Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves with Maxwell's Equations E-Book

Ozgur Ergul

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 998

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021

Beschreibung

Discover an innovative and fresh approach to teaching classical electromagnetics at a foundational level

Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves with Maxwell's Equations delivers an accessible and practical approach to teaching the well-known topics all electromagnetics instructors must include in their syllabus. Based on the author's decades of experience teaching the subject, the book is carefully tuned to be relevant to an audience of engineering students who have already been exposed to the basic curricula of linear algebra and multivariate calculus.

Forming the backbone of the book, Maxwell's equations are developed step-by-step in consecutive chapters, while related electromagnetic phenomena are discussed simultaneously. The author presents accompanying mathematical tools alongside the material provided in the book to assist students with retention and comprehension. The book contains over 100 solved problems and examples with stepwise solutions offered alongside them. An accompanying website provides readers with additional problems and solutions.

Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:

• A thorough introduction to preliminary concepts in the field, including scalar and vector fields, cartesian coordinate systems, basic
• vector operations, orthogonal coordinate systems, and electrostatics, magnetostatics, and electromagnetics
• An exploration of Gauss' Law, including integral forms, differential forms, and boundary conditions
• A discussion of Ampere's Law, including integral and differential forms and Stoke's Theorem
• An examination of Faraday's Law, including integral and differential forms and the Lorentz Force Law

Perfect for third-and fourth-year undergraduate students in electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, applied maths, physics, and computer science, Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves with Maxwell's Equations will also earn a place in the libraries of graduate and postgraduate students in any STEM program with applications in electromagnetics.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Dedication

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Note

Mathematical Notation

List of Symbols

Special Functions

Frequently Used Identities

Cartesian‐Cylindrical and Cartesian‐Spherical Vector Transformations

Dot and Cross Products

Gradient and Laplace

Divergence

Curl

Operations on Multiple Fields

Multiple Operators

Tools to Understand Maxwell's Equations

About the Companion Website

0 Preliminary

0.1 Scalar and Vector Fields

0.2 Cartesian Coordinate Systems

0.3 Basic Vector Operations

0.4 Orthogonal Coordinate Systems

0.5 Electrostatics, Magnetostatics, and Electromagnetics

0.6 Time in Electromagnetics

0.7 Final Remarks

Notes

1 Gauss’ Law

1.1 Integral Form of Gauss’ Law

1.2 Using the Integral Form of Gauss’ Law

1.3 Differential Form of Gauss’ Law

1.4 Using the Differential Form of Gauss’ Law

1.5 Boundary Conditions for Normal Electric Fields

1.6 Static Cases and Coulomb's Law

1.7 Gauss’ Law and Dielectrics

1.8 Final Remarks

1.9 Exercises

1.10 Questions

Notes

2 Ampere's Law

2.1 Integral Form of Ampere's Law

2.2 Using the Integral Form of Ampere's Law

2.3 Differential Form of Ampere's Law

2.4 Using the Differential Form of Ampere's Law

2.5 Boundary Conditions for Tangential Magnetic Fields

2.6 Gauss’ Law and Ampere's Law

2.7 Static Cases, Biot-Savart Law, and Ampere's Force Law

2.8 Ampere's Law and Magnetic Materials

2.9 Final Remarks

2.10 Exercises

2.11 Questions

Notes

3 Faraday's Law

3.1 Integral Form of Faraday's Law

3.2 Using the Integral Form of Faraday's Law

3.3 Differential Form of Faraday's Law

3.4 Boundary Conditions for Tangential Electric Fields

3.5 Combining Faraday's Law with Gauss’ and Ampere's Laws

3.6 Static Cases and Electric Scalar Potential

3.7 Final Remarks

3.8 Exercises

3.9 Questions

Notes

4 Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Fields

4.1 Integral and Differential Forms of Gauss’ law for Magnetic Fields

4.2 Boundary Conditions for Normal Magnetic Fields

4.3 Static Cases and Magnetic Vector Potential

4.4 Combining All of Maxwell's Equations

4.5 Final Remarks

4.6 Exercises

4.7 Questions

Notes

5 Basic Solutions to Maxwell's Equations

5.1 Summary of Maxwell's Equations, Wave Equations, and Helmholtz Equations

5.2 Electromagnetic Propagation and Radiation

5.3 Plane Waves

5.4 Final Remarks

5.5 Exercises

5.6 Questions

Notes

6 Analyses of Conducting Objects

6.1 Ohm's Law

6.2 Joule's Law

6.3 Relaxation Time

6.4 Boundary Conditions for Conducting Media

6.5 Analyses of Perfectly Conducting Objects

6.6 Maxwell's Equations in Conducting Media

6.7 Capacitance

6.8 Resistance

6.9 Inductance

6.10 Final Remarks

6.11 Exercises

6.12 Questions

Notes

7 Transmission of Electromagnetic Waves

7.1 Antennas and Wireless Transmission

7.2 Waveguides

7.3 Transmission Line Theory

7.4 Concluding Remarks

7.5 Exercises

7.6 Questions

Notes

8 Concluding Chapter

8.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum

8.2 Brief History of Electromagnetism (Electricity, Magnetism, and a Little Optics)

8.3 Electromagnetism in Action

8.4 How to Solve Maxwell's Equations

Notes

Bibliography

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 0

Figure 0.1 A two-dimensional scalar field plotted via contours.

Figure 0.2 Temperature in a room can be considered a scalar field.

Figure 0.3 Air flow in a room can be considered a vector field.

Figure 0.4 A two-dimensional vector field plotted via arrows. Each arrow sho...

Figure 0.5 A Cartesian coordinate system with unit vectors

,

, and

. Two ...

Figure 0.6 A vector

can be represented by its direction (unit vector

) an...

Figure 0.7 A geometric demonstration of addition and subtraction of vectors....

Figure 0.8 For a given variable

, equation

 constant corresponds to a surf...

Figure 0.9 Position vector shown in a Cartesian coordinate system, including...

Figure 0.10 A cylindrical coordinate system with cylindrical variables.

Figure 0.11 A demonstration of how the representation of a vector depends on...

Figure 0.12 Conversion of a differential angle

into a differential length

Figure 0.13 A spherical coordinate system with spherical variables.

Figure 0.14 In a conductor, drifting electrons due to an applied voltage (el...

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 A representation of Gauss’ law. Depending on the electric charge ...

Figure 1.2 Geometric representation of differential surfaces in a Cartesian ...

Figure 1.3 A constant-

surface in a cylindrical coordinate system and a dif...

Figure 1.4 A constant-

surface in a spherical coordinate system and a diffe...

Figure 1.5 A geometric demonstration of the dot product of two vectors

and...

Figure 1.6 Different ranges of values that a dot product can have.

Figure 1.7 According to the triangular inequality,

cannot be larger than

Figure 1.8 Angles between unit vectors, which depend on the position.

Figure 1.9 Projection of

onto the

axis.

Figure 1.10 A differential surface on a constant-

plane using cylindrical p...

Figure 1.11 A differential surface on a sphere.

Figure 1.12 A constant vector field through hemispherical surfaces.

Figure 1.13 A constant vector field through a closed hemisphere.

Figure 1.14 A varying vector field

through a sphere.

Figure 1.15 According to Gauss’ law, the net electric flux through all surfa...

Figure 1.16 An analogy for describing Gauss’ law. A water tank is filled by ...

Figure 1.17 Two vectors

and

with an angle of

between them.

Figure 1.18 A cup-shaped object involving a hemisphere (

) of radius

insid...

Figure 1.19 Application of Gauss’ law for a static point electric charge at ...

Figure 1.20 The electric field created by a static point electric charge dec...

Figure 1.21 A static line electric charge density, which is infinitely long,...

Figure 1.22 A static volume electric charge distribution with a spherical sh...

Figure 1.23 Volume, surface, and line electric charge densities.

Figure 1.24 A vector field and its divergence (colors). Positive and negativ...

Figure 1.25 A vector field

has a nonzero divergence (top figure), while

...

Figure 1.26 Changes in some of the unit vectors with respect to cylindrical ...

Figure 1.27 The net flux of vector field

through a spherical surface incre...

Figure 1.28 A vector field

seems to change with respect to position. But i...

Figure 1.29 Since the divergence

represents the source/sink of a vector fi...

Figure 1.30 A a vector field

and a sphere of radius

.

Figure 1.31 A closed surface involving a shifted hemisphere combined with an...

Figure 1.32 An illustration to show that the normal of the hemispherical sur...

Figure 1.33 A static surface electric charge density

(C/m

) on a sphere of ...

Figure 1.34 Using the integral form of Gauss’ law for the surface electric c...

Figure 1.35 The electric flux density due to a static spherical surface elec...

Figure 1.36 A static volume electric charge density

(C/m

) in the shape of ...

Figure 1.37 A static spherical volume electric charge density with an unknow...

Figure 1.38 An illustration of the derivation of the boundary conditions for...

Figure 1.39 Some special cases about the boundary condition for the normal c...

Figure 1.40 The electric field created by an infinitely large static surface...

Figure 1.41 The electric field created by a static electric charge

located...

Figure 1.42 Electric fields created by a set of static electric charges. The...

Figure 1.43 The electric field created by a volume electric charge distribut...

Figure 1.44 Two static point electric charges located at different positions...

Figure 1.45 A parallel-plate capacitor model.

Figure 1.46 Electric fields created by a positively charged (top) plate and ...

Figure 1.47 A static surface electric charge distribution with a disk shape....

Figure 1.48 Force applied by an electric charge

to another electric charge...

Figure 1.49 The electric field created by an electric charge

at a location...

Figure 1.50 A static line electric charge distribution of a circular shape....

Figure 1.51 A static line electric charge distribution of a circular shape, ...

Figure 1.52 A static surface electric charge distribution with a disk shape....

Figure 1.53 Top view of Figure 1.52 to demonstrate the integration strategy....

Figure 1.54 An infinitely long static line electric charge with constant den...

Figure 1.55 A static point electric charge in a vacuum near a dielectric med...

Figure 1.56 A static point electric charge inside a dielectric medium.

Figure 1.57 A static point electric charge in a vacuum near a dielectric med...

Figure 1.58 Dielectrics interact with external electric fields. For example,...

Figure 1.59 An application of the integral form of Gauss’ law when all locat...

Figure 1.60 The integral form of Gauss’ law can be used to find electric fie...

Figure 1.61 Different locations at the interface between the vacuum and a di...

Figure 1.62 Electric dipole involving positive and negative static (i.e. sta...

Figure 1.63 Electric field lines for an electric dipole. Electric dipoles ar...

Figure 1.64 A simple illustration of polarization inside a dielectric body i...

Figure 1.65 Replacing the polarization effect at the interface between a die...

Figure 1.66 Modeling polarization in terms of equivalent electric charges th...

Figure 1.67 A parallel-plate capacitor and a dielectric inserted between the...

Figure 1.68 A static point electric charge

located at the origin inside a ...

Figure 1.69 In the equivalent problem for the scenario in Figure 1.68, equiv...

Figure 1.70 An electrically charged dielectric sphere.

Figure 1.71 A view of a vector field

on the

-

plane.

Figure 1.72 A closed hemisphere and outward normal directions.

Figure 1.73 A surface defined as

in the first octant.

Figure 1.74 A closed surface involving an upper hemisphere and an arbitrary ...

Figure 1.75 A closed surface in the shape of a triangular prism.

Figure 1.76 A closed surface in the shape of a quarter of a cylinder.

Figure 1.77 A cylindrical region, where the electric charge density is not k...

Figure 1.78 A static ring-shaped surface electric charge density.

Figure 1.79 Positive and negative static electric charge distributions with ...

Figure 1.80 A system of static electric charge distributions involving a sec...

Figure 1.81 A static surface electric charge distribution with a cylindrical...

Figure 1.82 A surface involving a combination of a symmetrically placed sphe...

Figure 1.83 A static point electric charge located inside layered spherical ...

Figure 1.84 A static sectoral surface electric charge distribution.

Figure 1.85 A static line electric charge distribution on the

axis.

Figure 1.86 A spherical shell with permanent polarization.

Figure 1.87 An infinitely long static line electric charge density inside an...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 An illustration of Ampere's law. The circulation of the magnetic ...

Figure 2.2 Differential length vectors on different curves.

Figure 2.3 A representation of

.

Figure 2.4 A differential

on a circle.

Figure 2.5 Circulation of

around a circle on the

plane.

Figure 2.6 Circulation of

around a triangle on the

plane.

Figure 2.7 Circulation of

around a circle and a triangle on the

plane.

Figure 2.8 An illustration of Ampere's law, where the magnetic fields create...

Figure 2.9 A movement of a constant electric current

, leading to a changin...

Figure 2.10 An Ampere loop enclosing a time-variant electric current flow th...

Figure 2.11 Application of Ampere's law for a charging or discharging capaci...

Figure 2.12 Different paths from the origin to

.

Figure 2.13 A closed path on the

-

plane defined by three straight lines f...

Figure 2.14 An infinitely long wire carrying a steady electric current flowi...

Figure 2.15 The magnetic field created by a steady line electric current dec...

Figure 2.16 Two different examples, where magnetic field intensity cannot be...

Figure 2.17 A coaxial structure that carries steady electric currents. Elect...

Figure 2.18 The magnitude (

component) of the magnetic field intensity with...

Figure 2.19 An infinitely long ideal cylindrical inductor.

Figure 2.20 Ampere loops to find the magnetic field intensity for an ideal i...

Figure 2.21 The magnetic field created by a cylindrical inductor tends to de...

Figure 2.22 A toroid structure and an Ampere loop with different radii to fi...

Figure 2.23 Volume electric current density (electric current flowing in non...

Figure 2.24 To find the total electric current, the surface integral of the ...

Figure 2.25 A geometric demonstration of the cross product of two vectors

...

Figure 2.26 Cross products of vectors, where the results are vectors out fro...

Figure 2.27 A cycle of unit vectors for the correct order in their cross pro...

Figure 2.28 Taking a cross product of a vector

twice with

removes a comp...

Figure 2.29 A solid formed by three vectors, whose volume equals to the abso...

Figure 2.30 A vector field and the magnitude of its curl (colors).

Figure 2.31 A vector field

.

Figure 2.32 A vector field

, shown on the

-

plane. This vector field does...

Figure 2.33 A vector field

, shown on the

-

plane. As opposed to a vector...

Figure 2.34 Electric field created by any static electric charge distributio...

Figure 2.35 Since the curl

represents rotational positive/negative (counte...

Figure 2.36 According to Stokes’ theorem, ¡checknewline/¿¡checknewline/¿ ¡ch...

Figure 2.37 A closed path involving a combination of a straight line

from ...

Figure 2.38 A mushroom-shaped contour defined on the

-

plane and a line co...

Figure 2.39 An arbitrary curve located close to an infinitely long steady li...

Figure 2.40 Adding a straight line

to the curve

in Figure 2.39 such that...

Figure 2.41 Magnetic field intensity created by the infinitely long steady l...

Figure 2.42 A steady surface electric current density

(A/m) on an infinite...

Figure 2.43 The magnetic field intensity created by a steady surface electri...

Figure 2.44 The magnetic field may jump at short distances when an observati...

Figure 2.45 A steady volume electric current density

(A/m

) flowing in a cy...

Figure 2.46 A cylindrical structure with unknown electric current distributi...

Figure 2.47 An illustration of the derivation of the boundary conditions for...

Figure 2.48 An infinitely large steady surface electric current density on t...

Figure 2.49 An application of the integral form of Ampere's law shows that t...

Figure 2.50 When the continuity equation is used for an arbitrary volume, we...

Figure 2.51 An infinitely long steady electric current flowing in the

dire...

Figure 2.52 An infinitely long steady electric current aligned in the

dire...

Figure 2.53 Magnetic fields created by a set of infinitely long steady elect...

Figure 2.54 The magnetic field created by a steady electric current filament...

Figure 2.55 The magnetic field intensity created by an infinitely long stead...

Figure 2.56 Two steady line electric currents (both oriented in the

direct...

Figure 2.57 A coaxial structure involving two cylindrical surfaces with radi...

Figure 2.58 Two infinitely long cylinders carrying steady electric currents ...

Figure 2.59 A steady surface electric current distribution with a ring shape...

Figure 2.60 Considering the ring-shaped surface electric current density in ...

Figure 2.61 Two loops carrying electric currents apply equal amounts of forc...

Figure 2.62 Magnetic field created by an electric current loop. The total ma...

Figure 2.63 Force applied by a differential electric current

to another di...

Figure 2.64 Magnetic field created by a differential electric current

at a...

Figure 2.65 Forces between two arbitrarily oriented differential electric cu...

Figure 2.66 A line electric current of unit length placed near an infinitely...

Figure 2.67 An electric current sheet that is infinitely long in the

and

Figure 2.68 Another view of the infinite electric current sheet in Figure 2....

Figure 2.69 A steady electric current flowing through a circular loop.

Figure 2.70 A cylindrical inductor of finite size aligned in the

direction...

Figure 2.71 Depending on the size of the inductor, magnetic field lines tend...

Figure 2.72 An infinitely long wire carrying a steady electric current flowi...

Figure 2.73 Various responses of magnetic materials to external magnetic fie...

Figure 2.74 A steady line electric current in a vacuum near a magnetic mediu...

Figure 2.75 A steady line electric current inside a magnetic medium.

Figure 2.76 A steady line electric current in a vacuum near a magnetic mediu...

Figure 2.77 Magnetic materials interact with external magnetic fields. For e...

Figure 2.78 An application of the integral form of Ampere's law when all loc...

Figure 2.79 Different locations around the interface between a vacuum and a ...

Figure 2.80 There is no magnetic charge (magnetic

monopole

) in nature. This ...

Figure 2.81 Magnetic dipole: i.e. a steady electric current flowing through ...

Figure 2.82 Magnetic field lines for a magnetic dipole. Magnetic dipoles are...

Figure 2.83 A simple illustration of a magnetization inside a magnetic body ...

Figure 2.84 When a ferromagnetic material is magnetized, a well-known B-H (h...

Figure 2.85 Replacing the magnetization effect at the interface between a ma...

Figure 2.86 Modeling of magnetization in terms of equivalent electric curren...

Figure 2.87 A coaxial structure involving two cylindrical surfaces with radi...

Figure 2.88 A simple illustration of permanent magnetization.

Figure 2.89 A permanently magnetized cylindrical object and its model in ter...

Figure 2.90 A cylindrical magnet with small height.

Figure 2.91 A magnetized cylindrical object and the volume magnetization cur...

Figure 2.92 A path from the origin to

, where

.

Figure 2.93 A closed circular path on the

-

plane.

Figure 2.94 A toroid structure, half of which is filled by an inhomogeneous ...

Figure 2.95 Cross product of two vectors: i.e.

.

Figure 2.96 A square closed path on the

-

plane.

Figure 2.97 A cylindrical surface defined as

,

, and

, and a contour arou...

Figure 2.98 A static magnetic field intensity with respect to

. Nonzero sur...

Figure 2.99 Two infinitely long strips carrying steady electric currents.

Figure 2.100 A loop over another loop, carrying currents in opposite directi...

Figure 2.101 A rectangular current-carrying loop between two infinitely long...

Figure 2.102 A magnetized cube (magnet) with a given magnetization

 (A/m)....

Figure 2.103 A conical magnet.

Figure 2.104 A magnetic field intensity with respect to

generated by an un...

Figure 2.105 A current-carrying wire involving two infinitely long lines and...

Figure 2.106 A cylindrical inductor with nonuniform wiring.

Figure 2.107 An infinitely long cylindrical magnetic layer around an infinit...

Figure 2.108 A magnetized cylindrical layer.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 An illustration of Faraday's law. For general cases, Eq. (3.2) is...

Figure 3.2 A representation of the electromotive force due to a changing mag...

Figure 3.3 According to Lorentz force law, there is a force on a moving elec...

Figure 3.4 A segment of wire under a magnetic field.

Figure 3.5 A rectangular loop on the

-

plane exposed to a magnetic flux de...

Figure 3.6 A rectangular loop on the

-

plane exposed to a magnetic flux de...

Figure 3.7 Time variation of the magnetic flux

and the corresponding elect...

Figure 3.8 Faraday's disk generator that involves a rotating metallic disk u...

Figure 3.9 Illustration of the loop to find the electromotive force measured...

Figure 3.10 An AC generator: A loop rotating in a static magnetic field.

Figure 3.11 A rectangular loop moving away from an infinitely long wire carr...

Figure 3.12 For the scenario in Figure 3.11,

is parallel to the vertical (...

Figure 3.13 Considering the scenario in Figure 3.11, charges located on the ...

Figure 3.14 A closed loop involving a stationary part and a moving semicircu...

Figure 3.15 An instant when the moving contour in Figure 3.14 is at

.

Figure 3.16 An expanding loop under a time-variant magnetic flux density.

Figure 3.17 An illustration of the derivation of the boundary conditions for...

Figure 3.18 Considering the boundary condition for the tangential component ...

Figure 3.19 Demonstration of the angular relationship that must be satisfied...

Figure 3.20 A scalar field (colors) and its gradient (arrows).

Figure 3.21 A scalar field

(colors) and its gradient (vector) at a single ...

Figure 3.22 A scalar field

(colors) and its gradient (arrows).

Figure 3.23 Vector field

, which is the gradient of the scalar field

. Not...

Figure 3.24 A surface defined as

and the tangent plane at

. To find an eq...

Figure 3.25 A demonstration of the gradient theorem. If a vector field is co...

Figure 3.26 When finding the electric scalar potential from the static elect...

Figure 3.27 The electric scalar potential created by a static point electric...

Figure 3.28 Electric dipole located in a vacuum.

Figure 3.29 If there are two point electric charges with the same sign, ther...

Figure 3.30 If there are two point electric charges with opposite signs, the...

Figure 3.31 As long as the final status is the same, the stored energy does ...

Figure 3.32 When considering the energy stored by a system multiple charges,...

Figure 3.33 The energy stored by an electric dipole refers to the electric p...

Figure 3.34 The energy stored by an electric dipole is the electric potentia...

Figure 3.35 For a given charge distribution, infinitesimal particles can be ...

Figure 3.36 The electric potential energy stored by a volume electric charge...

Figure 3.37 An ideal parallel-plate capacitor with a dielectric material bet...

Figure 3.38 Virtual displacement (imaginary movement) to find the electric f...

Figure 3.39 A dielectric slab that is partially inserted into a parallel-pla...

Figure 3.40 Three different ways to find the electric potential energy store...

Figure 3.41 An

parallel-plate structure with a given distribution of the e...

Figure 3.42 A dielectric slab that is completely inserted into a parallel-pl...

Figure 3.43 If there is a spherical symmetry, Laplace's equation is best sol...

Figure 3.44 It can be difficult to find the constants of the electric scalar...

Figure 3.45 Electric scalar potential created by a point charge or a distrib...

Figure 3.46 Electric scalar potential created by volume, surface, and line c...

Figure 3.47 A finite static line electric charge density.

Figure 3.48 A voltage source connected to a parallel-plate capacitor.

Figure 3.49 If the electric scalar potential changes only in one direction (

Figure 3.50 A static line electric charge distribution with a circular shape...

Figure 3.51 To find the electric scalar potential at an arbitrary point on t...

Figure 3.52 A static volume electric charge density

(C/m

) in the shape of ...

Figure 3.53 When finding the electric scalar potential at the center of a sp...

Figure 3.54 The electric scalar potential due to a static spherical surface ...

Figure 3.55 A charged dielectric sphere of radius

. When finding the electr...

Figure 3.56 An infinitely long cylindrical region with

and

electric scal...

Figure 3.57 If the electric scalar potential changes only radially in a cyli...

Figure 3.58 If the electric scalar potential changes only radially in a sphe...

Figure 3.59 A spherical region bounded by

and

surfaces (with

) and fill...

Figure 3.60 A system of two loops rotating in a static magnetic field.

Figure 3.61 An AC generator: a loop rotating in a time-variant magnetic flux...

Figure 3.62 A three-segment wire moving in a static magnetic field.

Figure 3.63 A loop of

turns with area

 m

under a time-variant magnetic f...

Figure 3.64 A infinitely large boundary at

, separating two dielectric medi...

Figure 3.65 A static spherical electric charge distribution of radius

repr...

Figure 3.66 A static point electric charge located over a static line electr...

Figure 3.67 A dielectric slab (which can vertically move) inserted into a pa...

Figure 3.68 Finite static line electric charge densities located at

and

....

Figure 3.69 A permanently polarized dielectric (electret) with a constant po...

Figure 3.70 A rectangular loop on the

-

plane exposed to a magnetic flux d...

Figure 3.71 A static line electric charge distribution with a circular shape...

Figure 3.72 A static surface electric charge distribution with a disk shape....

Figure 3.73 An infinitely long static line electric charge density.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Given the integral form of Gauss’ law for magnetic fields, the cl...

Figure 4.2 An infinitely long wire carrying a steady electric current flowin...

Figure 4.3 A hemispherical surface with normal direction

. The surface is o...

Figure 4.4 An illustration of the derivation of the boundary conditions for ...

Figure 4.5 An interface at

that separate two different media. A steady sur...

Figure 4.6 Due to the solenoidal nature of the magnetic flux density, the ma...

Figure 4.7 When two magnets are brought together, the magnetic field lines d...

Figure 4.8 The magnetic vector potential due to a steady volume electric cur...

Figure 4.9 The magnetic vector potential due to surface and line current dis...

Figure 4.10 Magnetic dipole: i.e. a steady electric current flowing through ...

Figure 4.11 In the far zone, the equipotential surfaces for the magnetic vec...

Figure 4.12 A steady volume electric current density

(A/m

) flowing in a c...

Figure 4.13 A steady surface electric current distribution with a ring shape...

Figure 4.14 A steady volume electric current density flowing in a cylindrica...

Figure 4.15 Magnetic force between two arbitrarily oriented differential ele...

Figure 4.16 The magnetic potential energy stored due to the interaction of t...

Figure 4.17 The movement path in Figure 4.16 can be selected as a straight l...

Figure 4.18 Finding the magnetic potential energy stored by a system of mult...

Figure 4.19 Magnetic potential energy is stored by a magnetic dipole when it...

Figure 4.20 A magnetic dipole with a square shape can be considered to deriv...

Figure 4.21 The magnetic potential energy stored by a magnetic dipole depend...

Figure 4.22 For a given current distribution, infinitesimal portions can be ...

Figure 4.23 When finding the magnetic potential energy using only magnetic f...

Figure 4.24 An ideal cylindrical inductor with a magnetic material inside.

Figure 4.25 By considering the radius as the virtual displacement variable, ...

Figure 4.26 When it is partially inserted, a magnetic core is attracted into...

Figure 4.27 A coaxial structure involving two cylindrical surfaces with radi...

Figure 4.28 An electric field function in the form

represents a wave trave...

Figure 4.29 A time-harmonic electric field intensity

represents a sinusoid...

Figure 4.30 Time-harmonic electric field intensities

and

represent right...

Figure 4.31 A variation in a point source creates a spherical wave propagati...

Figure 4.32 Each location in a source distribution can be considered a point...

Figure 4.33 A time-harmonic source generates a time-harmonic (oscillatory) w...

Figure 4.34 Waves created by two time-harmonic sources (at the same frequenc...

Figure 4.35 The amplitude (corresponding to the

component) of the electric...

Figure 4.36 A snapshot (plots at a fixed time) of

. The propagation is in t...

Figure 4.37 Steady electric currents

flowing along two infinitely long wir...

Figure 4.38 A coaxial structure involving two cylindrical surfaces with radi...

Figure 4.39 A snapshot (plot at a fixed time) of

. The propagation is in th...

Figure 4.40 A snapshot (plots at a fixed time) of

. The propagation is in t...

Figure 4.41 A steady volume electric current density

(A/m

) flowing in a c...

Figure 4.42 A steady electric current

(A) circulating around a toroid of r...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 A snapshot (plot at a fixed time) of a uniform plane wave propaga...

Figure 5.2 Modeling dielectric polarization by either equivalent polarizatio...

Figure 5.3 In electrostatics and magnetostatics, electric and magnetic field...

Figure 5.4 Time-variant sources (electric charges and currents, which depend...

Figure 5.5 Electric and magnetic fields, as well as potentials, can be found...

Figure 5.6 Application of Maxwell's equations at a boundary between two diff...

Figure 5.7 A discontinuity in the tangential component of the polarization a...

Figure 5.8 A spherical vacuum region bounded by

and

surfaces with

and

Figure 5.9 The electric field intensity given in Eq. (5.77) with respect to

Figure 5.10 Propagation of an electromagnetic wave is mainly characterized, ...

Figure 5.11 For a time-harmonic wave defined as

, the propagation direction...

Figure 5.12 Basic interactions of electromagnetic waves and objects.

Figure 5.13 When an electromagnetic wave hits an object, secondary waves are...

Figure 5.14 Given a volume

bounded by a surface

, the electromagnetic pow...

Figure 5.15 A Hertzian dipole is a basic source that creates time-harmonic e...

Figure 5.16 A Hertzian dipole creates electromagnetic waves that propagate r...

Figure 5.17 Electric and magnetic fields created by a

-directed Hertzian di...

Figure 5.18 A coaxial structure with

currents on the inner/outer cylinders...

Figure 5.19 A unit box that includes a portion of a standing wave. Since the...

Figure 5.20 Waves generated by an arbitrary source tend to behave like plane...

Figure 5.21 Locations that satisfy

 constant define a plane.

Figure 5.22 A view of a plane wave, where constant-phase planes (wavefronts)...

Figure 5.23 The electric field intensity and magnetic field intensity of a p...

Figure 5.24 The electric field intensity of a plane wave propagating in the

Figure 5.25 The electric field intensity of a plane wave propagating in the

Figure 5.26 A linearly polarized plane wave propagating in the

direction....

Figure 5.27 A view of a linearly polarized (and uniform) plane wave on a wav...

Figure 5.28 Circularly polarized plane waves propagating in the

direction....

Figure 5.29 A view of an LHCP (and uniform) plane wave on a wavefront. At a ...

Figure 5.30 Elliptically polarized plane waves propagating in the

directio...

Figure 5.31 The Poynting vector (instantaneous power flux density) for a lin...

Figure 5.32 Normal incidence of a plane wave on a boundary between two media...

Figure 5.33 Oblique incidence of a plane wave on a boundary between two medi...

Figure 5.34 Reflection and refraction of waves at boundaries between air and...

Figure 5.35 Refraction of waves at boundaries between different media. Accor...

Figure 5.36 Reflection and refraction for perpendicular polarization in obli...

Figure 5.37 Reflection and refraction for parallel polarization in oblique i...

Figure 5.38 Normal incidence of a circularly polarized plane wave onto an in...

Figure 5.39 Oblique incidence of a circularly polarized plane wave onto an i...

Figure 5.40 An incident wave, which can be decomposed into two plane waves w...

Figure 5.41 Total internal reflection scenarios.

Figure 5.42 Reflection/transmission of plane waves that are incident onto a ...

Figure 5.43 Using total transmission (Brewster's angle) to filter out parall...

Figure 5.44 Reflection/transmission of plane waves with parallel polarizatio...

Figure 5.45 Comparison of the critical and Brewster's angles for the setup d...

Figure 5.46 Normal incidence of a plane wave on a large triangular right pri...

Figure 5.47 Two parallel interfaces separating three media with different el...

Figure 5.48 An illustration of multiple reflections in a double-interface ca...

Figure 5.49 A cylindrical closed region defined as

and

.

Figure 5.50 An infinitely long rectangular (closed) region defined as

and

Figure 5.51 Filling stage of a parallel-plate capacitor with circular plates...

Figure 5.52 Surprisingly, in the case of the filling stage of a parallel-pla...

Figure 5.53 Oblique incidence of a plane wave onto an interface between two ...

Figure 5.54 Oblique incidence of a circularly polarized plane wave onto an i...

Figure 5.55 Reflection/transmission of plane waves that are incident onto a ...

Figure 5.56 Oblique incidence of a circularly polarized plane wave onto an i...

Figure 5.57 Reflection and refraction of a perpendicularly polarized plane w...

Figure 5.58 Oblique incidence of a plane wave onto an interface between a di...

Figure 5.59 Oblique incidence of a plane wave onto an interface between a va...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 In a conducting object, free electrons move at high speeds (therm...

Figure 6.2 For steady currents, the speed of electricity can be considered t...

Figure 6.3 According to Ohm's law, electric fields create electric currents ...

Figure 6.4 An object with uniform conductivity (homogeneous object) with a v...

Figure 6.5 When a lossless object is connected to a (voltage) source, a nonz...

Figure 6.6 When a PEC is connected to a (current) source, no electric field ...

Figure 6.7 If there are electric charges at a location

inside a conducting...

Figure 6.8 For a PEC, (i) all net electric charges must be located at its su...

Figure 6.9 A boundary between two general media with different permittivity,...

Figure 6.10 The response of a PEC to external fields. Electric field lines m...

Figure 6.11 A PEC with a nonzero net charge (positive in this case) and the ...

Figure 6.12 A PEC with a nonzero net charge (positive in this case) and the ...

Figure 6.13 A neutral PEC that is exposed to an external electric field. The...

Figure 6.14 Different scenarios involving PECs and various regions of intere...

Figure 6.15 A parallel-plate capacitor with large perfectly conducting plate...

Figure 6.16 In real life, conduction currents have volumetric distributions ...

Figure 6.17 A static point electric charge

located inside a perfectly cond...

Figure 6.18 Free electric charges of the PEC in Figure 6.17 arrange themselv...

Figure 6.19 For the structure in Figure 6.17, the electric field intensity i...

Figure 6.20 A point electric charge located above an infinitely large planar...

Figure 6.21 Application of the method of images to an electric dipole above ...

Figure 6.22 Application of the method of images to electric current distribu...

Figure 6.23 Application of the method of images to a point electric charge l...

Figure 6.24 An infinitely long coaxial structure consisting of a cylindrical...

Figure 6.25 Cross-sectional view of the coaxial structure in Figure 6.24. Co...

Figure 6.26 A coaxial structure consisting of a perfectly conducting cylinde...

Figure 6.27 Cross-sectional view of the structure in Figure 6.26, assuming a...

Figure 6.28 A perfectly conducting sphere coated with a dielectric layer.

Figure 6.29 A trigonometric demonstration of the loss tangent.

Figure 6.30 Electromagnetic waves decay as they propagate in a conducting me...

Figure 6.31 Normal incidence of a plane wave on a boundary between two media...

Figure 6.32 Time-domain snapshot of the volume electric current density in t...

Figure 6.33 Normal incidence of a plane wave onto a planar PEC.

Figure 6.34 Total electric and magnetic field intensities, which represent a...

Figure 6.35 Total power flux density at two different instants when a plane ...

Figure 6.36 Electric potential energy and magnetic potential energy associat...

Figure 6.37 Oblique incidence of a plane wave with perpendicular polarizatio...

Figure 6.38 Oblique incidence of a plane wave with parallel polarization ont...

Figure 6.39 A snapshot of the total electric field intensity at

when a pla...

Figure 6.40 Similar to Figure 6.39 when the incidence angle is

(top) and

Figure 6.41 A snapshot of the electric field intensity of a plane wave propa...

Figure 6.42 A demonstration of the reflection and transmission of a plane wa...

Figure 6.43 Normal incidence of a circularly polarized plane wave onto an in...

Figure 6.44 Oblique incidence of a plane wave onto an interface between a va...

Figure 6.45 Normal incidence of a plane wave on a planar PEC coated with a m...

Figure 6.46 Capacitance is typically defined for a pair of two perfectly con...

Figure 6.47 A voltage source connected to a parallel-plate capacitor.

Figure 6.48 The capacitance of a structure can be found by assigning a volta...

Figure 6.49 The capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor increases when the...

Figure 6.50 A parallel-plate capacitor filled with two different types of di...

Figure 6.51 A parallel-plate capacitor filled with two different types of di...

Figure 6.52 A parallel-plate capacitor filled with an inhomogeneous dielectr...

Figure 6.53 A spherical capacitor and the electric field created inside it, ...

Figure 6.54 A spherical capacitor filled with an inhomogeneous dielectric ma...

Figure 6.55 A cylindrical capacitor that is assumed to be infinitely long.

Figure 6.56 The electric field intensity and electric scalar potential with ...

Figure 6.57 A cubic dielectric material with an inhomogeneous permittivity c...

Figure 6.58 A spherical capacitor filled with an inhomogeneous dielectric ma...

Figure 6.59 A spherical capacitor filled with an inhomogeneous dielectric ma...

Figure 6.60 Two cylindrical PECs, each with radius

, separated by a distanc...

Figure 6.61 A cylindrical capacitor that is assumed to be infinitely long. T...

Figure 6.62 Two perfectly conducting bodies located in a conductive medium. ...

Figure 6.63 A parallel-plate capacitor involving two lossy dielectric slabs ...

Figure 6.64 The structure in Figure 6.63 can be represented as a series conn...

Figure 6.65 A spherical structure with a lossy material between two spherica...

Figure 6.66 A spherical structure with a lossy material between two spherica...

Figure 6.67 A cylindrical structure with an inhomogeneous material between t...

Figure 6.68 A cylindrical layer with an inhomogeneous material.

Figure 6.69 A cylindrical structure with an inhomogeneous material between t...

Figure 6.70 A cylindrical structure can be assumed to be formed of infinitel...

Figure 6.71 A structure of length

, which involves three different cylindri...

Figure 6.72 A cubic structure consisting of an inhomogeneous material betwee...

Figure 6.73 An arc-shaped object lying from

to

.

Figure 6.74 A cubic structure consisting of an inhomogeneous material betwee...

Figure 6.75 The self inductance of a loop

with

turns can be found by con...

Figure 6.76 The mutual inductance between two loops

and

can be found by ...

Figure 6.77 The magnetic potential energy stored by a system of

current lo...

Figure 6.78 An ideal cylindrical inductor with a magnetic material inside. T...

Figure 6.79 A steady volume electric current density

(A/m

) flowing in a c...

Figure 6.80 An infinitely long coaxial structure consisting of two cylindric...

Figure 6.81 An inductor with a toroid shape.

Figure 6.82 A rectangular current-carrying loop between two infinitely long ...

Figure 6.83 An infinitely long coaxial structure consisting of two cylindric...

Figure 6.84 A loop over another loop, carrying currents in opposite directio...

Figure 6.85 Two infinitely long cylindrical PECs. When finding the inductanc...

Figure 6.86 A toroidal inductor consisting of a core with two different mate...

Figure 6.87 An infinitely large structure consisting of a PEC, a volume elec...

Figure 6.88 Normal incidence of a plane wave onto a boundary between a vacuu...

Figure 6.89 A snapshot (plot at a fixed time) of the total magnetic field in...

Figure 6.90 Oblique incidence of a plane wave with parallel polarization ont...

Figure 6.91 A parallel-plate capacitor filled with an inhomogeneous dielectr...

Figure 6.92 An infinitely long cylindrical PEC above an infinitely large pla...

Figure 6.93 A cylindrical structure that is formed by two different material...

Figure 6.94 A cubic structure consisting of an inhomogeneous material betwee...

Figure 6.95 An infinitely long cylinder of radius

with conductivity

.

Figure 6.96 A cylindrical structure with an inhomogeneous material between t...

Figure 6.97 A conic structure with an inhomogeneous material between PECs. T...

Figure 6.98 Two loops with

distance between them.

Figure 6.99 A circular wire located at a distance

from an infinitely long ...

Figure 6.100 An infinitely long wire carrying a steady electric current flow...

Figure 6.101 A cylindrical object with an inhomogeneous lossy material. A st...

Figure 6.102 A parallel-plate structure filled with an inhomogeneous dielect...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Sunlight is a collection of electromagnetic waves (some at visibl...

Figure 7.2 Some real-life applications involving wireless communications and...

Figure 7.3 Radiating and receiving antennas.

Figure 7.4 A Hertzian dipole located at the origin and oriented in the

dir...

Figure 7.5 A three-dimensional plot of the radiation pattern of a Hertzian d...

Figure 7.6 Polar plot of the radiation pattern of a Hertzian dipole oriented...

Figure 7.7 Polar plot of the radiation pattern of a Hertzian dipole oriented...

Figure 7.8 A short wire antenna located symmetrically on the

axis and a tr...

Figure 7.9 Sinusoidal approximation of the electric current along a half-wav...

Figure 7.10 A three-dimensional plot of the radiation pattern of a half-wave...

Figure 7.11 Radiation patterns of Hertzian and half-wave dipoles oriented in...

Figure 7.12 Simple representations of radiating (top) and receiving (bottom)...

Figure 7.13 Simple circuit representations of radiating (top) and receiving ...

Figure 7.14 A three-dimensional plot of the radiation pattern for the intens...

Figure 7.15 A plot of the radiation pattern for the intensity given in Eq. (...

Figure 7.16 Polar plot of the radiation pattern for the intensity given in E...

Figure 7.17 Polar plot of the radiation pattern for the intensity given in E...

Figure 7.18 When a time-harmonic source is connected to a conducting object,...

Figure 7.19 Simple illustrations of some common resonant antennas.

Figure 7.20 Simple illustrations of a horn antenna and a lens antenna.

Figure 7.21 A simple illustration of a parabolic reflector antenna. The feed...

Figure 7.22 Simple illustrations of a Vivaldi antenna and a microstrip patch...

Figure 7.23 Simple illustrations of an Archimedean spiral antenna and a heli...

Figure 7.24 Simple illustrations of a wire log-periodic antenna and a Yagi-U...

Figure 7.25 A current distribution that represents an antenna located at the...

Figure 7.26 A total of

distinct current distributions, each of which repre...

Figure 7.27 Two pointwise elements that represent antennas located at

.

Figure 7.28 Array factor of the two-element configuration in Figure 7.27 whe...

Figure 7.29 Array factor of the two-element configuration in Figure 7.27 whe...

Figure 7.30 Array factor of the two-element configuration in Figure 7.27 whe...

Figure 7.31 Array factor of the two-element configuration in Figure 7.27 whe...

Figure 7.32 Array factor of the two-element configuration in Figure 7.27 whe...

Figure 7.33 Array factor of the two-element configuration in Figure 7.27 whe...

Figure 7.34 Radiation pattern of a pair of identically excited

-oriented ha...

Figure 7.35 Various array configurations of identical elements. A linear arr...

Figure 7.36 Normalized array factor (with respect to

) of uniform linear ar...

Figure 7.37 Visible regions of array factors of

-directed linear arrays wit...

Figure 7.38 Visible region of the array factor of a

-directed linear array ...

Figure 7.39 Visible region of the array factor of a

-directed linear array ...

Figure 7.40 Visible region of the array factor of a

-directed linear array ...

Figure 7.41 Normalized array factors of five-element arrays aligned along th...

Figure 7.42 Radiation pattern of a Hertzian dipole and the array factor of a...

Figure 7.43 Radiation pattern of a five-element array of Hertzian dipoles, w...

Figure 7.44 Radiation pattern of a Hertzian dipole and the array factor of a...

Figure 7.45 Radiation pattern of a five-element array of Hertzian dipoles, w...

Figure 7.46 Two interacting antennas. In the first case (top), Antenna B rec...

Figure 7.47 Circuit models of two interacting antennas: i.e. Antennas A/B, w...

Figure 7.48 A wire antenna aligned along the

axis, and the distribution of...

Figure 7.49 Radiation pattern of a wire antenna for different lengths (

,

,...

Figure 7.50 Radiation pattern of a wire antenna with

length, assuming that...

Figure 7.51 The radiation pattern corresponding to the intensity given in Eq...

Figure 7.52 Circuit model of an antenna with nonzero reactance and ohmic res...

Figure 7.53 Simple arrays of two elements.

Figure 7.54 Arrays of two or three elements, whose array factors can be deri...

Figure 7.55 Building Array 3 in Figure 7.54 using two Array 1 configurations...

Figure 7.56 Building Array 4 in Figure 7.54 using two Array 2 configurations...

Figure 7.57 Normalized array factor of the designed five-element array with ...

Figure 7.58 Normalized array factor of the designed array when the excitatio...

Figure 7.59 Normalized array factor of the designed array when the first and...

Figure 7.60 Normalized array factor of the designed array with modified exci...

Figure 7.61 Polar plot of the radiation pattern for the intensity given in E...

Figure 7.62 Two antennas separated by a distance of

 km. The antennas are o...

Figure 7.63 Representations of antennas with circular polarizations. Antenna...

Figure 7.64 Representations of antennas when Antenna A (oriented upward) is ...

Figure 7.65 Metallic waveguides with rectangular and circular cross sections...

Figure 7.66 Optical fibers are dielectric waveguides.

Figure 7.67 A waveguide with an arbitrary cross section. The waveguide is as...

Figure 7.68 A rectangular waveguide with an

cross section. The waveguide i...

Figure 7.69 The real part of the electric field intensity for the TM

mode i...

Figure 7.70 The real part of the electric field intensity for the TM

mode i...

Figure 7.71 The real part of the electric field intensity for the TM

mode i...

Figure 7.72 The real part of the magnetic field intensity for the TM

mode i...

Figure 7.73 The real part of the magnetic field intensity for the TM

mode i...

Figure 7.74 Phase constant with respect to frequency for different cases. A ...

Figure 7.75 Phase velocity with respect to frequency for different cases. A ...

Figure 7.76 The real part of the

component of the electric field intensity...

Figure 7.77 Excitation of a waveguide via a probe. The probe may excite all ...

Figure 7.78 Cutoff frequencies of the first

modes in a

 m rectangular wav...

Figure 7.79 A parallel-plate waveguide.

Figure 7.80 A rectangular waveguide filled with air.

Figure 7.81 A rectangular waveguide filled with a dielectric material.

Figure 7.82 A parallel-plate waveguide with a

 cm distance between the PEC ...

Figure 7.83 A typical twisted-pair cable includes multiple wires that are pa...

Figure 7.84 A typical coaxial cable includes a metallic core inside a cylind...

Figure 7.85 In a simple circuit consisting of a source and a load, the conne...

Figure 7.86 A general representation of a transmission line with a character...

Figure 7.87 A differential portion of a transmission line.

Figure 7.88 Representation of the differential portion of the transmission l...

Figure 7.89 An ideal model of a coaxial cable with infinitely long, perfectl...

Figure 7.90 Termination of a transmission line by a load.

Figure 7.91 Termination of a transmission line by short and open circuits.

Figure 7.92 Impedance with respect to position along a transmission line ter...

Figure 7.93 Impedance with respect to position along a transmission line ter...

Figure 7.94 The impedance seen along a transmission line is periodic with

....

Figure 7.95 The impedance seen along a transmission line is

inverted

at ever...

Figure 7.96 A transmission line (or a portion of a transmission line) can be...

Figure 7.97 Magnitudes of time-domain voltage and current along a transmissi...

Figure 7.98 Magnitudes of the time-domain voltage and current along a transm...

Figure 7.99 Magnitude of the voltage in the phasor domain and time domain al...

Figure 7.100 Termination of a transmission line by a load.

Figure 7.101 A lossless transmission line connected to an inductor.

Figure 7.102 A combination of two loads and two lossless transmission lines....

Figure 7.103 A lossless transmission line terminated by a load

. The voltag...

Figure 7.104 Plot of the radiation intensity

on the

-

plane using a

 dB...

Figure 7.105 Plot of the radiation intensity

on the

-

plane using a

 dB...

Figure 7.106 A two-dimensional array consisting of

elements with the given...

Figure 7.107 A two-dimensional array consisting of

elements with the given...

Figure 7.108 Array factor of the array in Figure 7.106 on the

-

plane. The...

Figure 7.109 Array factor of the array in Figure 7.106 on the

-

plane. The...

Figure 7.110 Array factor of the array in Figure 7.106 on the

-

plane. The...

Figure 7.111 An

rectangular waveguide filled with air.

Figure 7.112 A rectangular waveguide with

 cm cross section filled with a d...

Figure 7.113 A rectangular waveguide with

 m square cross section filled wi...

Figure 7.114 Termination of a transmission line by a load.

Figure 7.115 A combination of two loads and two lossless transmission lines....

Figure 7.116 An infinitely long cylindrical wire that carries a steady elect...

Figure 7.117 Polar plot of the radiation intensity in Eq. (7.491) using a

 ...

Figure 7.118 A radiating antenna (Antenna A) located at the origin and two r...

Figure 7.119 Arrangements of three elements on the

axis.

Figure 7.120 An arrangement of four Hertzian dipoles oriented in the

direc...

Figure 7.121 A rectangular waveguide with

cross section. The inner materia...

Figure 7.122 A rectangular waveguide with

 cm cross section. The waveguide ...

Figure 7.123 A transmission line of length

with a characteristic impedance...

Figure 7.124 A combination of two loads and two lossless transmission lines....

Figure 7.125 Termination of a transmission line by a load.

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 The electromagnetic spectrum, containing waves from radio frequen...

Figure 8.2 A simple demonstration of various electromagnetic phenomena.

Figure 8.3 An illustration of radio waves diffracted by a hill.

Figure 8.4 Generation of skywaves due to the reflection of radio waves from ...

Figure 8.5 Microwaves can usually pass through walls, enabling cellular comm...

Figure 8.6 While they are well-defined in the electromagnetic spectrum, colo...

Figure 8.7 Simple illustrations of different kinds of interactions between X...

Figure 8.8 Rayleigh scattering is the main mechanism for the blue color of t...

Figure 8.9 During sunrise and sunset, sunlight travels longer distances in t...

Figure 8.10 White light passing through a glass prism is divided into colors...

Figure 8.11 Due to

dispersion

, red light is slightly faster than blue light ...

Figure 8.12 Colors of objects are generated by reflections from them.

Figure 8.13 Colors depend on illumination, in addition to objects.

Figure 8.14 Some of the Sun's radiation reaching the Earth is directly (

) r...

Figure 8.15 The Earth has three kinds of poles: geographic, geomagnetic, and...

Figure 8.16 International Morse code.

Figure 8.17 Cellular communication systems involve cells, each served by a b...

Figure 8.18 A simple illustration of a standard microwave oven. Using high v...

Figure 8.19 A simple schematic of a basic X-ray tube. Due to the high voltag...

Figure 8.20 According to the central slice theorem in tomography, a one-dime...

Figure 8.21 A simple illustration of MRI. When the body is placed inside a s...

Figure 8.22 A demonstration of a pulse radar. For a target at a distance of

Figure 8.23 A bistatic radar system.

Figure 8.24 Sizes of some objects, and the corresponding frequencies of the ...

Figure 8.25 Examples of geometric approximations for particles that are very...

Figure 8.26 The electromagnetic model of an object depends on the scenario. ...

Figure 8.27 At high frequencies, a

rough

surface may need to be modeled dire...

Figure 8.28 Tangential magnetic field intensity on the surfaces of

m glass ...

Figure 8.29 Power density inside a silicon solar cell excited at an optical ...

Figure 8.30 Electric field intensity in the vicinity of various nanowire and...

Figure 8.31 Power density in the vicinity of photonic crystals excited by a ...

Figure 8.32 Transmission of power through a nano-device. The solution is obt...

Figure 8.33 Power density around a nanoantenna that harvests solar energy. T...

Figure 8.34 Electric current along a microstrip line at a radio frequency. T...

Figure 8.35 A two-dimensional view of an FDTD grid. In addition to cells tha...

Figure 8.36 A typical Yee cell with locations for testing electric and magne...

Figure 8.37 An FDTD grid for a sphere using cubic cells. Without using speci...

Figure 8.38 Discretization of two-dimensional regions in FEM. Elements can b...

Figure 8.39 Discretization of various objects in surface integral equations....

Figure 8.40 Equivalent electric current density on various structures comput...

Figure 8.41 Electric current in a complex structure consisting of a network ...

Figure 8.42 A multilevel division of an object into cubic domains.

Figure 8.43 When a capacitor is connected to an AC source, the time-dependen...

Figure 8.44 Reflection from a

rectangular slab. GO predicts sharp shadowin...

Figure 8.45 Electric current density induced on an airborne target (Flamme) ...

Guide

Cover

Dedication

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Mathematical Notation

List of Symbols

Special Functions

Frequently Used Identities

Tools to Understand Maxwell's Equations

About the Companion Website

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Bibliography

Index

WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

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