Hypochondriasis - A pratical treatise E-Book

John Hill

• Herausgeber: GIANLUCA
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017

Beschreibung

INTRODUCTION
SECT. I. - The NATURE of the DISORDER
SECT. II. - Persons Subject to it
SECT. III. - The SYMPTOMS of the DISORDER
SECT. IV. - The DANGER
SECT. V. - The Causes of the HYPOCHONDRIASIS
SECT. VI. - Rules of Life for Hypochondriac Persons
SECT. VII. - The proper DIET
SECT. VIII. - The MEDICINE

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

NOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION

SECT. I. - The NATURE of the DISORDER

SECT. II. - Persons Subject to it

SECT. III. - The SYMPTOMS of the DISORDER

SECT. IV. - The DANGER

SECT. V. - The Causes of the HYPOCHONDRIASIS

SECT. VI. - The Cure of the HYPOCHONDRIASIS

SECT. VI. - Rules of Life for Hypochondriac Persons

SECT. VII. - The proper DIET

SECT. VIII. - The MEDICINE

HYPOCHONDRIASIS

A Practical Treatise

by

JOHN HILL

First digital edition 2019 by Gianluca Ruffini

INTRODUCTION

“When I first dabbled in this art, the old distemper call’d Melancholy was exchang’d for Vapours, and afterwards for the Hypp, and at last took up the now current appellation of the Spleen, which it still retains, tho’ a learned doctor of the west, in a little tract he hath written, divides the Spleen and Vapours, not only into the Hypp, the Hyppos, and the Hyppocons; but subdivides these divisions into the Markambles, the Moonpalls, the Strong-Fiacs, and the Hockogrokles.”

Nicholas Robinson, A New System of the Spleen, Vapours, and Hypochondriack Melancholy (London, 1729)

Treatises on hypochondriasis: the seventeenth-century medical term for a wide range of nervous diseases were old when “Sir” John Hill, the eccentric English scientist, physician, apothecary, and hack writer, published his Hypochondriasis in 1766.[1] For at least a century and a half medical writers as well as lay authors had been writing literature of all types (treatises, pamphlets, poems, sermons, epigrams) on this most fashionable of English maladies under the variant names of “melancholy,” “the spleen,” “black melancholy,” “hysteria,” “nervous debility,” “the hyp.” Despite the plethora of materia scripta on the subject it makes sense to reprint Hill’s Hypochondriasis, because it is indeed a “practical treatise” and because it offers the modern student of neoclassical literature a clear summary of the best thoughts that had been put forth on the subject, as well as an explanation of the causes, symptoms, and cures of this commonplace malady.

No reader of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century English literature needs to be reminded of the interest of writers of the period in the condition “disease” is too confining a term hypochondriasis. [2] Their concern is apparent in both the poetry and prose of two centuries. From Robert Burton’s Brobdingnagian exposition in The Anatomy of Melancholy (1621) to Tobias Smollett’s depiction of the misanthropic and ailing Matthew Bramble in Humphry Clinker (1771), and, of course, well into the nineteenth century, afflicted heroes and weeping heroines populate the pages of England’s literature. There is scarcely a decade in the period 1600-1800 that does not contribute to the literature of melancholy; so considerable in number are the works that could be placed under this heading that it actually makes sense to speak of the “literature of melancholy.” A kaleidoscopic survey of this literature (exclusive of treatises written on the subject) would include mention of Milton’s “Il Penseroso” and “L’Allegro,” the meditative Puritan and nervous Anglican thinkers of the Restoration (many of whose narrators, such as Richard Baxter, author of the Reliquiae Baxterianae,[3] are afflicted), Swift’s “School of Spleen” in A Tale of a Tub, Pope’s hysterical Belinda in the “Cave of Spleen,” the melancholic “I” of Samuel Richardson’s correspondence, Gray’s leucocholy, the psychosomatically ailing characters of The Vicar of Wakefield and Tristram Shandy, Boswell’s Hypochondriack Papers (1777-1783) contributed to the London Magazine, and such “sensible” and “sensitive” women as Mrs. Bennett and Miss Bates in the novels of Jane Austen. So great in bulk is this literature in the mid eighteenth century, that C. A. Moore has written, “statistically, this deserves to be called the Age of Melancholy.” [4] The vastness of this literature is sufficient to justify the reprinting of an unavailable practical handbook on the subject by a prolific author all too little known. [5]

The medical background of Hill’s pamphlet extends further back than the seventeenth century and Burton’s Anatomy. The ancient Greeks had theorized about hypochondria: hypochondriasis signified a disorder beneath (hypo) the gristle (chondria) and the disease was discussed principally in physiological terms. The belief that hypochondriasis was a somatic condition persisted until the second half of the seventeenth century at which time an innovation was made by Dr. Thomas Sydenham. In addition to showing that hypochondriasis and hysteria (thought previously by Sydenham to afflict women only) were the same disease, Sydenham noted that the external cause of both was a mental disturbance and not a physiological one. He also had a theory that the internal and immediate cause was a disorder of the animal spirits arising from a clot and resulting in pain, spasms, and bodily disorders. By attributing the onset of the malady to mental phenomena and not to obstructions of the spleen or viscera, Sydenham was moving towards a psychosomatic theory of hypochondriasis, one that was to be debated in the next century in England, Holland, and France. [6] Sydenham’s influence on the physicians of the eighteenth century was profound: Cheyne in England, Boerhaave in Holland, La Mettrie in France. Once the theory of the nervous origins of hypochondria gained ground--here I merely note coincidence, not historical cause and effect the disease became increasingly fashionable in England, particularly among the polite, the aristocratic, and the refined. Students of the drama will recall Scrub’s denial in The Beaux’ Stratagem (1707) of the possibility that Archer has the spleen and Mrs. Sullen’s interjection, “I thought that distemper had been only proper to people of quality.”