 2018 Cookbook Third Edition
Copyright © 2018 Packt Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.
Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing or its dealers and distributors, will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this book.
Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.
Contributor: Chico Queiroz Commissioning Editor: Kunal ChaudhariAcquisition Editor: Shweta PantContent Development Editor: Francis CarneiroTechnical Editor: Ralph RosarioCopy Editor: Safis EditingProject Coordinator: Alinka DiasProofreader: Safis EditingIndexer: Aishwarya GangawaneGraphics: Jason MonteiroProduction Coordinator: Shraddha Falebhai
First published: June 2013 Second edition: October 2015 Third edition: August 2018
Production reference: 1310818
Published by Packt Publishing Ltd. Livery Place 35 Livery Street Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.
ISBN 978-1-78847-190-9
www.packtpub.com
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Foreword
Not so long ago, developing professional quality games meant licensing an expensive game engine or writing your own from scratch. Then, you needed to hire a small army of developers to use it. Today, game engines like Unity have democratized game development to the point where you can simply download the tools and start making the game of your dreams right away.
Well... kinda. Having a powerful game creation tool is not the same thing as having the technical knowledge and skills to use it effectively.
I've been developing games and game tools professionally for over 15 years. When I first took the plunge into learning Unity development to create the Fungus storytelling tool, I found a huge amount of online documentation, tutorials, and forum answers available for Unity developers. This makes getting started with Unity development relatively easy, but the information can also be quite fragmented. Often, the last piece of the puzzle you need is buried 40 minutes into an hour-long tutorial video or on the 15th page of a forum thread. The hours you spend looking for these nuggets of wisdom is time that would be better spent working on your game.
The beauty of the Unity Cookbooks is that Matt and Chico have distilled this knowledge into a neat collection of easy-to-follow recipes, and they have provided the scripts and complete working projects so that you can put it to use straight away.
In this latest edition for Unity 2018, Matt has updated the recipes from the previous book and added hundreds of new pages to introduce many of the latest Unity features. These include topics such as Shader Graphs, Virtual-Reality projects, 2D and 360-degree Video Players, Cinemachine, in-game geometry building with ProBuilder, and Unity Technologies'2D and 3D GameKits.
Getting started with Unity development is free and easy. When you're ready to take your skills to the next level, this book is an effective way to do just that. It covers a great deal in its hundreds of pages, and if you can master even half of what's here, you'll be well on the way to becoming a great Unity developer!
Chris Gregan
Chief Architect, Romero Games: https://www.romerogames.ie/
Author of Fungus: http://fungusgames.com
Contributors
About the author
Matt Smithis a computing academic at what will soon become the Technological University of Dublin, Ireland.
Matt started computer programming on a brand new ZX80 and submitted two games for his computing O-level exam. After nearly 10 years as a full-time student on a succession of scholarships, he gained several degrees in computing, including a PhD in computational musicology.
In 1985, Matt wrote the lyrics and was in the band whose music appeared on the B-side of the audio cassette carrying the computer game Confusion. Matt is a documentation author for the open source Fungus Unity project.
With his children, he studies and teaches tae kwon do, and all three of them are beginning guitar lessons in 2018.
About the reviewer
Jate Wittayabundit is a Sr Unity developer at WGames based in Toronto, Canada. He loves puzzle games and animation movies. For many years, he has been working as a Sr/lead game developer for many titles, including children's games, such as Dora, Paw Petrol, and such. He was also an author of Unity 3 and 4 Game Development Hotshot, and a technical reviewer for Unity 4.x Cookbook, Packt Publishing. In his spare time, he loves to paint and work on 3D software, such as Zbrush or 3D Studio Max. He also loves painting and drawing.
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Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright and Credits
Unity 2018 Cookbook Third Edition
Dedication
Packt Upsell
Why subscribe?
Packt.com
Foreword
Contributors
About the author
About the reviewer
Packt is searching for authors like you
Preface
Who this book is for
What this book covers
To get the most out of this book
Download the example code files
Download the color images
Conventions used
Get in touch
Reviews
Displaying Data with Core UI Elements
Introduction
The big picture
Displaying a "Hello World" UI text message
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Styling substrings with Rich Text
Displaying a digital clock
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
The Unity tutorial for animating an analog clock
Displaying a digital countdown timer
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Creating a message that fades away
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Displaying a perspective 3D Text Mesh
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
We have to make this text crawl like it does in the movie
Where to learn more
Creating sophisticated text with TextMeshPro
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Rich Text substrings for colors, effects, and sprites
Displaying an image
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Working with 2D Sprites and UI Image components
See also
Creating UIs with the Fungus open source dialog system
How to do it...
How it works...
Creating a Fungus character dialog with images
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Data-driven conversations
Responding to User Events for Interactive UIs
Introduction
The big picture
Creating UI Buttons to move between scenes
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Color tint when mouse pointer is over the button
Animating button properties on mouse-over
How to do it...
How it works...
Organizing image panels and changing panel depths via buttons
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Moving up or down by just one position, using scripted methods
Displaying the value of an interactive UI Slider
How to do it...
How it works...
Displaying a countdown timer graphically with a UI Slider
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Setting custom mouse cursors for 2D and 3D GameObjects
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Setting custom mouse cursors for UI controls
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Interactive text entry with an Input Field
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Limiting the type of content that can be typed
Toggles and radio buttons via Toggle Groups
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Adding more Toggles and a Toggle Group to implement mutually-exclusive radio buttons
Creating text and image icon UI Dropdown menus
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Adding images to a Dropdown control
Displaying a radar to indicate the relative locations of objects
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
The Start() method
The Update() method
The FindAndDisplayBlipsForTag(...) method
The CalculateBlipPositionAndDrawBlip (...) method
The NormalisedPosition(...) method
The CalculateBlipPosition(...) method
The DrawBlip() method
There's more...
Adapt for object heights and opaque obstacles
Inventory UIs
Introduction
The big picture
Creating a simple 2D mini-game – SpaceGirl
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Displaying single object pickups with carrying and not-carrying text
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
The PlayerInventory script class
The PlayerInventoryDisplay script class
There's more...
Collecting multiple items and display total number carried
Alternative – combining all the responsibilities into a single script
Displaying single object pickups with carrying and not-carrying icons
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Displaying multiple pickups of the same object with multiple status icons
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Revealing icons for multiple object pickups by changing the size of a tiled image
Using panels to visually outline the inventory UI area and individual items
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Creating a C# inventory slot UI display scripted component
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Modifying the game for a second inventory panel for keys
Using UI Grid Layout Groups to automatically populate a panel
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Automatically infer number of inventory slots based on number of GameObjects tagged Star
Add a horizontal scrollbar to the inventory slot display
Automatically changing the grid cell size based on the number of slots in the inventory
Displaying multiple pickups of different objects as a list of text via a dynamic List<> of scripted PickUp objects
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...k
There's more...
Order items in the inventory list alphabetically
Displaying multiple pickups of different objects as text totals via a dynamic Dictionary<> of PickUp objects and enum pickup types
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Playing and Manipulating Sounds
Introduction
The big picture
Future audio features
Playing different one-off sound effects with a single AudioSource component
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Play a sound at a static point in 3D world space
Playing and controlling different sounds each with their own AudioSource component
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Creating just-in-time AudioSource components at runtime through C# scripting
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Adding the CreateAudioSource(...) method as an extension to the MonoBehavior class
Delaying before playing a sound
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Preventing an Audio Clip from restarting if it is already playing
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
See also
Waiting for the audio to finish playing before auto-destructing an object
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
See also
Creating a metronome through the precise scheduling of sounds with dspTime
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Creating just-in-time AudioSource GameObjects for the basic and accented beats
Creating beat sounds through data rather than AudioClips
Matching the audio pitch to the animation speed
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Changing the Animation/Sound Ratio
Accessing the function from other scripts
Allowing reverse animation (negative speeds!)
Simulating acoustic environments with Reverb Zones
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Attaching the Audio Reverb Zone component to Audio Sources
Making your own Reverb settings
Adding volume control with Audio Mixers
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Playing with Audio Production
See also
Making a dynamic soundtrack with Snapshots
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Reducing the need for multiple audio clips
Dealing with audio file formats and compression rates
Applying Snapshots to background noise
Getting creative with effects
See also
Balancing in-game audio with Ducking
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
See also
Audio visualization from sample spectral data
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
The void Awake() method
The void CreateCubes() method
The void Update() method
The void UpdateCubeHeights() method
The float HeightFromSample(float) method
There's more...
Adding visualizations to a second AudioSource
Try out different FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) window types
Synchronizing simultaneous and sequential music to create a simple 140 bpm music-loop manager
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Adding visualizations to the four playing loops
Creating Textures, Maps, and Materials
Introduction
Creating and saving texture maps
The big picture
Standard Shader (Specular workflow)
Standard Shader (Metallic workflow)
Other material properties
Resources
Unity samples and documentation
References
Tools
Additional reading
Creating a basic material with Standard Shader (Specular setup)
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Setting the texture type for an image file
Combining the map with color
Adapting a basic material from Specular setup to Metallic
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Applying Normal maps to a Material
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Adding Transparency and Emission maps to a material
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Using texture maps with the Transparent Mode
Avoiding issues with the semi-transparent objects
Emitting light over other objects
Highlighting materials at mouse-over
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Collider needed for custom meshes
Mouse Down/Up events – for clicking color
Adding Detail maps to a material
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Fading the transparency of a material
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Start with keypress and fade in from invisible
Destroy object when fading complete
Using GameObect's alpha as our starting alpha value
Using a coroutine for our fading loop
Shader Graphs and Video Players
Introduction
The big picture
The new Shader Graph tool
Playing videos with the new Video Player
Online references materials
Shader Graph online resources
Video Player online resources
Playing videos by manually adding a VideoPlayer component to a GameObject
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Semi-transparent video and Camera Near Plane
Audio issues and AudioSource solution
Using scripting to control video playback on scene textures
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Ensuring that a movie's prepared before playing it with the prepareCompleted event
Outputting video playback to a Render Texture asset
Ensuring that the movie is prepared before playing with coroutines
Downloading an online video (rather than a clip)
Using scripting to play a sequence of videos back-to-back
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Creating and using a simple Shader Graph
How to do it...
How it works...
Creating a glow effect with Shader Graph
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Toggling a Shader Graph color glow effect through C# code
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Using Sine Time to create a pulsating glow effect
Using the Compile and Show Code button as another way to find exposed property IDs
Using Cameras
Introduction
The big picture
Cinemachine
Creating the basic scene for this chapter
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Creating a picture-in-picture effect
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Changing the size and location of the picture-in-picture viewport on the screen
Adding further contols for depth-of-field and aspect-ratio
Manually changing Camera viewport properties in the Inspector
See also
Switching between multiple cameras
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Using a single-enabled camera
See also
Making textures from screen content
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Applying your texture to a material
Using your texture as a screenshot
See also
Zooming a telescopic camera
Getting ready...
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Adding a vignette effect when you zoom
Going further with version 2 of the Unity Post Processing Stack
Displaying a minimap
Getting ready...
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Using a UI Mask to make the minimap circular in shape
Hiding player character image at center of minimap and showing triangle marker
Rotating a compass-style image
Making the range of the map larger or smaller
Adapting your minimap to other styles
Creating an in-game surveillance Camera
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Using Post-Processing to add a grainy, grayscale effect to the CCTV
Working with Unity's multi-purpose camera rig
How to do it...
How it works...
Using Cinemachine ClearShot to switch cameras to keep the player in shot
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Unity Cinemachine tutorials
Will Goldstone's ClearShot turtorial
Adam Myhill's Cinemachine blog posts
Read the installed Cinemachine documentation
Letting the player switch to a Cinemachine FreeLook camera
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Lights and Effects
Introduction
The big picture
Lights
Environment lighting
Emissive materials
Projector
Lightmaps
Light probes
The Lighting settings window
The Light Explorer panel
Cucoloris cookies
Color space (Gamma and Linear)
Further resources
Directional Light with cookie Texture to simulate a cloudy day
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Creating and applying a cookie texture to a spotlight
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Adding a custom Reflection map to a scene
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Mapping coordinates
Sharp reflections
Maximum size
Creating a laser aim with a projector
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Limiting the range of the laser with Raycast hit to limit the far clip plane
Further reading
Enhancing the laser aim with a Line Renderer
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Changing the beam color when the Fire key is held down
Setting up an environment with Procedural Skybox and Directional Light
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Setting and rising the sun through scripted rotation of Directional Light
Adding a sun flare
Reflecting surrounding objects with Reflection Probes
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Using Material Emission to bake light from a glowing lamp onto scene objects
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Lighting a simple scene with Lightmaps and Light Probes
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
2D Animation
Introduction
The Big picture
Grids, Tilemaps, and Tile Palettes
The 2D GameKit – bringing 2D tools together
Resources
Flipping a sprite horizontally – the DIY approach
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Flipping a sprite horizontally – using Animator State Chart and Transitions
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Instantaneous swapping
Animating body parts for character movement events
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Creating a three-frame animation clip to make a platform continually animate
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Copy animation relative to a new parent GameObject
Making a platform start falling once stepped on using a Trigger to move animation from one state to another
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Creating animation clips from sprite sheet sequences
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Creating a platform game with Tiles and Tilemaps
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Tile Palettes for objects and walls
Rule Tiles for intelligent Tile selection
Learning more
Creating a game with the 2D Gamekit
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
3D Animation
Introduction
The big picture
Configuring a character's Avatar and idle animation
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Use Controller with another 3D character Avatar
See also
Moving your character with root motion and Blend Trees
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Mixing animations with Layers and Masks
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Override versus Additive blending
Organizing States into Sub-state Machines
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Transforming the Character Controller via scripts
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Adding rigid props to animated characters
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Removing props with a script
Setting Active if there's only one type of Prop
Using Animation Events to throw an object
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Applying Ragdoll physics to a character
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Using a new player GameObject rather than deactivating and moving to a respawn point
Rotating the character's torso to aim a weapon
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Generic solution for Cameras other than the Main Camera
Creating geometry with Probuilder
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Creating a game with the 3D Gamekit
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Importing third-party 3D models and animations from Mixamo
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Looping the animation
Scripting events to control when Animation Clips are played
Information sources about importing models and animations into Unity
Webserver Communication and Online Version-Control
Introduction
The Big Picture
Setting up a leaderboard using PHP and a database
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
SQLite, PHP, and database servers
PHPLiteAdmin
Unity game communication with web-server leaderboard
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Extracting the full leaderboard data for display within Unity
Using the secret game codes to secure your leaderboard scripts
Creating and cloning a GitHub repository
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Learn more about DVCS
Learn more about Git at the command line
Using Bitbucket and SourceTree visual applications
Learning about Mercurial rather than Git
Adding a Unity project to a local Git repository, and pushing files up to GitHub
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Unity project version-control using GitHub for Unity
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Further reading about GitHub for Unity
Pulling down updates from other developers
Unity Collaborate from Unity Technologies
Preventing your game from running on unknown servers
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Enabling WebGL in Google Chrome
Improving security by using full URLs in your domain list
Controlling and Choosing Positions
Introduction
The big picture
Player control of a 2D GameObject (and limiting the movement within a rectangle)
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Drawing a gizmo yellow rectangle to visually show bounding a rectangle
See also
Player control of a 3D GameObject (and limiting the movement within a rectangle)
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Drawing a gizmo yellow rectangle to visually show bounding a rectangle
Choosing destinations – finding a random spawn point
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
See also
Choosing destinations – finding the nearest spawn point
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Avoiding errors due to an empty array
See also
Choosing destinations – respawning to the most recently passed checkpoint
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Moving objects by clicking on them
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Firing projectiles in the direction of movement
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Navigation Meshes and Agents
Introduction
The big picture
Run-Time Nav Mesh Obstacles
Source of further information about Unity and AI navigation
NPC to travel to destination while avoiding obstacles
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
NPC to seek or flee from a moving object
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more
Using a Debug Ray to show a source-to-destination line
Constantly updating NavMeshAgent destination to flee from Player's current location
Maintain constant distance from target ("lurking" mode!)
Point-and-click move to object
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more
Creating a mouse-over yellow highlight
Point-and-click move to tile
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more
Yellow debug-ray to show destination of AI-agent
Point-and-click Raycast with user-defined higher-cost Navigation Areas
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more
More intelligent pathfinding by setting different costs for custom-defined navigation areas such as Mud and Water
Improving UX by updating a "gaze" cursor each frame
NPC NavMeshAgent to follow waypoints in a sequence
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Working with arrays of waypoints
Increased flexibility with a WayPoint class
Controlling object group movement through flocking
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Creating a movable NavMesh Obstacle
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Design Patterns
Introduction
The big picture
State-driven behavior DIY states
How to do it...
How it works...
See also
State-driven behavior using the State Design Pattern
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Adding the Timer event to lose the game after five seconds
See also
State-driven behavior with Unity Scriptable Objects
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Extending the game to model Player health
See also
Publisher-Subscriber pattern C# delegates and events
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
See also
Editor Extensions and Immediate Mode GUI (IMGUI)
Introduction
The Big picture
Unity Immediate Mode GUI (IMGUI)
Identifying and saving changes
Memory - EditorPrefs persistent storage
Conclusions and further resources
Menu items to log messages and clear the console
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more
Keyboard shortcuts
Sub-menus
Displaying a panel with text data
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more
Vertical centering
Vertical and horizontal centering (middle of an area)
An interactive panel with persistent storage
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more
Persistent storage with EditorPrefs
GUILayout versus EditorGUILayout
Creating GameObjects, parenting, and registering Undo actions
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more
Registering object changes to allow Undo'ing of actions
Creating primitive 3D GameObjects with random colors
Working with selected objects and deactivating menu items
How to do it...
How it works...
Menu item to create 100 randomly positioned prefab clones
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Childing each new GameObject to a single parent, to avoid filling up the Hierarchy with 100s of new objects
A progress bar to display proportion completed of Editor extension processing
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
An editor extension to allow pickup type (and parameters) to be changed at design time via a custom Inspector UI
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Offer the custom editing of pickup parameters via Inspector
Offer a drop-down list of tags for key-pickup to fit via Inspector
Logic to open doors with keys based on fitsLockTag
The need to add [SerializeField] for private properties
An editor extension to have an object-creator GameObject, with buttons to instantiate different pickups at cross-hair object location in scene
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Extensible class-based code architecture to manage complex IMGUIs
How to do it...
How it works...
Script-class MyEditorWindow
Script-class IMyGUI
Script-class MyGUIFlexibleSpace
Script-class MyGUITextField
Script-class MyGUILabel
Script-class MyGUIButton
Working with External Resource Files and Devices
Introduction
The big picture
Loading external resource files – using Unity Default Resources
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Loading text files with this method
Loading and playing audio files with this method
See also
Loading external resource files by downloading files from the internet
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Converting from Texture to Sprite
Downloading a text file from the web
The WWW class and the resource content
An example using UnityWebRequest
See also
Loading external resource files by manually storing files in the Unity 
Resources or StreamingAssets folders
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Avoiding cross-platform problems with Path.Combine() rather than / or \
SteamingAssets folder
See also
Saving Project files into Unity Asset Bundles
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Loading resources from Unity Asset Bundles
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Loading AssetBundles via AssetBundle.LoadFromFile()
Loading AssetBundles hosted via a web server
Working with Plain Text, XML, and JSON Text Files
Introduction
The Big picture
XML – the eXtensible markup language
JSON – the JavaScript object notation
Loading external text files using the TextAsset public variable
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Loading external text files using C# file streams
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
Saving external text files with C# file streams
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Choosing the Data or the Resources folder
Loading and parsing external XML
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Retrieving XML data files from the web
Creating XML text data manually using XMLWriter
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Adding new lines to make XML strings more human readable.
Making data class responsible for creating XML from list
Saving and loading XML text data automatically through serialization
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Defining the XML node names
Loading data objects from XML text
Creating XML text files – saving XML directly to text files with XMLDocument.Save()
How to do it...
How it works...
Creating JSON strings from individual objects and lists of objects
How to do it...
How it works...
Creating individual objects and Lists of objects from JSON strings
How to do it...
How it works...
Virtual Reality and Extra Features
Introduction
The Big picture
Virtual reality
Gizmos
Saving/Loading data at runtime
Saving screenshots from the game
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Saving and loading player data – using static properties
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Hiding the score before the first attempt is completed
See also
Saving and loading player data – using PlayerPrefs
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
See also
Loading game data from a text file map
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
UI Slider to change game quality settings
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Seeing/editing the list of quality settings
Pausing the game
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Learning more about quality settings
Offering the user further game settings
Implementing slow motion
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Customizing the slider
Adding Motion Blur
Creating sonic ambience
Using Gizmo to show the currently selected object in a scene panel
How to do it...
How it works...
Editor snap-to grid drawn by Gizmo
How to do it...
How it works...
Creating a VR project
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Exploring free VR/XR samples/tutorials
Setup with Oculus Rift
Using a Single Pass if working with the Lightweight Rendering Pipeline
Adding 360-degree videos to a VR project
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Playing 360-degree videos on the surface of a 3D object
Working with VR content inside a VR environment – the XR Editor
Getting ready
How to do it ...
How it works...
Automated Testing
Introduction
The big picture
Unit tests
Integration tests (PlayMode tests in Unity)
Generating a default test script class
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Create a default test script from the Project panel's Create menu
Edit mode minimum skeleton unit test script
A simple unit test
How to do it...
How it works...
There's more...
Shorter tests with values in the assertion
Expected value followed by the actual value
Parameterizing tests with a data provider method
How to do it...
How it works...
Unit testing a simple health script class
How to do it...
How it works...
Script-class Health.cs
Script-class TestHealth.cs
Creating and executing a unit test in Play mode
How to do it...
How it works...
PlayMode testing a door animation
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
PlayMode and Unit Testing a player health bar with events, logging, and exceptions
Getting ready
How to do it...
How it works...
PlayMode testing
Unit tests
See also
Bonus Chapters
Working with External Resource Files and Devices
Working with Plain Text, XML, and JSON Text Files
Virtual Reality and Extra Features
Automated Testing
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Preface
Game development is a broad and complex task. It is an interdisciplinary field, covering subjects as diverse as artificial intelligence, character animation, digital painting, and sound editing. All these areas of knowledge can materialize as the production of hundreds (or thousands!) of multimedia and data assets. A special software application—the game engine—is required to consolidate all these assets into a single product. Game engines are specialized pieces of software, which used to belong to an esoteric domain. They were expensive, inflexible, and extremely complicated to use. They were for big studios or hardcore programmers only. Then, along came Unity.
Unity represents the true democratization of game development. It is an engine and multimedia editing environment that is user-friendly and versatile. It has free and Pro versions; the latter includes even more features. Unity offers deployment to many platforms, including the following:
Mobile:
Android, iOS, Windows Phone, and BlackBerry
Web:
WebGL
Desktop:
PC, Mac, and Linux platforms
Console:
PS4, PS3, Xbox One, XBox 360, PlayStation Mobile, PlayStation Vita, and Wii U
Virtual Reality
(
VR
)/
Augmented Reality
(
AR
): Oculus Rift, Gear VR, Google Daydream, and Microsoft Hololens
Today, Unity is used by a diverse community of developers all around the world. Some are students and hobbyists, but many are commercial organizations, ranging from garage developers to international studios, who use Unity to make a huge number of games—you might have already played some on one platform or another.
This book provides over 170 Unity game development recipes. Some recipes demonstrate Unity application techniques for multimedia features, including working with animations and using preinstalled package systems. Other recipes develop game components with C# scripts, ranging from working with data structures and data file manipulation to artificial intelligence algorithms for computer-controlled characters.
If you want to develop quality games in an organized and straightforward way, and you want to learn how to create useful game components and solve common problems, then both Unity and this book are for you.
Who this book is for
This book is for anyone who wants to explore a wide range of Unity scripting and multimedia features and find ready-to-use solutions for many game features. Programmers can explore multimedia features, and multimedia developers can try their hand at scripting. From intermediate to advanced users, from artists to coders, this book is for you, and everyone in your team! It is intended for everyone who has the basics of using Unity and a little programming knowledge in C#.
What this book covers
Chapter 1, Displaying Data with Core UI Elements, is filled with User Interface (UI) recipes to help you increase the entertainment and enjoyment value of your games through the quality of the visual elements displaying text and data. You'll learn a wide range of UI techniques, including displaying text and images, 3D text effects, and an introduction to displaying text and image dialogues with the free Fungus package.
Chapter 2, Responding to User Events for Interactive UIs, teaches you about updating displays (for example basic on timers), and detecting and responding to user input actions, such as mouseovers, while the first chapter introduced code UI for displaying values to the user. Among other things, there are recipes for panels in visual layers, radio buttons and toggle groups, interactive text entry, directional radars, countdown timers, and custom mouse cursors.
Chapter 3, Inventory UIs, relates to the many games that involve the player collecting items, such as keys to open doors, ammo for weapons, or choosing from a selection of items, such as from a collection of spells to cast. The recipes in this chapter offer a range of text and graphical solutions for displaying inventory status to the player, including whether they are carrying an item or not, or the maximum number of items they are able to collect.
Chapter 4, Playing and Manipulating Sounds, suggests ways to use sound effects and soundtrack music to make your game more interesting. The chapter demonstrates how to manipulate sound during runtime through the use of scripts, Reverb Zones, and the Audio Mixer. It also includes recipes for real-time graphics visualizations of playing sounds and ends with a recipe to create a simple 140 bpm loop manager, with visualizations of each playing loop.
Chapter 5, Creating Textures, Maps and Materials, contains recipes that will give you a better understanding of how to use maps and materials with the Physically-Based Shaders, whether you are a game artist or not. It's a great resource for exercising your image editing skills.
Chapter 6, Shader Graphs and Video Players, covers two recent visual components that Unity has added: Shader Graphs and the Video Player. Both make it easy to add impressive visuals to your games with little or no programming. Several recipes are presented for each of these features in this chapter.
Chapter 7, Using Cameras, presents recipes covering techniques for controlling and enhancing your game's camera(s). It offers solutions to work with both single and multiple cameras, illustrates how to apply Post-Processing effects, such as vignettes and grainy gray-scale CCTVs. The chapter concludes by introducing ways to work with Unity's powerful Cinemachine components.
Chapter 8, Lights and Effects, offers a hands-on approach to several of Unity's lighting system features, such as cookie textures, Reflection maps, Lightmaps, Light and Reflection probes, and Procedural Skyboxes. Also, it demonstrates the use of Projectors.
Chapter 9, 2D Animation, introduces some of Unity's powerful 2D animation and physics features. In this chapter, we will present recipes to help you understand the relationships between the different animation elements in Unity, exploring both the movement of different parts of the body and the use of sprite-sheet image files that contain sequences of sprite frames pictures. In this chapter core, Unity Animation concepts, including Animation State Charts, Transitions, and Trigger events, are also introduced. Finally, 2D games often make use of Tiles and Tilemaps (now features that are part of Unity), and these features, as well as the Unity 3D Gamekit, are all introduced in the recipes of this chapter.
Chapter 10, 3D Animation, focuses on character animation and demonstrates how to take advantage of Unity's animation system—Mecanim. It covers a range of subjects, from basic character setup to procedural animation and ragdoll physics. It also offers introductions to some of the newer Unity 3D features, such as Probuilder and the Unity 3D Gamekit.
Chapter 11, Webserver Communication, and Online Version Control, explores how games running on devices can benefit from communication with other networked applications. In this chapter, a range of recipes are presented, which illustrate how to set up an online, database-driven leaderboard, how to write Unity games that can communicate with such online systems, and ways to protect your games from running on unauthorized servers (to prevent your WebGL games being illegally copied and published on other people's servers. In addition, the recipes illustrate how to structure your projects so that they can be easily backed up using online version control systems such as GitHub, and also how to download projects from online sites to edit and run on our own machine.
Chapter 12, Controlling and Choosing Positions, presents a range of recipes for 2D and 3D users and computer-controlled objects and characters, which can lead to games with a richer and more exciting user experience. Examples of these recipes include spawn points, checkpoints, and physics-based approaches, such as applying forces when clicking on objects and firing projectiles into the scene.
Chapter 13, Navigation Meshes and Agents, explores ways that Unity's Nav Meshes and Nav Mesh Agents offer for the automation of object and character movement and pathfinding in your games. Objects can follow predefined sequences of waypoints, or be controlled by mouse clicks for point-and-click control. Objects can be made to flock together based on the average location and movement of all members of their flock. Additional recipes illustrate how the "cost" of navigation areas can be defined, simulating hard-to-travel areas such as mud and water. Finally, although much navigation behavior is pre-calculated at Design Time (the "baking" process), a recipe is presented illustrating how movable objects can influence path-finding at runtime through the use of the NavMesh Obstacle component.
Chapter 14, Design Patterns, illustrates software design patterns that are reusable, and computer-language independent templates for how to solve common problems. It teaches to avoid reinventing the wheel, learn about tried-and-tested approaches to solving common features for game projects. This chapter introduces several design patterns relevant to games, including the State pattern, the publisher-subscriber pattern, and the model-view-controller pattern.
Chapter 15, Editor Extensions and Immediate Mode GUI (IMGUI), provides several recipes for enhancing design-time work in the Unity Editor. Editor Extensions are scripting and multimedia components, which allow working with custom text, UI presentation of the game parameters, data in the Inspector and Scene panels, and custom menus and menu items. These can facilitate workflow improvements, allowing game developers to achieve their goals quicker and easier. Some of the recipes in this chapter include menu items, interactive panels with persistent storage, registering actions for the Undo system, deactivating menu items, progress bars, and ways to create new GameObjects based on prefabs.
To get the most out of this book
All you need is a copy of Unity 2018, which can be downloaded for free from http://www.unity3d.com. If you wish to create your own image files, for the recipes in the Creating Maps and Materials, for example, you will also need an image editor, such as Adobe Photoshop, which can be found at http://www.photoshop.com, or GIMP, which is free and can be found at http://www.gimp.org.
Download the example code files
You'll find the recipes assets and completed Unity projects for each chapter at: https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Unity-2018-Cookbook-Third-Edition.
You can either download these files as Zip archives or use free Git software to download (clone) these files. These GitHub repositories will be updated with any improvements.
We also have other code bundles from our rich catalog of books and videos available athttps://github.com/PacktPublishing/. Check them out!
Download the color images
We also provide a PDF file that has color images of the screenshots/diagrams used in this book. You can download it here: https://www.packtpub.com/sites/default/files/downloads/Unity2018CookbookThirdEdition_ColorImages.pdf.
Get in touch
Feedback from our readers is always welcome.
General feedback: If you have questions about any aspect of this book, mention the book title in the subject of your message and email us at [email protected].
Errata: Although we have taken every care to ensure the accuracy of our content, mistakes do happen. If you have found a mistake in this book, we would be grateful if you would report this to us. Please visit www.packt.com/submit-errata, selecting your book, clicking on the Errata Submission Form link, and entering the details.
Piracy: If you come across any illegal copies of our works in any form on the Internet, we would be grateful if you would provide us with the location address or website name. Please contact us at [email protected] with a link to the material.
If you are interested in becoming an author: If there is a topic that you have expertise in and you are interested in either writing or contributing to a book, please visit authors.packtpub.com.
Reviews
Please leave a review. Once you have read and used this book, why not leave a review on the site that you purchased it from? Potential readers can then see and use your unbiased opinion to make purchase decisions, we at Packt can understand what you think about our products, and our authors can see your feedback on their book. Thank you!
For more information about Packt, please visit packt.com.
Displaying Data with Core UI Elements
In this chapter, we will cover:
Displaying a "Hello World" UI text message
Displaying a digital clock
Displaying a digital countdown timer
Creating a message that fades away
Displaying a perspective 3D Text Mesh
Creating sophisticated text with TextMeshPro
Displaying an image
Creating UIs with the Fungus open source dialog system
Creating a Fungus character dialog with images
Introduction
A key element contributing to the entertainment and enjoyment of most games is the quality of the visual experience, and an important part of this is the User Interface (UI). UI elements involve ways for the user to interact with the game (such as buttons, cursors, and text boxes), as well as ways for the game to present up-to-date information to the user (such as the time remaining, current health, score, lives left, or location of enemies). This chapter is filled with UI recipes to give you a range of examples and ideas for creating game UIs.
The big picture
Every game is different, and so this chapter attempts to fulfill two key roles. The first aim is to provide step-by-step instructions on how to create a range of the Unity 2018 basic UI elements and, where appropriate, associate them with game variables in code. The second aim is to provide a rich illustration of how UI elements can be used for a variety of purposes so that you can get good ideas about how to make the Unity UI set of controls deliver the particular visual experience and interactions for the games that you are developing.
The basic UI elements can provide static images and text to just make the screen look more interesting. By using scripts, we can change the content of these images and text objects, so that the players' numeric scores can be updated, or we can show stickmen images to indicate how many lives the player has left. Other UI elements are interactive, allowing users to click on buttons, choose options, enter text, and so on. More sophisticated kinds of UI can involve collecting and calculating data about the game (such as percentage time remaining or enemy hit damage; or the positions and types of key GameObjects in the scene, and their relationship to the location and orientation of the player), and then displaying these values in a natural, graphical way (such as progress bars or radar screens).
Core GameObjects, components, and concepts relating to Unity UI development include:
Canvas
: Every UI element is a child
to a
Canvas
. There can be multiple
Canvas
GameObjects in a single scene. If a
Canvas
is not already present, then one will automatically be created when a new UI GameObject is created, with that UI object as the child to the new
Canvas
GameObject.
EventSystem
: An
EventSystem
GameObject is
required to manage the interaction events for UI controls. One will automatically be created with the first UI element. Unity generally only allows one
EventSystem
in any Scene (some proposed code for multiple event systems can be found at
https://bitbucket.org/Unity-Technologies/ui/pull-requests/18/support-for-multiple-concurrent-event/diff
)
Visual UI
controls
: The visible UI controls themselves include
B
utton
,
Image
,
Text
,
and
Toggle
.
The
Rect Transform
component
: UI GameObjects can exist in a different space from
that of the 2D and 3D scenes, which cameras render. Therefore, UI GameObjects all have the special
Rect Transform
component, which has some different properties to the scene's GameObject
Transform
component (with its straightforward
X
/
Y
/
Z
position, rotation, and scale properties). Associated with
Rect Transforms
are pivot
points (reference points for scaling, resizing, and rotations) and anchor points.
The following diagram shows the four main categories of UI controls, each in a Canvas GameObject and interacting via an EventSystem GameObject. UI Controls can have their own Canvas, or several UI controls can be in the same Canvas. The four categories are: static (display-only) and interactive UI controls, non-visible components (such as ones to group a set of mutually exclusive radio buttons), and C# script classes to manage UI-control behavior through logic written in the program code. Note that UI controls that are not a child or descendant of a Canvas will not work properly, and interactive UI controls will not work properly if the EventSystem is missing. Both the Canvas and EventSystem GameObjects are automatically added to the Hierarchy as soon as the first UI GameObject is added to a scene:
Rect Transformsfor UI GameObjects represent a rectangular area rather than a single point, which is the case for scene GameObject Transforms. Rect Transforms describe how a UI element should be positioned and sized relative to its parent. Rect Transforms have a width and height that can be changed without affecting the local scale of the component. When the scale is changed for the Rect Transform of a UI element, this will also scale font sizes and borders on sliced images, and so on. If all four anchors are at the same point, resizing the Canvas will not stretch the Rect Transform. It will only affect its position. In this case, we'll see the Pos X and Pos Y properties, and the Width and Height of the rectangle. However, if the anchors are not all at the same point, Canvas resizing will result in stretching the element's rectangle. So instead of the Width, we'll seethe values for Left and Right—the position of the horizontal sides of the rectangle to the sides of the Canvas, where the Width will depend on the actual Canvas width (and the same for Top/Bottom/Height).
