Grammar Savvy, Reading Ready E-Book

Roswitha Geyss

• Herausgeber: tredition
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2020

Seitenzahl: 525

Beschreibung

Die englische Grammatik treibt vielen Lernenden den Angstschweiß auf die Stirn. Der richtige Gebrauch der Zeiten, der Unterschied zwischen Adjektiv und Adverb, If-Clauses, die Besonderheiten der indirekten Rede, der richtige Gebrauch von Pronomen, Partizipien, Gerundium und Infinitiven - wenn auch Sie all das erschaudern lässt, dann sind Sie hier genau richtig! Dieses Buch hilft Ihnen dabei, das Nervenflattern durch wohlige Schauer zu ersetzen. Jedes Kapitel in diesem Übungsbuch bietet neben einer Zusammenfassung der wichtigsten Grammatikregeln und einfachen Übungen zum Einstieg Ausschnitte aus Schauerromanen (Dracula, Frankenstein, Jane Eyre, Das Bildnis des Dorian Gray, Der Rabe etc.). Jahrelang erprobt für den Einsatz in der STANAG Level 3 Qualifizierung in Englisch an der Theresianischen Militärakademie, der weltältesten Ausbildungsstätte für Offiziere. Nicht ohne Stolz kann die Autorin behaupten, dass die Erfolgsquote ihrer Lernenden bisher satte 100% beträgt! English grammar makes many learners break out in a cold sweat. The correct use of tenses, the differences between adjectives and adverbs, if-clauses, the peculiarities of indirect speech, the correct use of pronouns, participles, gerunds, and infinitives - if all this makes you shiver, then you've come to the right place! This book will help you to replace the nervous flutter with pleasant shivers. Each chapter in this exercise book offers a summary of the most important grammar rules and simple exercises to get you started, as well as excerpts from Gothic novels (Dracula, Frankenstein, Jane Eyre, The Picture of Dorian Gray, The Raven, etc.). The material provided here has been used for several years in the English Language Skills Proficiency Training (LSPT) on STANAG Level 3 at the Theresan Military Academy, the world's oldest training facility for officers. Not without pride, the author can claim that the success rate of her students is a whopping 100%!

Leseprobe

You held my hand

When I was small

You caught me when I fell,

The heroes of my childhood

And of latter years as well.

Every time I think of you

My heart just fills with pride

And though I’ll always miss you, granddad,

I know you too are by my side.

To my beloved family, my mother Martha and my grandmother Martha, who are always by my side. In memory of my grandfather Franz

To my students of English groups Delta, Foxtrot, and Hotel

Without whom this book would have been completed two years earlier –

But without whom this book would never have been possible!

Roswitha Geyss

GRAMMAR SAVVY, READING READY

A Gothic Exercise Book with Answer KeyLevels B2-C2 (CEFR)/STANAG Levels 2-3

© 2020 Roswitha Geyss

Umschlag, Illustration: Roswitha Geyss (wenn nicht anders angegeben)

Lektorat, Korrektorat: Language Matters!

Verlag & Druck: tredition GmbH, Halenreie 40-44, 22359 Hamburg

ISBN

Paperback

978-3-347-09638-7

Hardcover

978-3-347-09639-4

e-Book

978-3-347-09640-0

Das Werk, einschließlich seiner Teile, ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages und des Autors unzulässig. Dies gilt insbesondere für die elektronische oder sonstige Vervielfältigung, Übersetzung, Verbreitung und öffentliche Zugänglichmachung.

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek:

Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.

Table of Contents

Introduction: Time to Play the Game!

§ 1 Present Tenses

§ 2 Present Perfect Tense

§ 3 Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect Continuous

§ 4 Present Perfect Simple vs. Past Simple

§ 5 Past Simple

§ 6 Past Continuous

§ 7 Past Simple vs. Past Continuous

§ 8 Past Perfect Simple

§ 9 Past Perfect Simple vs. Past Perfect Continuous

§ 10 Past Simple vs. Past Perfect Simple

§ 11 Future I Simple: Will-Future

§ 12 Future I Simple: Going-To Future

§ 13 Future I Continuous

§ 14 Future II Simple

§ 15 Future Perfect Continuous

Tenses: Overview

§ 16 Adjectives and Adverbs

§ 17 Comparison of Adjectives

§ 18 Comparison of Adverbs

§ 19 Sentences with Comparisons

§ 20 Lessening Comparative and Superlative

§ 21 Intensifiers

§ 22 Countable and Uncountable Nouns

§ 23 Plural Nouns

§ 24 Plural Forms

§ 25 Singular Nouns

§ 26 Collective Nouns

§ 27 Articles

§ 28 Demonstrative Determiners and Pronouns

§ 29 Personal Pronouns and Possessive Determiners and Pronouns

§ 30 Much vs. Many, (a) little vs. (a) few

§ 31 A lot of and Lots of

§ 32 Some vs. Any

§ 33 Each vs. Every

§ 34 Indefinite Pronouns

§ 35 Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns

§ 36 Relative Pronouns

§ 37 Questions

§ 38 Which vs. What

§ 39 Question Tags

§ 40 Reported Speech

§ 41 Modal Auxiliaries

§ 42 Active vs. Passive Voice

§ 43 Two Objects in an Active Sentence

§ 44 Verbs with Prepositions in the Passive Voice

§ 45 Impersonal Passive

§ 46 If-Clauses

§ 47 Mixed Conditional Sentences

§ 48 Replacing and Omitting If

§ 49 Participles

§ 50 Gerund vs. Present Participle

§ 51 Gerund vs. To-Infinitive

§ 52 Bare Infinitive

§ 53 Wishes and Hypotheses

Long Forms and Contracted Forms of Auxiliaries

Answer Key

Bibliography

§ 2 Present Perfect Tense

LET’S RULE THE ENGLISH WORLD!

WHENEVER ACTIONS OR SITUATIOINS STARTED IN THE PAST ARE STILL RELEVANT IN THE PRESENT!When the time period referred to has not finishedKEY WORDS: today, this week, this month, this year … A day has 24 hours, a week has 7 days, a month has approximately 30 days, and a year has 12 months. As long as these 24 hours, 7 days, 30 days, or 12 months are not over, we cannot use the Past Simple Tense, but must use the Present Perfect Tense instead!e.g. I haven’t seen him today.Situations that started in the past and are still true; actions started in the past and continuing in the presentKEY WORDS: for + period, since + pointe.g. I haven’t seen him for several days.Completed actions where the important thing is the result nowKEY WORDS: for + period, since + point, yet, in the last years/months …e.g. In the last ten years, there have been many new inventions in warfare. (That’s why we are now confronted with new threat scenarios.)There haven’t been any significant changes yet.Actions repeated in an unspecified period between the past and nowKEY WORDS: several times, frequently, ever, never, it’s the first/second etc. time …e.g. I’ve heard about it several times.Completed actions at a time in the past that is not mentionedKEY WORDS: ever, never, already …e.g. I’ve already heard about it.Actions completed in the very recent pastKEY WORDS: just, recently, latelye.g. The cadets have just‚ finished doing their grammar exercises.

FUNCTIONAL CHECK

Please mind: Before writing down your answer, a functional check has to be performed as described on the next page!

Figure 4 Geyss

__/ 20 P EASY-PEASY. Exercise 1. Gap Fill. Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect Simple Tense!

Example: We__have (’ve) played__volleyball. (to play)

1. Mike_____________me his seminar paper by mail. (to send)

2. Jim_____________the city centre. (to visit)

3. The recruits_____________their backpacks. (already/to pack)

4. He_____________abroad for several years. (to live)

5. Her boyfriend_____________smoking. (to give up)

6. _____________the news? (you/to hear)

7. They_____________their essays. (to finish)

8. The cat_____________a mouse. (just/to catch)

9. I_____________enough! (already/hear)

10. Our father_____________his keys. That’s why he can’t open the door now! (to lose)

11. He_____________English since 2017. (to study)

12. _____________to Ireland? (you/ever/to be)

13. _____________the washing-up? (your brother/to do)

14. Yes, he_____________the washing up. (already/to do)

15. Where_____________? (you/to be)

16. _____________her mother yet? (Suzy/to ask)

17. There_____________many significant changes in this field since 2010. (to be)

18. _____________Russian cuisine? (you/ever/to taste)

19. Where_____________? (all the flowers/to go)

20. What_____________in your essay? (you/to write)

__/ 42 P AWESOME MEDIUM. Exercise 2. Gap Fill. Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect Simple Tense!

Example: We__have not (haven’t, we’ve not) played__volleyball yet. (not/to play)

1. It’s the first time he_____________about the incident. (to hear)

2. Jack_____________her this week. (not/to meet)

3. Lately, the students_____________reading the newspaper article. (to finish)

4. For a very long time, I_____________about it. (even/not to think)

5. My comrades_____________their English exam. (just/to pass)

6. We_____________the material from the course platform! (to download)

7. Mike_____________a tank so far. (not/to drive)

8. It’s the very first time the teacher_____________such an uninspired homework. (to read)

9. The majority_____________the material from the course platform yet. (not/to download)

10. The cadets_____________their room yet. (not/to tidy up)

11. The students_____________the new words and phrases, so they will probably fail the exam. (not/to learn)

12. Rosy_____________out of a helicopter so far. (not/to jump)

13. Florian,_____________in a helicopter? (ever/to fly)

14. Yes,_____________in a helicopter, but I_____________one. (already/to fly, never/to pilot)

15. Jesus! What_____________? (you/to do)

16. How long_____________Tim? (they/to know)

17. We_____________Tim for several years now. (to know)

18. But we_____________to him since 2015. (not/to talk)

19. Why_____________watched this film? (she/to watch)

20. How long_____________our car? (we/to have)

__/ 30 P EXPERT NERD. Exercise 3. Write correct sentences in the Present Perfect Simple Tense! Remember the correct word order! Do not forget to add the definite or indefinite article if necessary!

Example: we/not/to play/yet/volleyball

We have not (haven’t, We’ve not) played volleyball yet.

1. You/already/to paint/front door.

2. You/already/to paint/front door?

3. Suzie/never/to watch/this film/on TV.

4. Mike/ever/to take part/in a field training exercise?

5. He/not/to repair/car.

6. Rosy/never/to go/on a trip through Siberia.

7. Rosy/already/to visit/Moscow and Saint Petersburg?

8. Why/everybody/to leave?

9. How often/you/to yawn/in your English lesson?

10. What/Ramon/to do/lately?

__/ 30 P EXPERT NERD. Exercise 4. Say what you’ve already done and what you haven’t done yet!

Example 1: + to play volleyball

I have (I’ve) already played volleyball.

Example 2: - to play volleyball

I have not (haven ’t, I’ve not) played volleyball yet.

1. – to go swimming

2. + to take some copies

3. + to bake a cake

4. – to have clarinet lessons

5. – to wash my uniform

6. – to make my bed

7. + to speak to the commander

8. + to go out with my friends

9. + to drink some beer

10. – to fix the car

SAFETY CHECK

No, the lesson is not over! Before you turn the page, let’s perform a little safety check to make sure you’ve understood the most important facts about the Present Perfect Simple Tense!

How many points have you scored in this chapter?_____________

Figure 6 Geyss

Figure 7 www.pixabay.com; www.scarymommy.com/military-jokes

§ 4 Present Perfect Simple vs. Past Simple

Present Perfect Simple

Past Simple

LINK TO THE PRESENTActions that started in the past and continue to the presentWHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR YOUR ACADEMIC WRITING? Don’t forget to link statements and actions to the present if they continue to the present and are still relevant today!e.g. In the last 10 years, much research has been done in this specific field. (That’s why we can now defeat this disease.)

NO LINK TO THE PRESENTActions completed in the pastKEY WORDS: yesterday, last week/month/year etc., XY days/weeks/months/years etc. ago, in 2017, in the 1950s …WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR YOUR ACADEMIC WRITING?Do not link statements and actions to the present if they don’t continue to the present and are no longer relevant nowadays!e.g. In the 1950s, much research was done in this specific field.

Actions in a someone’s life when the person is still alivee.g. My grandfather has often visited his brother.

Actions in someone’s life when the person is deade.g. My grandfather often visited his brother.

A finished action with a result in the presentYOU COULD ADD: That’s why we are confronted with this result now.e.g. I’ve lost my keys. That ’s why I can’t open the door now.

A finished action with no result in the presente.g. I lost my keys.But I’ve already found them and can now open the door.

When the time period referred to has not finishedKEY WORDS: today, this week, this month, this year … A day has 24 hours, a week has 7 days, a month has approximately 30 days, and a year has 12 months. As long as these 24 hours, 7 days, 30 days, or 12 months are not over, we cannot use the Past Simple Tense, but must use the Present Perfect Tense instead!e.g. I haven’t seen him today.

When the time period referred to has finishedKEY WORDS: yesterday, last week/month/year etc., XY days/weeks/months/years etc. ago, in 2017, in the 1950s …e.g. I didn’t see him yesterday.

FUNCTIONAL CHECK

Please mind: Before writing down your answer, a functional check has to be performed as described on the next page!

Figure 11 Geyss

__/ 10 P EASY-PEASY. Exercise 1. Gap Fill. Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple Tense?

Example 1: We__have (We’ve) played__volleyball for 2 hours and are tired now. (to play)

Example 2: We___played__volleyball yesterday. (to play)

1. Mike_____________his seminar paper last week. (to write)

2. Mike_____________his seminar paper recently. That’s why he is still very familiar with the topic. (to write)

3. They_____________their room. It looks great again! (to clean)

4. They_____________their room two hours ago. (to clean)

5. Flo_____________the novel “North and South”. Now he can watch the mini-series! (just/to read)

6. Rosy_____________the novel “North and South” into German in 2015. (to translate)

7. “Ma’am, I’m sorry, but I_____________my homework.” (to forget)

8. Last semester, he often_____________his homework. (to forget)

9. The cadets_____________a lot of Leberkäse rolls last semester. (not/to eat)

10. The cadets_____________their Leberkäse rolls yet. (not/to eat)

__/ 20 P AWESOME MEDIUM. Exercise 2. Gap Fill. Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple Tense?

Example 1: I__have not (haven’t, I’ve not) met___him this week. (not/to mee)

Example 2: I__did not (didn ’t) mee__him last week. (not/to meet)

1. Last year we_____________to France. (to go)

2. They_____________in another field training exercise before. (never/to take part)

3. My grandmother_____________her keys, so she can’t open the door. (to lose)

4. My grandmother_____________her keys two days ago. (to lose)

5. OCdt Stoner_____________his leg. He is still in hospital. (to break)

6. The students_____________for their ERASMUS semester abroad this morning. (to leave)

7. Last winter, the class of 2020_____________in the mountains for alpine training. (to stay)

8. Dave_____________a language course in Moscow last summer. (to do)

9. _____________a language course in Russia? (you/ever/to do)

10. _____________their essays yet? (anyone/to hand in)

__/ 120 P EXPERT NERD. Exercise 3. Gap Fill. Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple Tense?

Example: I__have not (haven’t, I’ve not) met___him this week, but I___saw___him last week. (not/to meet, to see)

1. Last semester, they_____________the words and phrases. Now they_____________all the new words and phrases. And they don’t worry about the test. (not/to learn, to learn)

2. He_____________Russian borsh last year in Moscow, but his friends_____________this soup before. (to try, never/to try)

3. I_____________a new job last month._____________a new job yet? (to find, you/to find)

4. First, he_____________for his feedback, then he_____________to the cafeteria for a snack. (to wait, to go)

5. Malika and Rosy_____________each other for more than ten years now. And they are still very good friends. Hamida and Rosy_____________each other for more than ten years. But then Hamida moved back to Algeria and they lost touch. (to know, to know)

6. He_____________late three times this week. And even last week, he_____________late four times. (to be, to be)

7. Jack_____________two mobile phones this year. He_____________three mobile phones last year. (already/to buy, to buy)

8. What’s that lovely smell in here? – My students_____________some muffins. Even last year, they_____________some muffins to celebrate our last lesson. (to bake, to bake)

9. We_____________our teacher since we_____________last week. (not/to see, to come back)

10. They_____________to Czech Republic but now they_____________. (to go, to come back).

11. Some students_____________in a students’ exchange programme last semester. Other students _____________to Czech Republic now for the same reason. (to take part, to go)

12. OCdt Woodpecker _____________ to pass the English exam three times this year. He _____________it several times last year, too. (already/to try, to try)

13. _____________your homework? – I_____________it an hour ago! (you/to do, to finish)

14. They_____________a book since they_____________to Austria. (not/to read, to come back)

15. Mike_____________his car in April. So, he_____________it for three months. (to buy, to have)

16. There_____________many accidents on this road since we_____________. (to be, to arrive)

17. How many points_____________so far this season? – Well, last season we _____________very few points. So, we are pretty satisfied with the result now. (you/to score, to score)

18. He_____________in a biathlon competition so far, but his friend_____________in a competition last winter. (never/to take part, to take part)

19. _____________the sad news? – I_____________it last week. (you/already/to hear, to hear)

20. I_____________my seminar paper. Can I hand it in, please? – I_____________mine yesterday! (just/to finish, to send)

SAFETY CHECK

No, the lesson is not over! Before you turn the page, let’s perform a little safety check to make sure you’ve understood the most important facts about the Present Perfect Simple and Past Simple Tense!

How many points have you scored in this chapter?________________

Figure 13 Geyss

§ 5 Past Simple

LET’S RULE THE ENGLISH WORLD!

NO LINK TO THE PRESENTCompleted actions, states and habits in the pastKEY WORDS: yesterday, last week/month/year etc., XY days/weeks/months/years etc. ago, in 2017, in the 1950s …e.g. I didn’t see him yesterday.Fifteen years ago, there were many students at the military academy.Repeated actions in the pastKEY WORDS: once/twice/three times/several times last week/month/year etc. …e.g. He went over the obstacle course twice last week.General truths about the pastKEY WORDS: yesterday, last week/month/year etc., XY days/weeks/months/years etc. ago, in 2017, in the 1950s …e.g. Between 1918 and 1920, many people died from the Spanish flu.Details of news We use the Past Simple Tense with finished actions, states or habits in the past that we have introduced with the Present Perfect (or another tense).e.g. He has broken his leg. He went over the obstacle course and fell down the Irish table.Main events of a storye.g. I woke up at 7 o’clock in the morning. Then I stood up. I took a shower and brushed my teeth and my hair. At 8 o’clock I sat down at the kitchen table and started to eat my breakfast.Unreal or imaginary things in the present or futureSTRUCTURES: If-clause type II, wish + Past Simple

FUNCTIONAL CHECK

Please mind: Before writing down your answer, a functional check has to be performed as described on the next page!

Figure 14 Geyss

__/ 10 P EASY-PEASY. Exercise 1. Single Choice. Circle the correct key word that indicates the presence of the Past Simple Tense!

Example: … they played volleyball.

A – Yesterday

B – At the moment

C – Next weekend

1. The cadets played football … A – last week B – at the moment C – next Friday

2. … my mother didn’t feel well. A – Some days ago B – Usually C – Now

3. George invited us to a barbecue … A – next weekend B – one month ago C – tomorrow

4. My friend brushed his hair … A – this morning B – at the moment C – yet

5. Some important results were achieved … A – already B – in 1962 C – yet

6. He visited his grandfather … A – in the spring of 2010 B – yet C – next week

7. He passed his English exam … A – ever B – already C – three years ago

8. The police arrested the robbers A – usually B – last Monday C – right now

9. Mike worked as a cook … A – since winter B – next winter C – from 2010 to 2015

10. My father missed the train … A – at the moment B – tomorrow morning C – yesterday morning

__/ 20 P EASY-PEASY. Exercise 2. Gap Fill. Put the verb in brackets in the Past Simple Tense! If you cannot remember the correct irregular verb forms, look them up in a dictionary!

Example: We__played__volleyball yesterday. (to play)

1. They________________their boots. (to clean)

2. The commander________________to the cadet. (to talk)

3. Rosy________________with George. (to dance)

4. Last winter I________________to Switzerland. (to go)

5. Enemy soldiers________________our group in an ambush. (to catch)

6. In 2019 our class________________a trip to Mauthausen. (to make)

7. Last weekend the weather________________really nice. (to be)

8. Sam________________in a biathlon competition in Hochfilzen. (to take part)

9. The students________________something to each other. (to whisper)

10. He________________me about his personal experience. (to tell)

11. He________________nothing to me. (to say)

12. The secretary________________the file yesterday. (to delete)

13. One year ago, we________________to Spain. (to travel)

14. He________________his homework during the morning break. (to do)

15. The car________________. (to stop)

16. Then the driver________________. (to turn round)

17. He________________the soldier. (to watch)

18. Kermit________________too much alcohol at the party yesterday. (to drink)

19. They________________the morning break. (to enjoy)

20. The young guys________________until the end. (to fight)

__/ 42 P AWESOME MEDIUM. Exercise 3. Gap Fill. Put the verbs in brackets in the Past Simple Tense! If you cannot remember the correct irregular verb forms, look them up in a dictionary!

Example: Yesterday we__did not (didn’t) play__volleyball. (not/to play)

1. ________________the window? (you/to close)

2. No, we________________close it. (not/to close)

3. What________________? (he/to do/first)

4. ________________a shower yesterday? (he/to have)

5. She________________a pencil. (not/to have)

6. How________________? (your day/to be)

7. Where________________last summer? (they/to go)

8. She________________a pencil. (to have got)

9. When________________their military career? (they/to start)

10. Wait a minute!________________photos when you________________on holiday? (you/to take, to be)

11. What________________during the lunch break? (Jim/to do)

12. ________________a book? (she/to read)

13. Elizabeth Gaskell________________her novel “North and South” in 1854. (to publish)

14. How________________at the office on your first day? (you/to feel)

15. She________________very well yesterday. (not/to feel)

16. ________________chess in the cafeteria two days ago? (the students/to play)

17. At the age of seven, my brother________________hello to people in the street. (never/to say)

18. He________________the phone. (not/to answer)

19. ________________the mouse? (the cat/to catch)

20. No, the cat________________the mouse. (not/to catch)

__/ 30 P EXPERT NERD. Exercise 4. Put the following sentences into the negative form!

Example: We played volleyball yesterday. –

We did not (didn’t) play volleyball yesterday.

1. They made the beds.

2. The cadet cleaned the lecture room after the English lesson.

3. She was in Paris last weekend.

4. My parents built a house ten years ago.

5. My mother went shopping.

6. The dog had a bath in the morning.

7. The student sat down.

8. Mitch rode a horse.

9. We felt like a chocolate bar.

10. The students understood their teacher.

__/ 30 P EXPERT NERD. Exercise 5. Ask questions! If you’ve come so far, you should be able to remember the correct irregular verb forms! If not, look them up in a dictionary!

Example: Why/we/not/to play/volleyball/yesterday? –

Why did we not (didn’t) we play volleyball yesterday?

1. How/the test/to be?

2. Why/our teacher/not/to be/satisfied?

3. They/to go/to Spain or to Italy?

4. Where/they/to go?

5. She/to be/interested in Heavy Metal?

6. They/to have/special tasks?

7. What/he/to do?

8. Why/you/to be/disappointed?

9. What/to happen/yesterday?

10. You/to listen to/your friend?

/ 78 P LET’S GET READY FOR READING! Exercise 6. Gap Fill. Put the verbs in brackets in the Past Simple Tense!

Charlotte Brontë: JANE EYRE (1847)

(…) a horse was coming; the windings of the lane yet _____________________ (to hide) it, but it _____________________ (to approach). I was just leaving the stile; yet, as the path was narrow, I _____________________(to sit) still to let it go by. In those days I was young, and all sorts of fancies bright and dark _____________________ tenanted my mind: the memories of nursery stories were there amongst other rubbish; and when they ______________(to recur), maturing youth added to them a vigour and vividness beyond what childhood ______________ (can) give. As this horse ______________ (to approach), and as I ______________(to watch) for it to appear through the dusk, I______________(to remember) certain of Bessie’s tales, wherein figured a North-of-England spirit called a “Gytrash,” which, in the form of horse, mule, or large dog,______________(to haunt) solitary ways, and sometimes______________(to come) upon belated travellers, as this horse was now coming upon me.

It was very near, but not yet in sight; when, in addition to the tramp, tramp, I______________(to hear) a rush under the hedge, and close down by the hazel stems______________(to glide) a great dog, whose black and white colour made him a distinct object against the trees. It was exactly one form of Bessie’s Gytrash—a lion-like creature with long hair and a huge head: it______________(to pass) me, however, quietly enough; not staying to look up, with strange pretercanine eyes, in my face, as I half ______________(to expect) it would. The horse ______________ (to follow),—a tall steed, and on its back a rider. The man, the human being, ______________(to break) the spell at once. Nothing ever______________(to ride) the Gytrash: it was always alone; and goblins, to my notions, though they might tenant the dumb carcasses of beasts, could scarce covet shelter in the commonplace human form. No Gytrash was this,—only a traveller taking the short cut to Millcote. He passed, and I______________(to go) on; a few steps, and I______________(to turn): a sliding sound and an exclamation of “What the deuce is to do now?” and a clattering tumble,______________(to arrest) my attention. Man and horse were down; they had slipped on the sheet of ice which______________ (to glaze) the causeway. The dog came bounding back, and seeing his master in a predicament, and hearing the horse groan,______________(to bark) till the evening hills echoed the sound, which was deep in proportion to his magnitude. He______________(to snuff) round the prostrate group, and then he______________(to run) up to me; it was all he could do,—there was no other help at hand to summon. I______________(to obey) him, and walked down to the traveller, by this time struggling himself free of his steed. His efforts were so vigorous, I______________(to think) he could not be much hurt; but I asked him the question—

“Are you injured, sir?”

SAFETY CHECK

No, the lesson is not over! Before you turn the page, let’s perform a little safety check to make sure you’ve understood the most important facts about the Past Simple Tense!

How many points have you scored in this chapter?___________

Figure 16 Geyss