Atlas of Sectional Anatomy E-Book

Torsten Bert Möller

• Herausgeber: Thieme
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 226

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2009

Beschreibung

A handy, full-color resource for interpreting musculoskeletal MRI scans with confidence

This superbly illustrated atlas provides a comprehensive presentation of the normal sectional anatomy of the musculoskeletal system to aid in the diagnosis of diseases affecting the joints, soft tissues, bones, and bone marrow. A precise, full-color drawing accompanies each high-quality sectional image, helping the reader to gain a solid understanding of the topographic anatomy and to differentiate between normal and pathologic conditions. Following examples of whole-body imaging, the atlas offers complete representations of the spinal column and the upper and lower extremities. The contiguous images of the extremities in transverse sections facilitate the identification of structures extending beyond the joints.

Key features:

• Top-quality MRI scans, including whole-body views, produced with the most current, high-performance equipment
• Full-color illustrations drawn by the authors for optimal precision and accuracy
• Easy identification of anatomic structures through a uniform color code in the drawings
• Contiguous cross-sectional anatomy of the extremities
• Information on the location and direction of each slice for rapid orientation

Atlas of Sectional Anatomy: The Musculoskeletal System is an invaluable reference for the daily practice of radiologists, radiology residents, and radiologic technologists.

Leseprobe

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Möller, Torsten B.

[Atlas der Schnittbildanatomie. English]

Atlas of sectional anatomy : the musculoskeletal system/Torsten B. Moeller, Emil

Reif.

  p. ; cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-3-13-146541-2 (alk. paper)

1. Musculoskeletal system—Anatomy. I. Reif, Emil. II. Möller, Torsten B. Atlas der

Schnittbildanatomie. III. Title.

[DNLM: 1. Musculoskeletal System—anatomy & histology—Atlases. 2. Anatomy,

Cross-Sectional—Atlases. 3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging—Atlases. WE 17 M7262a

2009a]

QM100.M6513 2009

611'.7—dc22 2009021820

Translator: Barbara Herzberger, MD, Munich, Germany

Illustrator: Barbara Gay, Stuttgart, Germany

© 2009 Georg Thieme Verlag

Rüdigerstraße 14

70469 Stuttgart

Germany

http://www.thieme.de

Thieme New York, 333 Seventh Avenue,

New York, NY 10001, USA

http://www.thieme.com

Cover design: Thieme Publishing Group

Typesetting by primustype Hurler, Notzingen

Printed in China by

Leo Paper Products LTD, Hong Kong

ISBN 978-3-13-146541-2

Important note: Medicine is an ever-changing science undergoing continual development. Research and clinical experience are continually expanding our knowledge, in particular our knowledge of proper treatment and drug therapy. Insofar as this book mentions any dosage or application, readers may rest assured that the authors, editors, and publishers have made every effort to ensure that such references are in accordance with the state of knowledge at the time of production of the book.

Nevertheless, this does not involve, imply, or express any guarantee or responsibility on the part of the publishers in respect to any dosage instructions and forms of applications stated in the book. Every user is requested to examine carefully the manufacturers' leaflets accompanying each drug and to check, if necessary in consultation with a physician or specialist, whether the dosage schedules mentioned therein or the contraindications stated by the manufacturers differ from the statements made in the present book. Such examination is particularly important with drugs that are either rarely used or have been newly released on the market. Every dosage schedule or every form of application used is entirely at the user's own risk and responsibility. The authors and publishers request every user to report to the publishers any discrepancies or inaccuracies noticed. If errors in this work are found after publication, errata will be posted at www.thieme.com on the product description page.

Some of the product names, patents, and registered designs referred to in this book are in fact registered trademarks or proprietary names even though specific reference to this fact is not always made in the text. Therefore, the appearance of a name without designation as proprietary is not to be construed as a representation by the publisher that it is in the public domain.

This book, including all parts thereof, is legally protected by copyright. Any use, exploitation, or commercialization outside the narrow limits set by copyright legislation, without the publisher's consent, is illegal and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to photostat reproduction, copying, mimeographing, preparation of microfilms, and electronic data processing and storage.

1 2 3 4 5 6

For my American relatives

Bernie and Arlene, Bryan, Nancy, Rick and Bill, Claudia, Dale, Bryan, Jamie, and Meghan, Audrey, Mike, Kristin and Katelyn, Shirley, Mike, Michael, Austin, and Amanda

Preface

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the musculoskeletal system has become an integral part of routine investigations for the diagnosis of diseases of the joints, soft tissues, bones, and bone marrow. Continual improvements in image quality have been accompanied by increased demands on knowledge of anatomic details. Those who are unable to identify normal findings on imaging can find it difficult to recognize pathologic findings.

This book was written to fulfill three demands: to provide high-resolution images with detailed and precise labeling of all relevant structures while, at the same time, providing a clear overview of the area being imaged. High-quality imaging can be obtained with most modern MRI technology, and many images in this book have been produced with 3 Tesla equipment. A 32-channel magnetic resonance tomograph with overlapping surface coils was used for the whole-body scans.

Although a highly complicated and time-consuming procedure, we produced all of the ink drawings ourselves to ensure the precise reproduction of the detailed images. No currently available computer program is able to produce images that can emphasize important structures and omit less important ones as well as a human being. The illustrator must also have sufficient knowledge about the structure she or he is dealing with before beginning to draw because the width of a line and its course often depend on this knowledge.

The complex colored illustrations and strict adherence to a consistent concept have ensured both clarity and a high degree of detail in this book. All images are accompanied by corresponding colored illustrations. Particular structures are always illustrated in the same color, e.g., muscles are always shown in different shades of red and brown, so that each group of muscles is represented by a distinct shade. This makes it possible to differentiate even large, connected groups of muscles quickly. The illustrations are also presented in an order that makes it easier to locate the desired slices.

The Atlas starts with an overview in the form of a whole-body image and the temporomandibular joint, and the rest of it is divided into three large chapters: the spine, upper extremity, and lower extremity. In the last two chapters the cross-sectional images of the arms and legs are displayed from proximal to distal to produce an uninterrupted illustration of the transverse anatomy. This layout especially facilitates recognition of structures extending beyond the joints. These images are then followed by images of coronal and sagittal slices, with the exception of the shoulder and the jaw. Reproductions of these structures are presented parallel (paracoronal) and perpendicular (parasagittal) to the supraspinatus muscle or the head of the temporomandibular joint in accordance with international conventions.

To further facilitate rapid orientation, the illustrations are accompanied by corresponding MRI slices, and the orientation diagrams at the bottom of each page provide relational information about the sides of the body part being illustrated, for example which side is the radial or ulnar, or dorsal or ventral, side. We have consistently used official terminology when labeling the illustrations. If a structure may be referred to by several different terms, we have used the most common ones.

This book could not have been produced without the active support of many committed assistants, to whom we are most grateful. We would like to offer special thanks to our radiographic assistants, Silke Köhl, Sabine Mattil, Stefanie Müller, Heike Philippi, Brigitte Schild, and Petra Weber. We also wish to thank our medical colleagues Sigrid Roth and Simone Zenner for intense discussions and encouragement.

This Atlas is based on almost 25 years of personal experience in the field of practical MRI and has profited from the knowledge accumulated during the publication of more than 15 textbooks during the past years. We ourselves benefited enormously from over a year and a half of intensive deliberations on the anatomy of the musculoskeletal system. We have also thoroughly enjoyed the “artistic” aspect of producing this book and—also thanks to the luxurious layout—are proud to present a work that is not only informative but a collector's item. It is, therefore, not surprising that we can say that the entire project provided us with a great deal of pleasure, which more than compensates for the time and effort spent on preparing this book.

We hope that our readers will also benefit from our experience and wish them little effort, great success, and lots of fun while using this book.

Torsten B. Moeller

Emil Reif

Table of Contents

Whole Body

Whole Body

Temporomandibular Joint

Temporomandibular Joint, Coronal

Temporomandibular Joint, Sagittal

Spine

Spine, Sagittal

Cervical Spine, Sagittal

Cervical Spine, Coronal

Cervical Spine, Axial

Thoracic Spine, Sagittal

Thoracic Spine, Coronal

Thoracic Spine, Axial

Lumbar Spine, Sagittal

Lumbar Spine, Coronal

Lumbar Spine, Axial

Sacrum

Upper Extremity

Arm, Axial

Shoulder, Coronal

Shoulder, Sagittal

Elbow, Coronal

Elbow, Sagittal

Hand, Coronal

Hand, Sagittal

Lower Extremity

Leg, Axial

Hip, Coronal

Hip, Sagittal

Knee, Coronal

Knee, Sagittal

Foot, Coronal

Foot, Sagittal

Index

Index

Whole Body

Anatomic Structures Color Code: Whole Body

Arteries Nerves Veins Bones Fatty tissue Cartilage Tendon Disk, labrum, etc. Fluid Intestine, stomach Pancreas Esophagus Liver Air Gland Spleen Kidney Prostate Testes Facial muscles Quadriceps, short muscles of head and neck Shoulder, hip, and thigh (except adductors muscles Trunk, shoulder girdle, and dorsal muscles of upper arm Erector spinae (medial tract) and triceps surae muscles Erector spinae (lateral tract) and ventral muscles of upper arm Muscles of the thoracic wall Prevertebral cervical muscles and radial muscles of lower arm Volar muscles of lower arm Dorsal muscles of lower arm Adductor muscles (of thigh) Peroneus muscles Popliteus muscle Muscles of lower leg (extensors) Muscles of lower leg (flexors) Small finger muscles

Whole Body

Temporal muscleLateral pterygoid muscleLongus colli muscleCervical spineSternocleidomastoid muscleAnterior scalene muscleAcromioclavicular jointTracheaCoracoid processDeltoid muscleSupraspinatus muscleHumerus (head)Internal jugular veinCommon carotid arterySerratus anterior muscle (middle and lower parts)Biceps brachii muscle (long head)Right lungPectoralis major muscleRight ventricleAscending aortaIntercostal muscles and ribsPectoralis minor muscleLiverLeft ventricleIleumStomachCecumJejunumAnterior superior iliac spineTransversus abdominis muscleUrinary bladderInternal oblique muscleIliacus muscleExternal oblique muscleExternal iliac artery and veinGluteus medius muscleTensor fasciae latae muscleGluteus minimus musclePectineus muscleRectus femoris muscle Adductor longus muscleSymphysisSuperficial femoral artery and veinScrotumVastus lateralis muscleSartorius muscleVastus intermedius muscleVastus medialis muscleFemur (shaft)Femoral condyleKnee jointLateral collateral ligamentTibia (head)Tibia (shaft)Tibialis anterior muscleParotid glandTemporomandibular (jaw) jointSternocleidomastoid muscleAtlanto-axial joint (median)Anterior scalene muscleClavicleAcromioclavicular jointAcromionSupraspinatus muscle (and tendon)Humerus (head)Coracoid processPectoralis minor muscleDeltoid muscleBiceps brachii muscle (long head)Coracobrachialis muscleAortic archBiceps brachii muscle (short head)Pulmonary arterySuperior vena cavaLeft lungCephalic veinLeft ventricleSerratus anterior muscle (middle and lower parts)DiaphragmRight atriumStomachIntercostal muscles and ribsJejunumLiverExternal oblique muscleAbdominal aortaInternal oblique muscleIlium (superior margin of the iliac crest)Transversus abdominis musclePsoas major muscleIlium (acetabular roof)Iliacus muscleFemur (head)Gluteus medius muscleDeep artery of the thigh Gluteus minimus musclePubisIliopsoas muscleSuperficial femoral artery and veinPectineus muscleVastus intermedius muscleAdductor brevis muscleVastus lateralis muscleAdductor longus muscleVastus medialis muscleSartorius muscleMedial and lateral femoral condylesFemur (shaft)Knee jointTibia (head)Tibia (shaft)Tibialis anterior muscleExtensor digitorum longus muscleSternocleidomastoid muscleLevator scapulae muscleMiddle scalene muscleSpinalis cervicis muscleTrapezius muscle (transverse part)Posterior scalene muscleAcromioclavicular jointClavicleSupraspinatus muscleAcromionInfraspinatus muscle (tendon)Coracoid processHumerus (head)Axillary artery and veinTeres minor muscleDeltoid muscleSubscapularis muscleCoracobrachialis muscleBiceps brachii muscle (short head)Biceps brachii muscle (long head)Right lungAortic archPulmonary veinPulmonary arterySerratus anterior muscle (middle and lower parts)Left ventricleRight atriumStomachLiverAbdominal aortaInternal and external oblique musclesPsoas (major) muscleTransversus abdominis muscleIliacus muscleIlium (iliac crest, superior margin)Ilium (acetabular roof)Common iliac arteryHip jointGluteus medius muscleFemur (head) Gluteus minimus musclePubisIliofemoral ligament and capsule of hip jointAdductor brevis muscleIliopsoas muscleVastus lateralis muscleObturator externus muscleVastus medialis muscleGracilis muscleVastus intermedius muscleAdductor longus muscleFemur (shaft)Superficial femoral artery and veinGastrocnemius muscle (lateral head)Sartorius muscleGastrocnemius muscle (medial head)Lateral femoral condyleMedial femoral condyleKnee jointTibia (head)Anterior cruciate ligamentTibialis anterior muscleFlexor digitorum longus musclePeroneus longus muscleTibia (shaft)Extensor digitorum longus muscleObliquus capitis inferior muscleSplenius capitis muscleSplenius cervicis muscleSternocleidomastoid muscleMultifidus cervicis muscleLevator scapulae muscleTrapezius muscle (transverse part)ClavicleJoint socketAcromionInfraspinatus muscleSupraspinatus muscleSubscapularis muscleHumerus (head)Teres minor muscleSerratus anterior muscle (upper part)Deltoid muscleAxillary artery and veinTrachea (bifurcation)Aortic archBiceps brachii muscle and coracobrachialis musclePulmonary arteryBrachioradialis muscle and humerus(shaft)Left lungSerratus anterior muscle (middle and lower parts)Left atriumLiverStomachInternal and external oblique musclesIntercostal muscles and ribsTransversus abdominis muscleAbdominal aortaIliacus muscleExtensor carpi radialis muscleGluteus minimus muscleIlium (superior margin, iliac crest)Ilium (roof of acetabulum)Psoas major muscleFemur (head)Gluteus medius muscle Obturator internus muscleHip jointIliopsoas muscleGreater trochanterAdductor brevis muscleObturator externus muscleAdductor longus muscleIschiumSuperficial femoral artery and veinGracilis muscleGastrocnemius muscle (lateral head)Vastus lateralis muscleGastrocnemius muscle (medial head)Vastus intermedius and medialis musclesLateral femoral condyleSartorius musclePosterior cruciate ligamentBiceps femoris muscleTibia (head)Medial femoral condylePopliteus muscleFibula (head)Flexor digitorum longus musclePeroneus longus muscleExtensor hallucis longus muscleSoleus muscleTibia (shaft)Tibialis posterior muscleExtensor digitorum longus muscleTalusTibiotalar jointObliquus capitis inferior muscleObliquus capitis superior muscleSplenius capitis muscleSemispinalis capitis muscleSemispinalis cervicis muscleLongissimus capitis muscleLevator scapulae muscleTrapezius muscle (transverse part)Serratus anterior muscle (upper part)Supraspinatus muscleAcromionInfraspinatus muscle and head of humerusSuprascapularis muscleJoint socketTeres minor muscleDeltoid muscleTriceps brachii muscle (medial head)Aortic archPosterior circumflex humeral arterySerratus anterior muscle (middle and lower parts)Humerus (shaft)Biceps brachii muscle and coracobrachialis muscleRight lungTriceps brachii muscle (lateral head)LiverBrachialis muscleInternal and external oblique musclesDescending aortaTransversus abdominis muscleBrachioradialis muscleIliacus musclePsoas major muscleGluteus maximus muscleFlexor pollicis longus muscleGluteus minimus muscleExtensor digitorum muscleRadiusGluteus medius muscleFemur (head)Ilium Greater trochanterHip jointPectineus muscleObturator internus muscleAdductor brevis muscleObturator externus muscleGracilis muscleAdductor minimus muscleSartorius muscleVastus lateralis muscleSemimembranosus muscleVastus intermedius muscleGreat saphenous veinAdductor magnus muscleLateral femoral condyleSuperficial femoral artery and veinPopliteus muscleBiceps femoris muscleFibula (head)Gastrocnemius muscle (lateral head)Peroneus (fibularis) longus muscleGastrocnemius muscle (medial head)Soleus musclePopliteal artery and veinTibialis posterior muscleFlexor hallucis longus muscleTibiaPeroneus brevis muscleTalusTalocrural joint of the ankleRectus capitis posterior major muscleSplenius capitis muscleSemispinalis capitis muscleSemispinalis cervicis muscleSplenius cervicis muscleTrapezius muscle (descending part)Subscapularis muscleTrapezius muscle (transverse part)Scapula (spine)Levator scapulae muscleDeltoid muscleSupraspinatus muscleTeres minor muscleInfraspinatus muscleTriceps brachii muscle (lateral head)Left lungTriceps brachii muscle (medial head)Thoracic aortaHumerus (shaft)Ulnar nerveIntercostal muscles and ribsSerratus anterior muscle (middle and lower parts)Latissimus dorsi muscleCoracobrachialis muscleLiverBiceps brachii muscleRight kidneyBrachioradialis muscleQuadratus lumborum muscleSpleenGluteus medius muscleInternal and external oblique muscles and transversus abdominis muscleGluteus maximus musclePsoas major muscleGluteus minimus muscleFlexor digitorum superficialis muscleIliofemoral ligamentExtensor digitorum and extensor digiti minimi musclesFemur (head)Flexor carpi radialis muscle Lesser trochanterSacro-iliac jointAdductor magnus muscleSacrumGracilis muscleRoof of acetabulum (ilium)Tibial nerveObturator externus muscleSemimembranosus muscleAdductor minimus muscleBiceps femoris muscle (long head)Adductor brevis muscleSemitendinosus muscle (tendon)Vastus intermedius muscleGastrocnemius muscle (lateral head)Vastus lateralis muscleGastrocnemius muscle (medial head)Great saphenous veinPeroneus longus muscleSartorius muscleFibula (shaft)Soleus musclePeroneus brevis muscleFlexor hallucis longus muscleTibiaFibula (lateral malleolus)TalusCalcaneusSemispinalis capitis muscleSplenius capitis muscleRectus capitis posterior major muscleSemispinalis cervicis muscleTrapezius muscle (descending part)Splenius cervicis muscleTrapezius muscle (transverse part)Levator scapulae muscleSupraspinatus muscleSerratus anterior muscle (upper part)Infraspinatus muscleScapula (spine)Teres minor muscleSubscapularis muscleTeres major muscleDeltoid muscleRight lungTriceps brachii muscle (lateral head)Serratus anterior muscle (middle and lower parts)Latissimus dorsi muscleTriceps brachii muscle (medial head)Cephalic veinHumerus (shaft)DiaphragmCoracobrachialis and biceps brachii musclesSpleenLiverIntercostal muscles and ribsRight kidneyPsoas major muscleIliocostalis lumborum muscleInternal and external oblique muscles and transversus abdominis muscleQuadratus lumborum muscleInterspinous ligamentGluteus medius muscleSacro-iliac jointUlnaGluteus maximus muscleSacrum (lateral mass)Piriformis muscle Intertrochanteric crestGemellus superior muscleObturator internus muscleObturator externus muscleLevator ani muscleGemellus inferior muscleIschiumQuadratus femoris muscleAdductor magnus muscleVastus lateralis muscleSciatic nerveBiceps femoris muscle (long head)Gracilis muscleSemimembranosus muscleSemitendinosus muscle (tendon)Gastrocnemius muscle (lateral head)Soleus muscleGastrocnemius muscle (medial head)Peroneus longus muscleTibialis posterior musclePeroneus brevis muscleFlexor hallucis longus muscleFibula (lateral malleolus)Semispinalis capitis muscleSplenius cervicis muscleLevator scapulae muscleScapula (medial margin)Trapezius muscleScapula (spine)Multifidus cervicis muscleSubscapularis muscleRhomboid minor muscle and serratus anterior muscleInfraspinatus muscleDeltoid muscleTeres minor muscleTeres major muscleScapula (lateral angle)Triceps brachii muscleLeft lungLatissimus dorsi muscleSerratus anterior muscleDiaphragmSpleenLiverCephalic veinHumerusLeft kidneyFlexor carpi radialis muscleQuadratus lumborum muscleIliocostalis lumborum muscleMultifidus lumborum muscleInterspinales lumborum musclesPalmaris longus muscleSacro-iliac jointGluteus medius muscleGluteus maximus muscleSacrum (lateral mass)RectumPiriformis muscleGemellus inferior muscleLevator ani muscleIschiumObturator internus muscle Vastus lateralis muscleSciatic nerveSemitendinosus muscleSemimembranosus muscleBiceps femoris muscle (long head)Gracilis muscleGastrocnemius muscle (lateral head)Gastrocnemius muscle (medial head)Peroneus longus muscleSoleus musclePeroneus brevis muscleSemispinalis capitis muscleTrapezius muscleLevator scapulae muscleRhomboid minor muscleScapula (spine)Iliocostalis cervicis muscleErector spinae muscleSubscapularis muscleInfraspinatus muscleDeltoid muscleTeres major muscleTriceps brachii muscleRight lungSerratus anterior muscleDiaphragmLatissimus dorsi muscleLiverSpleenIliocostalis lumborum muscleIntercostal muscleHumerusCephalic veinFlexor digitorum superficialis muscleLongissimus lumborum muscleSacro-iliac jointMultifidus lumborum muscleFlexor carpi ulnaris muscleIliumPiriformis muscleSacrum (lateral mass)Levator ani muscleAnusObturator internus muscleGluteus maximus muscleSemitendinosus muscleIschiumBiceps femoris muscle (long head)Semimembranosus muscleTrapezius muscleLevator scapulae muscleScapula (spine)Rhomboid minor muscleSerratus posterior muscleErector spinae muscleDeltoid muscleInfraspinatus muscleSubscapularis muscleTeres major muscleSerratus anterior muscleTriceps brachii muscleRight lungLatissimus dorsi muscleDiaphragmSpinal cord (thoracic part)LiverIntercostal muscles and ribsIliocostalis lumborum muscleLongissimus lumborum muscleInterspinales lumborum musclesInterspinal ligamentIliumSacro-iliac jointSacrum (lateral mass)RectumPiriformis muscleGluteus maximus muscleBiceps femoris muscle (long head)Semitendinosus muscleSemimembranosus muscle

Temporomandibular Joint

Anatomic Structures Color Code: Temporomandibular Joint

Arteries Nerves Veins Bones Fatty tissue Cartilage Tendons Disk, labrum, etc. Fluid Air Facial Muscles, ventral cervical muscles Prevertebral cervical muscles Muscles of the trunk and shoulder girdle Parotid gland

Temporomandibular Joint, Coronal

Temporal muscleInternal carotid artery (petrous part)Temporal boneTemporal lobeUpper joint spaceArticular disk (posterior ligament)Superficial temporal arteryLower joint spaceZygomatic processMedial joint capsuleLateral joint capsuleLateral pterygoid muscleMandible (head)Mandible (neck)Parotid glandMaxillary veinsMasseter muscleMedial pterygoid muscleRamus of mandible

Temporomandibular Joint, Sagittal

Temporal muscleTemporal lobe and temporal boneUpper joint spaceArticular fossaArticular disk (posterior ligament)Bilaminar zone (upper retrodiskal layer)Lower joint spaceBilaminar zone (lower retrodiskal layer)Articular tubercleMandible (head)Articular disk (intermediate zone)MastoidLateral pterygoid muscle (upper head)Retroarticular tissueArticular disk (anterior ligament)External acoustic meatusMaxillary artery and veinMandible (neck)Lateral pterygoid muscle (lower head)Sternocleidomastoid muscleInferior alveolar artery and nerveParotid glandMasseter muscleParotid veinMandibular canalMandible (ramus)Inferior alveolar nerve

Mouth closed

Mouth open

Mouth closed

Mouth open

Spine

Anatomic Structures Color Code: Spine

Arteries Nerves Veins Bones Fatty tissue Cartilage Tendon Disk, intervertebral cartilage Fluid, cerebrospinal fluid Lymph nodes Esophagus Liver Air IntestineMuscles of Face and Ventral Cervical MusclesDigastric muscleStylohyoidSternohyoidShort Muscles of Neck and Head JointsRectus capitis posterior major and minorObliquus capitis superior and inferiorPrevertebral Cervical MusclesLongus capitis and longus colliRectus capitis lateralis and anteriorErector Spinae Muscles (Lateral Tract)IliocostalisLongissimusSplenius capitis and splenius cervicisIntertransversariiLevatores costarumErector Spinae Muscles (Medial Tract)Spinal system:interspinous musclesTransversospinal system:rotatores breves and longiMultifidus cervicis, thoracis, and lumborumSemispinalis capitis, cervicis, and thoracisMuscles of Thoracic CageExternal, internal, and innermostintercostalsTransversus thoracisSubcostalScalenus anterior, medius, minimus, and posteriorPeroneusMuscles of the Trunk—Shoulder Girdle—ArmRhomboideus major and minorSternocleidomastoidLevator scapulaeSerratus anterior and posteriorPectoralis major and minorTrapeziusMuscles of the Trunk—Leg—AbdomenLatissimus dorsiPsoasQuadratus lumborumPiriformisGluteus medius

Spine, Sagittal

Cervical vertebrae C 1–7Thoracic vertebrae Th 1–12Lumbar vertebrae L 1–5Sacrum (sacral vertebrae 1–5)Coccyx (coccygeal vertebrae 1–3or 1–4)Nuchal ligamentDens axis, C 2Vertebra prominens, C 7Body of thoracic vertebra T1Vertebral canalSpinal cord (thoracic part)Intervertebral diskSupraspinous ligamentInterspinous ligamentsBody of lumbar vertebra L 1Conus medullarisCauda equinaSpinous processThecal sacSacrum (S 1)PromontoryCoccyx

Cervical Spine, Sagittal

Foramen magnumTrapezius muscle (descending part)Tectorial membraneOccipital bone (internal occipital protuberance)Anterior atlanto-occipital membraneSemispinalis capitis muscleApical ligament of densRectus capitis posterior minor muscleLongitudinal fasciculiPosterior atlanto-occipital membraneAtlas (anterior arch)Suboccipital fatty tissueMedian atlanto-axial jointAtlas (posterior arch)Axis (dens)Deep cervical veinsAxis (vertebral body)Transverse ligament of atlasLongus capitis musclePosterior longitudinal ligamentInferior vertebral endplate C 3Interspinous ligamentSuperior vertebral endplate C 4Cervical spinal cordAnterior longitudinal ligamentPremedullary and postmedullary subarachnoid spaceIntervertebral diskInterspinales musclesEsophagusSpinous process C 7Basivertebral veinsLigamentum flavumThoracic vertebral body T1Supraspinous ligamentBony vertebral canalVertebral arteryOccipital boneOccipital condyleSemispinalis capitis muscleAtlanto-occipital jointRectus capitis posterior minor muscleAtlas (lateral mass)Trapezius muscle (descending part)Atlas (posterior arch)Suboccipital fatty tissueSpinal nerve C 2Rectus capitis posterior major muscleAxis (body)Deep cervical veinsSpinal ganglion C 3Obliquus capitis inferior muscleLongus capitis muscleSpinalis cervicis muscle and multifidus musclePalatopharyngeus muscleSplenius capitis muscleBody of cervical vertebra C 7Semispinalis cervicis muscleSpinal ganglion C 8Spinal ganglion T1Intervertebral foramenInferior articular processFirst thoracic vertebral bodyZygapophyseal jointPosterior intercostal artery (spinal and radicular branches of dorsal branch)Superior articular processLongus colli muscleTrapezius muscle (transverse part)Intervertebral diskRhomboid muscleLigamentum flavumSplenius cervicis musclePosterior intercostal veinOccipital condyleSemispinalis capitis muscleInternal carotid arterySuboccipital fatty tissueAtlanto-occipital jointRectus capitis posterior minor muscleAtlas (lateral mass)Rectus capitis posterior major muscleVertebral arterySpinal nerve C 2Deep cervical veinsObliquus capitis inferior muscleIntervertebral foramenTrapezius muscle (descending part)Longus capitis muscleSplenius capitis muscleVertebral artery (spinal and radicular branches)Inferior articular processSpinal ganglion C 8Zygapophyseal jointLongus colli muscleSuperior articular processFirst thoracic vertebral bodySpinalis cervicis muscle and multifidus musclePosterior intercostal artery (spinal and radicular branches of dorsal branch)Ligamentum flavum