The Ramayan of Valmiki E-Book

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• Herausgeber: Seltzer Books
• Kategorie: Religion und Spiritualität
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018

Seitenzahl: 1987

Beschreibung

According to Wikipedia: "According to Wikipedia: "The Ramayana is an ancient Sanskrit epic. It is ascribed to the Hindu sage Valmiki and forms an important part of the Hindu canon (smṛti), considered to be itihāsa. The Ramayana is one of the two great epics of India and Nepal, the other being the Mahabharata. It depicts the duties of relationships, portraying ideal characters like the ideal father, ideal servant, the ideal brother, the ideal wife and the ideal king.The name Ramayana is a tatpurusha compound of Rāma and ayana ("going, advancing"), translating to "Rama's Journey". The Ramayana consists of 24,000 verses in seven books (kāṇḍas) and 500 cantos (sargas), and tells the story of Rama (an avatar of the Hindu preserver-God Vishnu), whose wife Sita is abducted by the demon king of Lanka, Ravana. Thematically, the Ramayana explores human values and the concept of dharma."

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THE RAMAYAN OF VALMIKI

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Classics of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Indian literature, available from Seltzer Books:

The Bhagavad Gita of The Song Celestial translated by Sir Edwin Arnold

The Bhagavadgita with the Sanasugaiya and the Anugita

Buddhist Suttas

The Dhammapada

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The Doctrine and Practice of Yoga

The Light of Asia by Edwin Arnold

Hindu Literature translated by Edwin Arnold

Hindoo Tales or The Adventurees of Ten Princes

Hindu Tales from the Sanskrit

Kama Sutra translated by Richard Burton

The Laws of Manu

The Loves of Krishna in Indian Painting and Poetry by Archer

The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa

The Ramayan of Valmiki

The Upanishads

The Vedanta-Sutras

Works of Rabindranath Tagore, 10 books

The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali

Translated into English Verse by Ralph T. H. Griffith, M.A., Principal of the Benares College, London: Truebner & Co., Benares: E. J. Lazarus and Co.

1870-1874

Invocation.

Book I.

Canto I. Narad.

Canto II. Brahma's Visit

Canto III. The Argument.

Canto IV. The Rhapsodists.

Canto V. Ayodhya.

Canto VI. The King.

Canto VII. The Ministers.

Canto VIII. Sumantra's Speech.

Canto IX. Rishyasring.

Canto X. Rishyasring Invited.

Canto XI. The Sacrifice Decreed.

Canto XII. The Sacrifice Begun.

Canto XIII. The Sacrifice Finished.

Canto XIV. Ravan Doomed.

Canto XV. The Nectar.

Canto XVI. The Vanars.

Canto XVII. Rishyasring's Return.

Canto XVIII. Rishyasring's Departure.

Canto XIX. The Birth Of The Princes.

Canto XX. Visvamitra's Visit.

Canto XXI. Visvamitra's Speech.

Canto XXII. Dasaratha's Speech.

Canto XXIII. Vasishtha's Speech.

Canto XXIV. The Spells.

Canto XXV. The Hermitage Of Love.

Canto XXVI. The Forest Of Tadaka.

Canto XXVII. The Birth Of Tadaka.

Canto XXVIII. The Death Of Tadaka.

Canto XXIX. The Celestial Arms.

Canto XXX. The Mysterious Powers.

Canto XXXI. The Perfect Hermitage.

Canto XXXII. Visvamitra's Sacrifice.

Canto XXXIII. The Sone.

Canto XXXIV. Brahmadatta.

Canto XXXV. Visvamitra's Lineage.

Canto XXXVI. The Birth Of Ganga.

Canto XXXIX. The Sons Of Sagar.

Canto XL. The Cleaving Of The Earth.

Canto XLI. Kapil.

Canto XLII. Sagar's Sacrifice.

Canto XLIII. Bhagirath.

Canto XLIV. The Descent Of Ganga.

Canto XLV. The Quest Of The Amrit.

Canto XLVI. Diti's Hope.

Canto XLVII. Sumati.

Canto XLVIII. Indra And Ahalya.

Canto XLIX. Ahalya Freed.

Canto L. Janak.

Canto LI. Visvamitra.

Canto LII. Vasishtha's Feast.

Canto LIII. Visvamitra's Request.

Canto LIV. The Battle.

Canto LV. The Hermitage Burnt.

Canto LVI. Visvamitra's Vow.

Canto LVII. Trisanku.

Canto LVIII. Trisanku Cursed.

Canto LIX. The Sons Of Vasishtha.

Canto LX. Trisanku's Ascension.

Canto LXI. Sunahsepha.

Canto LXII. Ambarisha's Sacrifice.

Canto LXIII. Menaka.

   Canto LXIV. Rambha.

Canto LXV. Visvamitra's Triumph.

Canto LXVI. Janak's Speech.

Canto LXVII. The Breaking Of The Bow.

Canto LXVIII. The Envoys' Speech.

Canto LXIX. Dasaratha's Visit.

Canto LXX. The Maidens Sought.

Canto LXXI. Janak's Pedigree.

Canto LXXII. The Gift Of Kine.

Canto LXXIII. The Nuptials.

Canto LXXIV. Rama With The Axe.

Canto LXXV. The Parle.

Canto LXXVI. Debarred From Heaven.

Canto LXXVII. Bharat's Departure.

BOOK II.

Canto I. The Heir Apparent.

Canto II. The People's Speech.

Canto III. Dasaratha's Precepts.

Canto IV. Rama Summoned.

Canto V. Rama's Fast.

Canto VI. The City Decorated.

Canto VII. Manthara's Lament.

Canto VIII. Manthara's Speech.

Canto IX. The Plot.

Canto X. Dasaratha's Speech.

Canto XI. The Queen's Demand.

Canto XII. Dasaratha's Lament.

Canto XIII. Dasaratha's Distress.

Canto XIV. Rama Summoned.

Canto XV. The Preparations.

Canto XVI. Rama Summoned.

Canto XVII. Rama's Approach.

Canto XVIII. The Sentence.

Canto XIX. Rama's Promise.

Canto XX. Kausalya's Lament.

Canto XXI. Kausalya Calmed.

Canto XXII. Lakshman Calmed.

Canto XXIII. Lakshman's Anger.

Canto XXIV. Kausalya Calmed.

Canto XXV. Kausalya's Blessing.

Canto XXVI. Alone With Sita.

Canto XXVII. Sita's Speech.

Canto XXVIII. The Dangers Of The Wood.

Canto XXIX. Sita's Appeal.

Canto XXX. The Triumph Of Love.

Canto XXXI. Lakshman's Prayer.

Canto XXXII. The Gift Of The Treasures.

Canto XXXIII. The People's Lament.

Canto XXXIV. Rama In The Palace.

Canto XXXV. Kaikeyi Reproached.

Canto XXXVI. Siddharth's Speech.

Canto XXXVII. The Coats Of Bark.

Canto XXXVIII. Care For Kausalya

Canto XXXIX. Counsel To Sita.

Canto XL. Rama's Departure.

Canto XLI. The Citizens' Lament.

Canto XLII. Dasaratha's Lament.

Canto XLIII. Kausalya's Lament.

Canto XLIV. Sumitra's Speech.

Canto XLV. The Tamasa.

Canto XLVI. The Halt.

Canto XLVII. The Citizens' Return.

Canto XLVIII. The Women's Lament.

Canto XLIX. The Crossing Of The Rivers.

Canto L. The Halt Under The Ingudi.

Canto LI. Lakshman's Lament.

Canto LII. The Crossing Of Ganga.

Canto LIII. Rama's Lament.

Canto LIV. Bharadvaja's Hermitage.

Canto LV. The Passage Of Yamuna.

Canto LVI. Chitrakuta.

Canto LVII. Sumantra's Return.

Canto LVIII. Rama's Message.

Canto LIX. Dasaratha's Lament.

Canto LX. Kausalya Consoled.

Canto LXI. Kausalya's Lament.

Canto LXII. Dasaratha Consoled.

Canto LXIII. The Hermit's Son.

Canto LXIV. Dasaratha's Death.

Canto LXV. The Women's Lament.

Canto LXVI. The Embalming.

Canto LXVII. The Praise Of Kings.

Canto LXVIII. The Envoys.

Canto LXIX. Bharat's Dream.

Canto LXX. Bharat's Departure.

Canto LXXI. Bharat's Return.

Canto LXXII. Bharat's Inquiry.

Canto LXXIII. Kaikeyi Reproached.

Canto LXXIV. Bharat's Lament.

Canto LXXV. The Abjuration.

Canto LXXVI. The Funeral.

Canto LXXVII. The Gathering Of The Ashes.

Canto LXXVIII. Manthara Punished.

Canto LXXIX. Bharat's Commands.

Canto LXXX. The Way Prepared.

Canto LXXXI. The Assembly.

Canto LXXXII. The Departure.

Canto LXXXIII. The Journey Begun.

Canto LXXXIV. Guha's Anger.

Canto LXXXV. Guha And Bharat.

Canto LXXXVI. Guha's Speech.

Canto LXXXVII. Guha's Story.

Canto LXXXVIII. The Ingudi Tree.

Canto LXXXIX. The Passage Of Ganga.

Canto XC. The Hermitage.

Canto XCI. Bharadvaja's Feast.

Canto XCII. Bharat's Farewell.

Canto XCIII. Chitrakuta In Sight.

Canto XCIV. Chitrakuta.

Canto XCV. Mandakini.

Canto XCVI. The Magic Shaft.

Canto XCVII. Lakshman's Anger.

Canto XCVIII. Lakshman Calmed.

Canto XCIX. Bharat's Approach.

Canto C. The Meeting.

Canto CI. Bharata Questioned.

Canto CII. Bharat's Tidings.

Canto CIII. The Funeral Libation.

Canto CIV. The Meeting With The Queens.

Canto CV. Rama's Speech.

Canto CVI. Bharat's Speech.

Canto CVII. Rama's Speech.

Canto CVIII. Javali's Speech.

Canto CIX. The Praises Of Truth.

Canto CX. The Sons Of Ikshvaku.

Canto CXI. Counsel To Bharat.

Canto CXII. The Sandals.

Canto CXIII. Bharat's Return.

Canto CXIV. Bharat's Departure.

Canto CXV. Nandigram.

Canto CXVI. The Hermit's Speech.

Canto CXVII. Anasuya.

Canto CXVIII. Anasuya's Gifts.

Canto CXIX. The Forest.

BOOK III.

Canto I. The Hermitage.

Canto II. Viradha.

Canto III. Viradha Attacked.

Canto IV. Viradha's Death.

Canto V. Sarabhanga.

Canto VI. Rama's Promise.

Canto VII. Sutikshna.

Canto VIII. The Hermitage.

Canto IX. Sita's Speech.

Canto X. Rama's Reply.

Canto XI. Agastya.

Canto XII. The Heavenly Bow.

Canto XIII. Agastya's Counsel.

Canto XIV. Jatayus.

Canto XV. Panchavati.

Canto XVI. Winter.

Canto XVII. Surpanakha.

Canto XVIII. The Mutilation.

Canto XIX. The Rousing Of Khara.

Canto XX. The Giants' Death.

Canto XXI. The Rousing Of Khara.

Canto XXII. Khara's Wrath.

Canto XXIII. The Omens.

Canto XXIV. The Host In Sight.

Canto XXV. The Battle.

Canto XXVI. Dushan's Death.

Canto XXVII. The Death Of Trisiras.

Canto XXVIII. Khara Dismounted.

Canto XXIX. Khara's Defeat.

Canto XXX. Khara's Death.

Canto XXXI. Ravan.

Canto XXXII. Ravan Roused.

Canto XXXIII. Surpanakha's Speech.

Canto XXXIV. Surpanakha's Speech.

Canto XXXV. Ravan's Journey.

Canto XXXVI. Ravan's Speech.

Canto XXXVII. Maricha's Speech.

Canto XXXVIII. Maricha's Speech.

Canto XXXIX. Maricha's Speech.

Canto XL. Ravan's Speech.

Canto XLI. Maricha's Reply.

Canto XLII. Maricha Transformed.

Canto XLIII. The Wondrous Deer.

Canto XLIV. Maricha's Death.

Canto XLV. Lakshman's Departure.

Canto XLVI. The Guest.

Canto XLVII. Ravan's Wooing.

Canto XLVIII. Ravan's Speech.

Canto XLIX. The Rape Of Sita.

Canto L. Jatayus.

Canto LI. The Combat.

Canto LII. Ravan's Flight.

Canto LIII. Sita's Threats.

Canto LIV. Lanka.

Canto LV. Sita In Prison.

Canto LVI. Sita's Disdain.

Canto LVII. Sita Comforted.

Canto LVIII. The Brothers' Meeting.

Canto LIX. Rama's Return.

Canto LX. Lakshman Reproved.

Canto LXI. Rama's Lament.

Canto LXII. Rama's Lament.

Canto LXIII. Rama's Lament.

Canto LXIV. Rama's Lament.

Canto LXV. Rama's Wrath.

Canto LXVI. Lakshman's Speech.

Canto LXVII. Rama Appeased.

Canto LXVIII. Jatayus.

Canto LXIX. The Death Of Jatayus.

Canto LXX. Kabandha.

Canto LXXI. Kabandha's Speech.

Canto LXXII. Kabandha's Tale.

Canto LXXIII. Kabandha's Counsel.

Canto LXXIV. Kabandha's Death.

Canto LXXV. Savari.

Canto LXXVI. Pampa.

BOOK IV.

Canto I. Rama's Lament.

Canto II. Sugriva's Alarm.

Canto III. Hanuman's Speech.

Canto IV. Lakshman's Reply.

Canto V. The League.

Canto VI. The Tokens.

Canto VII. Rama Consoled.

Canto VIII. Rama's Promise.

Canto IX. Sugriva's Story.

Canto X. Sugriva's Story.

Canto XI. Dundubhi.

Canto XII. The Palm Trees.

Canto XIII. The Return To Kishkindha.

Canto XIV. The Challenge.

Canto XV. Tara.

Canto XVI. The Fall Of Bali.

Canto XVII. Bali's Speech.

Canto XVIII. Rama's Reply.

Canto XIX. Tara's Grief.

Canto XX. Tara's Lament.

Canto XXI. Hanuman's Speech.

Canto XXII. Bali Dead.

Canto XXIII. Tara's Lament.

Canto XXIV. Sugriva's Lament.

Canto XXV. Rama's Speech.

Canto XXVI. The Coronation.

Canto XXVII. Rama On The Hill.

Canto XXVIII. The Rains.

Canto XXIX. Hanuman's Counsel.

Canto XXX. Rama's Lament.

Canto XXXI. The Envoy.

Canto XXXII. Hanuman's Counsel.

Canto XXXIII. Lakshman's Entry.

Canto XXXIV. Lakshman's Speech.

Canto XXXV. Tara's Speech.

Canto XXXVI. Sugriva's Speech.

Canto XXXVII. The Gathering.

Canto XXXVIII. Sugriva's Departure.

Canto XXXIX. The Vanar Host.

Canto XL. The Army Of The East.

Canto XLI. The Army Of The South.

Canto XLII. The Army Of The West.

Canto XLIII. The Army Of The North.

Canto XLIV. The Ring.

Canto XLV. The Departure.

Canto XLVI. Sugriva's Tale.

Canto XLVII. The Return.

Canto XLVIII. The Asur's Death.

Canto XLIX. Angad's Speech.

Canto L. The Enchanted Cave.

Canto LI. Svayamprabha.

Canto LII. The Exit.

Canto LIII. Angad's Counsel.

Canto LIV. Hanuman's Speech.

Canto LV. Angad's Reply.

Canto LVI. Sampati.

Canto LVII. Angad's Speech.

Canto LVIII. Tidings Of Sita.

Canto LIX. Sampati's Story.

Canto LX. Sampati's Story.

Canto LXI. Sampati's Story.

Canto LXII. Sampati's Story.

Canto LXIII. Sampati's Story.

Canto LXIV. The Sea.

Canto LXV. The Council.

Canto LXVI. Hanuman.

Canto LXVII. Hanuman's Speech.

BOOK V.

Canto I. Hanuman's Leap.

Canto II. Lanka.

Canto III. The Guardian Goddess.

Canto IV. Within The City.

Canto VI. The Court.

Canto VII. Ravan's Palace.

Canto VIII. The Enchanted Car.

Canto IX. The Ladies' Bower.

Canto X. Ravan Asleep.

Canto XI. The Banquet Hall.

Canto XII. The Search Renewed.

Canto XIII. Despair And Hope.

Canto XIV. The Asoka Grove.

Canto XV. Sita.

Canto XVI. Hanuman's Lament.

Canto XVII. Sita's Guard.

Canto XVIII. Ravan.

Canto XIX. Sita's Fear.

Canto XX. Ravan's Wooing.

Canto XXI. Sita's Scorn.

Canto XXII. Ravan's Threat.

Canto XXIII. The Demons' Threats.

Canto XXIV. Sita's Reply.

Canto XXV. Sita's Lament.

Canto XXVI. Sita's Lament.

Canto XXVII. Trijata's Dream.

Canto XXX. Hanuman's Deliberation.

Canto XXXI. Hanuman's Speech.

Canto XXXII. Sita's Doubt.

Canto XXXIII. The Colloquy.

Canto XXXIV. Hanuman's Speech.

Canto XXXV. Hanuman's Speech.

Canto XXXVI. Rama's Ring.

Canto XXXVII. Sita's Speech.

Canto XXXVIII. Sita's Gem.

Canto XLI. The Ruin Of The Grove.

Canto XLII. The Giants Roused.

Canto XLIII. The Ruin Of The Temple.

Canto XLIV. Jambumali's Death.

Canto XLV. The Seven Defeated.

Canto XLVI. The Captains.

Canto XLVII. The Death Of Aksha.

Canto XLVIII. Hanuman Captured.

Canto XLIX. Ravan.

Canto L. Prahasta's Questions.

Canto LI. Hanuman's Reply.

Canto LII. Vibhishan's Speech.

Canto LIII. The Punishment.

Canto LIV. The Burning Of Lanka.

Canto LV. Fear For Sita.

Canto LVI. Mount Arishta.

Canto LVII. Hanuman's Return.

Canto LVIII. The Feast Of Honey.

Canto LXV. The Tidings.

Canto LXVI. Rama's Speech.

BOOK VI.

Canto I. Rama's Speech.

Canto II. Sugriva's Speech.

Canto III. Lanka.

Canto IV. The March.

Canto V. Rama's Lament.

Canto VI. Ravan's Speech.

Canto VII. Ravan Encouraged.

Canto VIII. Prahasta's Speech.

Canto IX. Vibhishan's Counsel.

Canto X. Vibhishan's Counsel.

Canto XI. The Summons.

Canto XII. Ravan's Speech.

Canto XIII. Ravan's Speech.

Canto XIV. Vibhishan's Speech.

Canto XV. Indrajit's Speech.

Canto XVI. Ravan's Speech.

Canto XVII. Vibhishan's Flight.

Canto XVIII. Rama's Speech.

Canto XIX. Vibhishan's Counsel.

Canto XX. The Spies.

Canto XXI. Ocean Threatened.

Canto XXII. Ocean Threatened.

Canto XXIII. The Omens.

Canto XXIV. The Spy's Return.

Canto XXV. Ravan's Spies.

Canto XXVI. The Vanar Chiefs.

Canto XXVII. The Vanar Chiefs.

Canto XXVIII. The Chieftains.

Canto XXIX. Sardula Captured.

Canto XXX. Sardula's Speech.

Canto XXXI. The Magic Head.

Canto XXXII. Sita's Lament.

Canto XXXIII. Sarama.

Canto XXXIV. Sarama's Tidings.

Canto XXXV. Malyavan's Speech.

Canto XXXVI. Ravan's Reply.

Canto XXXVII. Preparations.

Canto XXXVIII. The Ascent Of Suvela.

Canto XXXIX. Lanka.

Canto XL. Ravan Attacked.

Canto XLI. Rama's Envoy.

Canto XLII. The Sally.

Canto XLIII. The Single Combats.

Canto XLIV. The Night.

Canto XLV. Indrajit's Victory.

Canto XLVI. Indrajit's Triumph.

Canto XLVII. Sita.

Canto XLVIII. Sita's Lament.

Canto XLIX. Rama's Lament.

Canto L. The Broken Spell.

Canto LI. Dhumraksha's Sally.

Canto LII. Dhumraksha's Death.

Canto LIII. Vajradanshtra's Sally.

Canto LIV. Vajradanshtra's Death.

Canto LIX. Ravan's Sally.

Canto LX. Kumbhakarna Roused.

Canto LXI. The Vanars' Alarm.

Canto LXII. Ravan's Request.

Canto LXIII. Kumbhakarna's Boast.

Canto LXIV. Mahodar's Speech.

Canto LXV. Kumbhakarna's Speech.

Canto LXVI. Kumbhakarna's Sally.

Canto LXVII. Kumbhakarna's Death.

Canto LXVIII. Ravan's Lament.

Canto LXIX. Narantak's Death.

Canto LXX. The Death Of Trisiras.

Canto LXXI. Atikaya's Death.

Canto LXXII. Ravan's Speech.

Canto LXXIII. Indrajit's Victory.

Canto LXXIV. The Medicinal Herbs.

Canto LXXV. The Night Attack.

Canto XCIII. Ravan's Lament.

Canto XCVI. Ravan's Sally.

Canto C. Ravan In The Field.

Canto CI. Lakshman's Fall.

Canto CII. Lakshman Healed.

Canto CIII. Indra's Car.

Canto CVI. Glory To The Sun.

Canto CVIII. The Battle.

Canto CIX. The Battle.

Canto CX. Ravan's Death.

Canto CXI. Vibhishan's Lament.

Canto CXII. The Rakshas Dames.

Canto CXIII. Mandodari's Lament.

Canto CXIV. Vibhishan Consecrated.

Canto CXV. Sita's Joy.

Canto CXVI. The Meeting.

Canto CXVII. Sita's Disgrace.

Canto CXVIII. Sita's Reply.

Canto CXIX. Glory To Vishnu.

Canto CXX. Sita Restored.

Canto CXXI. Dasaratha.

Canto CXXII. Indra's Boon.

Canto CXXIII. The Magic Car.

Canto CXXIV. The Departure.

Canto CXXV. The Return.

Canto CXXVI. Bharat Consoled.

Canto CXXVII. Rama's Message.

Canto CXXVIII. Hanuman's Story.

Canto CXXIX. The Meeting With Bharat.

Canto CXXX. The Consecration.

Appendix

Section XIII. Ravan Doomed.

Caput XIV. Ratio Necandi Ravanae Excogitata.

Caput XIV. Il Mezzo Stabilito Per Uccidere Ravano.

XIV.

Uttarakanda.

Additional Notes.

Queen Fortune.

Indra.

Vishnu.

Siva.

Apsarases.

Vishnu's Incarnation As Rama.

Kusa and Lava.

Parasurama, Page 87.

Yama, Page 68.

Fate, Page 68.

Visvamitra, Page 76.

Household Gods, Page 102.

Page 107.

Page 108.

Page 109.

Page 110.

Page 120.

Page 125.

Page 125.

Page 136.

Page 152.

Page 157.

Page 161.

Page 169.

Page 174. The Praise Of Kings.

Page 176. Salmali.

Page 178. Bharat's Return.

Page 183.

Page 203.

Page 219.

Page 249.

Page 250.

Page 257.

Page 286. Urvasi.

Page 324.

Page 326.

Page 329. Rama's Alliance With Sugriva.

Page 342. The Fall Of Bali.

Page 370. The Vanar Host.

Page 372.

Page 374.

Page 378. Northern Kurus.

Page 428.

Page 431.

Page 434.

Page 436.

Page 452.

Page 462.

Page 466.

Page 470.

Page 497.

Page 489.

Page 489.

Page 492. Ravan's Funeral.

Page 496.

Page 503. The Meeting.

Final Notes.

Index Of Principal Names

Footnotes

INVOCATION. (1)

Praise to Valmiki,(2)bird of charming song,(3)

  Who mounts on Poesy's sublimest spray,

And sweetly sings with accent clear and strong

  Rama, aye Rama, in his deathless lay.

Where breathes the man can listen to the strain

  That flows in music from Valmiki's tongue,

Nor feel his feet the path of bliss attain

  When Rama's glory by the saint is sung!

The stream Ramayan leaves its sacred fount

  The whole wide world from sin and stain to free.(4)

The Prince of Hermits is the parent mount,

  The lordly Rama is the darling sea.

Glory to him whose fame is ever bright!

  Glory to him, Prachetas'(5)holy son!

Whose pure lips quaff with ever new delight

  The nectar-sea of deeds by Rama done.

Hail, arch-ascetic, pious, good, and kind!

  Hail, Saint Valmiki, lord of every lore!

Hail, holy Hermit, calm and pure of mind!

  Hail, First of Bards, Valmiki, hail once more!

BOOK I.(6)

Canto I. Narad.(7)

OM.(8)

  To sainted Narad, prince of those

Whose lore in words of wisdom flows.

Whose constant care and chief delight

Were Scripture and ascetic rite,

The good Valmiki, first and best

Of hermit saints, these words addressed:(9)

"In all this world, I pray thee, who

Is virtuous, heroic, true?

Firm in his vows, of grateful mind,

To every creature good and kind?

Bounteous, and holy, just, and wise,

Alone most fair to all men's eyes?

Devoid of envy, firm, and sage,

Whose tranquil soul ne'er yields to rage?

Whom, when his warrior wrath is high,

Do Gods embattled fear and fly?

Whose noble might and gentle skill

The triple world can guard from ill?

Who is the best of princes, he

Who loves his people's good to see?

The store of bliss, the living mine

Where brightest joys and virtues shine?

Queen Fortune's(10) best and dearest friend,

Whose steps her choicest gifts attend?

Who may with Sun and Moon compare,

With Indra,(11) Vishnu,(12) Fire, and Air?

Grant, Saint divine,(13) the boon I ask,

For thee, I ween, an easy task,

To whom the power is given to know

If such a man breathe here below."

Then Narad, clear before whose eye

The present, past, and future lie,(14)

Made ready answer: "Hermit, where

Are graces found so high and rare?

Yet listen, and my tongue shall tell

In whom alone these virtues dwell.

From old Ikshvaku's(15) line he came,

Known to the world by Rama's name:

With soul subdued, a chief of might,

In Scripture versed, in glory bright,

His steps in virtue's paths are bent,

Obedient, pure, and eloquent.

In each emprise he wins success,

And dying foes his power confess.

Tall and broad-shouldered, strong of limb,

Fortune has set her mark on him.

Graced with a conch-shell's triple line,

His throat displays the auspicious sign.(16)

High destiny is clear impressed

On massive jaw and ample chest,

His mighty shafts he truly aims,

And foemen in the battle tames.

Deep in the muscle, scarcely shown,

Embedded lies his collar-bone.

His lordly steps are firm and free,

His strong arms reach below his knee;(17)

All fairest graces join to deck

His head, his brow, his stately neck,

And limbs in fair proportion set:

The manliest form e'er fashioned yet.

Graced with each high imperial mark,

His skin is soft and lustrous dark.

Large are his eyes that sweetly shine

With majesty almost divine.

His plighted word he ne'er forgets;

On erring sense a watch he sets.

By nature wise, his teacher's skill

Has trained him to subdue his will.

Good, resolute and pure, and strong,

He guards mankind from scathe and wrong,

And lends his aid, and ne'er in vain,

The cause of justice to maintain.

Well has he studied o'er and o'er

The Vedas(18)and their kindred lore.

Well skilled is he the bow to draw,(19)

Well trained in arts and versed in law;

High-souled and meet for happy fate,

Most tender and compassionate;

The noblest of all lordly givers,

Whom good men follow, as the rivers

Follow the King of Floods, the sea:

So liberal, so just is he.

The joy of Queen Kausalya's(20)heart,

In every virtue he has part:

Firm as Himalaya's(21) snowy steep,

Unfathomed like the mighty deep:

The peer of Vishnu's power and might,

And lovely as the Lord of Night;(22)

Patient as Earth, but, roused to ire,

Fierce as the world-destroying fire;

In bounty like the Lord of Gold,(23)

And Justice self in human mould.

  With him, his best and eldest son,

By all his princely virtues won

King Dasaratha(24) willed to share

His kingdom as the Regent Heir.

But when Kaikeyi, youngest queen,

With eyes of envious hate had seen

The solemn pomp and regal state

Prepared the prince to consecrate,

She bade the hapless king bestow

Two gifts he promised long ago,

That Rama to the woods should flee,

And that her child the heir should be.

  By chains of duty firmly tied,

The wretched king perforce complied.

Rama, to please Kaikeyi went

Obedient forth to banishment.

Then Lakshman's truth was nobly shown,

Then were his love and courage known,

When for his brother's sake he dared

All perils, and his exile shared.

And Sita, Rama's darling wife,

Loved even as he loved his life,

Whom happy marks combined to bless,

A miracle of loveliness,

Of Janak's royal lineage sprung,

Most excellent of women, clung

To her dear lord, like Rohini

Rejoicing with the Moon to be.(25)

The King and people, sad of mood,

The hero's car awhile pursued.

But when Prince Rama lighted down

At Sringavera's pleasant town,

Where Ganga's holy waters flow,

He bade his driver turn and go.

Guha, Nishadas' king, he met,

And on the farther bank was set.

Then on from wood to wood they strayed,

O'er many a stream, through constant shade,

As Bharadvaja bade them, till

They came to Chitrakuta's hill.

And Rama there, with Lakshman's aid,

A pleasant little cottage made,

And spent his days with Sita, dressed

In coat of bark and deerskin vest.(26)

And Chitrakuta grew to be

As bright with those illustrious three

As Meru's(27) sacred peaks that shine

With glory, when the Gods recline

Beneath them: Siva's(28) self between

The Lord of Gold and Beauty's Queen.

  The aged king for Rama pined,

And for the skies the earth resigned.

Bharat, his son, refused to reign,

Though urged by all the twice-born(29) train.

Forth to the woods he fared to meet

His brother, fell before his feet,

And cried, "Thy claim all men allow:

O come, our lord and king be thou."

But Rama nobly chose to be

Observant of his sire's decree.

He placed his sandals(30) in his hand

A pledge that he would rule the land:

And bade his brother turn again.

Then Bharat, finding prayer was vain,

The sandals took and went away;

Nor in Ayodhya would he stay.

But turned to Nandigrama, where

He ruled the realm with watchful care,

Still longing eagerly to learn

Tidings of Rama's safe return.

  Then lest the people should repeat

Their visit to his calm retreat,

Away from Chitrakuta's hill

Fared Rama ever onward till

Beneath the shady trees he stood

Of Dandaka's primeval wood,

Viradha, giant fiend, he slew,

And then Agastya's friendship knew.

Counselled by him he gained the sword

And bow of Indra, heavenly lord:

A pair of quivers too, that bore

Of arrows an exhaustless store.

While there he dwelt in greenwood shade

The trembling hermits sought his aid,

And bade him with his sword and bow

Destroy the fiends who worked them woe:

To come like Indra strong and brave,

A guardian God to help and save.

And Rama's falchion left its trace

Deep cut on Surpanakha's face:

A hideous giantess who came

Burning for him with lawless flame.

Their sister's cries the giants heard.

And vengeance in each bosom stirred:

The monster of the triple head.

And Dushan to the contest sped.

But they and myriad fiends beside

Beneath the might of Rama died.

  When Ravan, dreaded warrior, knew

The slaughter of his giant crew:

Ravan, the king, whose name of fear

Earth, hell, and heaven all shook to hear:

He bade the fiend Maricha aid

The vengeful plot his fury laid.

In vain the wise Maricha tried

To turn him from his course aside:

Not Ravan's self, he said, might hope

With Rama and his strength to cope.

Impelled by fate and blind with rage

He came to Rama's hermitage.

There, by Maricha's magic art,

He wiled the princely youths apart,

The vulture(31) slew, and bore away

The wife of Rama as his prey.

The son of Raghu(32) came and found

Jatayu slain upon the ground.

He rushed within his leafy cot;

He sought his wife, but found her not.

Then, then the hero's senses failed;

In mad despair he wept and wailed.

Upon the pile that bird he laid,

And still in quest of Sita strayed.

A hideous giant then he saw,

Kabandha named, a shape of awe.

The monstrous fiend he smote and slew,

And in the flame the body threw;

When straight from out the funeral flame

In lovely form Kabandha came,

And bade him seek in his distress

A wise and holy hermitess.

By counsel of this saintly dame

To Pampa's pleasant flood he came,

And there the steadfast friendship won

Of Hanuman the Wind-God's son.

Counselled by him he told his grief

To great Sugriva, Vanar chief,

Who, knowing all the tale, before

The sacred flame alliance swore.

Sugriva to his new-found friend

Told his own story to the end:

His hate of Bali for the wrong

And insult he had borne so long.

And Rama lent a willing ear

And promised to allay his fear.

Sugriva warned him of the might

Of Bali, matchless in the fight,

And, credence for his tale to gain,

Showed the huge fiend(33) by Bali slain.

The prostrate corse of mountain size

Seemed nothing in the hero's eyes;

He lightly kicked it, as it lay,

And cast it twenty leagues(34) away.

To prove his might his arrows through

Seven palms in line, uninjured, flew.

He cleft a mighty hill apart,

And down to hell he hurled his dart.

Then high Sugriva's spirit rose,

Assured of conquest o'er his foes.

With his new champion by his side

To vast Kishkindha's cave he hied.

Then, summoned by his awful shout,

King Bali came in fury out,

First comforted his trembling wife,

Then sought Sugriva in the strife.

One shaft from Rama's deadly bow

The monarch in the dust laid low.

Then Rama bade Sugriva reign

In place of royal Bali slain.

Then speedy envoys hurried forth

Eastward and westward, south and north,

Commanded by the grateful king

Tidings of Rama's spouse to bring.

  Then by Sampati's counsel led,

Brave Hanuman, who mocked at dread,

Sprang at one wild tremendous leap

Two hundred leagues across the deep.

To Lanka's(35) town he urged his way,

Where Ravan held his royal sway.

There pensive 'neath Asoka(36) boughs

He found poor Sita, Rama's spouse.

He gave the hapless girl a ring,

A token from her lord and king.

A pledge from her fair hand he bore;

Then battered down the garden door.

Five captains of the host he slew,

Seven sons of councillors o'erthrew;

Crushed youthful Aksha on the field,

Then to his captors chose to yield.

Soon from their bonds his limbs were free,

But honouring the high decree

Which Brahma(37) had pronounced of yore,

He calmly all their insults bore.

The town he burnt with hostile flame,

And spoke again with Rama's dame,

Then swiftly back to Rama flew

With tidings of the interview.

  Then with Sugriva for his guide,

Came Rama to the ocean side.

He smote the sea with shafts as bright

As sunbeams in their summer height,

And quick appeared the Rivers' King(38)

Obedient to the summoning.

A bridge was thrown by Nala o'er

The narrow sea from shore to shore.(39)

They crossed to Lanka's golden town,

Where Rama's hand smote Ravan down.

Vibhishan there was left to reign

Over his brother's wide domain.

To meet her husband Sita came;

But Rama, stung with ire and shame,

With bitter words his wife addressed

Before the crowd that round her pressed.

But Sita, touched with noble ire,

Gave her fair body to the fire.

Then straight the God of Wind appeared,

And words from heaven her honour cleared.

And Rama clasped his wife again,

Uninjured, pure from spot and stain,

Obedient to the Lord of Fire

And the high mandate of his sire.

Led by the Lord who rules the sky,

The Gods and heavenly saints drew nigh,

And honoured him with worthy meed,

Rejoicing in each glorious deed.

His task achieved, his foe removed,

He triumphed, by the Gods approved.

By grace of Heaven he raised to life

The chieftains slain in mortal strife;

Then in the magic chariot through

The clouds to Nandigrama flew.

Met by his faithful brothers there,

He loosed his votive coil of hair:

Thence fair Ayodhya's town he gained,

And o'er his father's kingdom reigned.

Disease or famine ne'er oppressed

His happy people, richly blest

With all the joys of ample wealth,

Of sweet content and perfect health.

No widow mourned her well-loved mate,

No sire his son's untimely fate.

They feared not storm or robber's hand;

No fire or flood laid waste the land:

The Golden Age(40) had come again

To bless the days of Rama's reign.

  From him, the great and glorious king,

Shall many a princely scion spring.

And he shall rule, beloved by men,

Ten thousand years and hundreds ten,(41)

And when his life on earth is past

To Brahma's world shall go at last."

  Whoe'er this noble poem reads

That tells the tale of Rama's deeds,

Good as the Scriptures, he shall be

From every sin and blemish free.

Whoever reads the saving strain,

With all his kin the heavens shall gain.

Brahmans who read shall gather hence

The highest praise for eloquence.

The warrior, o'er the land shall reign,

The merchant, luck in trade obtain;

And Sudras listening(42) ne'er shall fail

To reap advantage from the tale.(43)

Canto II. Brahma's Visit

Valmiki, graceful speaker, heard,

To highest admiration stirred.

To him whose fame the tale rehearsed

He paid his mental worship first;

Then with his pupil humbly bent

Before the saint most eloquent.

Thus honoured and dismissed the seer

Departed to his heavenly sphere.

Then from his cot Valmiki hied

To Tamasa's(44) sequestered side,

Not far remote from Ganga's tide.

He stood and saw the ripples roll

Pellucid o'er a pebbly shoal.

To Bharadvaja(45) by his side

He turned in ecstasy, and cried:

"See, pupil dear, this lovely sight,

The smooth-floored shallow, pure and bright,

With not a speck or shade to mar,

And clear as good men's bosoms are.

Here on the brink thy pitcher lay,

And bring my zone of bark, I pray.

Here will I bathe: the rill has not,

To lave the limbs, a fairer spot.

Do quickly as I bid, nor waste

The precious time; away, and haste."

  Obedient to his master's hest

Quick from the cot he brought the vest;

The hermit took it from his hand,

And tightened round his waist the band;

Then duly dipped and bathed him there,

And muttered low his secret prayer.

To spirits and to Gods he made

Libation of the stream, and strayed

Viewing the forest deep and wide

That spread its shade on every side.

Close by the bank he saw a pair

Of curlews sporting fearless there.

But suddenly with evil mind

An outcast fowler stole behind,

And, with an aim too sure and true,

The male bird near the hermit slew.

The wretched hen in wild despair

With fluttering pinions beat the air,

And shrieked a long and bitter cry

When low on earth she saw him lie,

Her loved companion, quivering, dead,

His dear wings with his lifeblood red;

And for her golden crested mate

She mourned, and was disconsolate.

  The hermit saw the slaughtered bird,

And all his heart with ruth was stirred.

The fowler's impious deed distressed

His gentle sympathetic breast,

And while the curlew's sad cries rang

Within his ears, the hermit sang:

"No fame be thine for endless time,

Because, base outcast, of thy crime,

Whose cruel hand was fain to slay

One of this gentle pair at play!"

E'en as he spoke his bosom wrought

And laboured with the wondering thought

What was the speech his ready tongue

Had uttered when his heart was wrung.

He pondered long upon the speech,

Recalled the words and measured each,

And thus exclaimed the saintly guide

To Bharadvaja by his side:

"With equal lines of even feet,

With rhythm and time and tone complete,

The measured form of words I spoke

In shock of grief be termed a sloke."(46)

And Bharadvaja, nothing slow

His faithful love and zeal to show,

Answered those words of wisdom, "Be

The name, my lord, as pleases thee."

  As rules prescribe the hermit took

Some lustral water from the brook.

But still on this his constant thought

Kept brooding, as his home he sought;

While Bharadvaja paced behind,

A pupil sage of lowly mind,

And in his hand a pitcher bore

With pure fresh water brimming o'er.

Soon as they reached their calm retreat

The holy hermit took his seat;

His mind from worldly cares recalled,

And mused in deepest thought enthralled.

  Then glorious Brahma,(47) Lord Most High,

Creator of the earth and sky,

The four-faced God, to meet the sage

Came to Valmiki's hermitage.

Soon as the mighty God he saw,

Up sprang the saint in wondering awe.

Mute, with clasped hands, his head he bent,

And stood before him reverent.

His honoured guest he greeted well,

Who bade him of his welfare tell;

Gave water for his blessed feet,

Brought offerings,(48) and prepared a seat.

In honoured place the God Most High

Sate down, and bade the saint sit nigh.

There sate before Valmiki's eyes

The Father of the earth and skies;

But still the hermit's thoughts were bent

On one thing only, all intent

On that poor curlew's mournful fate

Lamenting for her slaughtered mate;

And still his lips, in absent mood,

The verse that told his grief, renewed:

"Woe to the fowler's impious hand

That did the deed that folly planned;

That could to needless death devote

The curlew of the tuneful throat!"

  The heavenly Father smiled in glee,

And said, "O best of hermits, see,

A verse, unconscious, thou hast made;

No longer be the task delayed.

Seek not to trace, with labour vain,

The unpremeditated strain.

The tuneful lines thy lips rehearsed

Spontaneous from thy bosom burst.

Then come, O best of seers, relate

The life of Rama good and great,

The tale that saintly Narad told,

In all its glorious length unfold.

Of all the deeds his arm has done

Upon this earth, omit not one,

And thus the noble life record

Of that wise, brave, and virtuous lord.

His every act to day displayed,

His secret life to none betrayed:

How Lakshman, how the giants fought;

With high emprise and hidden thought:

And all that Janak's child(49) befell

Where all could see, where none could tell.

The whole of this shall truly be

Made known, O best of saints, to thee.

In all thy poem, through my grace,

No word of falsehood shall have place.

Begin the story, and rehearse

The tale divine in charming verse.

As long as in this firm-set land

The streams shall flow, the mountains stand,

So long throughout the world, be sure,

The great Ramayan shall endure.(50)

While the Ramayan's ancient strain

Shall glorious in the earth remain,

To higher spheres shalt thou arise

And dwell with me above the skies."

  He spoke, and vanished into air,

And left Valmiki wondering there.

The pupils of the holy man,

Moved by their love of him, began

To chant that verse, and ever more

They marvelled as they sang it o'er:

"Behold, the four-lined balanced rime,

Repeated over many a time,

In words that from the hermit broke

In shock of grief, becomes a sloke."

This measure now Valmiki chose

Wherein his story to compose.

In hundreds of such verses, sweet

With equal lines and even feet,

The saintly poet, lofty-souled,

The glorious deeds of Rama told.

Canto III. The Argument.

The hermit thus with watchful heed

Received the poem's pregnant seed,

And looked with eager thought around

If fuller knowledge might be found.

His lips with water first bedewed,(51)

He sate, in reverent attitude

On holy grass,(52) the points all bent

Together toward the orient;(53)

And thus in meditation he

Entered the path of poesy.

Then clearly, through his virtue's might,

All lay discovered to his sight,

Whate'er befell, through all their life,

Rama, his brother, and his wife:

And Dasaratha and each queen

At every time, in every scene:

His people too, of every sort;

The nobles of his princely court:

Whate'er was said, whate'er decreed,

Each time they sate each plan and deed:

For holy thought and fervent rite

Had so refined his keener sight

That by his sanctity his view

The present, past, and future knew,

And he with mental eye could grasp,

Like fruit within his fingers clasp,

The life of Rama, great and good,

Roaming with Sita in the wood.

He told, with secret-piercing eyes,

The tale of Rama's high emprise,

Each listening ear that shall entice,

A sea of pearls of highest price.

Thus good Valmiki, sage divine,

Rehearsed the tale of Raghu's line,

As Narad, heavenly saint, before

Had traced the story's outline o'er.

He sang of Rama's princely birth,

His kindness and heroic worth;

His love for all, his patient youth,

His gentleness and constant truth,

And many a tale and legend old

By holy Visvamitra told.

How Janak's child he wooed and won,

And broke the bow that bent to none.

How he with every virtue fraught

His namesake Rama(54) met and fought.

The choice of Rama for the throne;

The malice by Kaikeyi shown,

Whose evil counsel marred the plan

And drove him forth a banisht man.

How the king grieved and groaned, and cried,

And swooned away and pining died.

The subjects' woe when thus bereft;

And how the following crowds he left:

With Guha talked, and firmly stern

Ordered his driver to return.

How Ganga's farther shore he gained;

By Bharadvaja entertained,

By whose advice he journeyed still

And came to Chitrakuta's hill.

How there he dwelt and built a cot;

How Bharat journeyed to the spot;

His earnest supplication made;

Drink-offerings to their father paid;

The sandals given by Rama's hand,

As emblems of his right, to stand:

How from his presence Bharat went

And years in Nandigrama spent.

How Rama entered Dandak wood

And in Sutikhna's presence stood.

The favour Anasuya showed,

The wondrous balsam she bestowed.

How Sarabhanga's dwelling-place

They sought; saw Indra face to face;

The meeting with Agastya gained;

The heavenly bow from him obtained.

How Rama with Viradha met;

Their home in Panchavata set.

How Surpanakha underwent

The mockery and disfigurement.

Of Trisira's and Khara's fall,

Of Ravan roused at vengeance call,

Maricha doomed, without escape;

The fair Videhan(55) lady's rape.

How Rama wept and raved in vain,

And how the Vulture-king was slain.

How Rama fierce Kabandha slew;

Then to the side of Pampa drew,

Met Hanuman, and her whose vows

Were kept beneath the greenwood boughs.

How Raghu's son, the lofty-souled,

On Pampa's bank wept uncontrolled,

Then journeyed, Rishyamuk to reach,

And of Sugriva then had speech.

The friendship made, which both had sought:

How Bali and Sugriva fought.

How Bali in the strife was slain,

And how Sugriva came to reign.

The treaty, Tara's wild lament;

The rainy nights in watching spent.

The wrath of Raghu's lion son;

The gathering of the hosts in one.

The sending of the spies about,

And all the regions pointed out.

The ring by Rama's hand bestowed;

The cave wherein the bear abode.

The fast proposed, their lives to end;

Sampati gained to be their friend.

The scaling of the hill, the leap

Of Hanuman across the deep.

Ocean's command that bade them seek

Mainaka of the lofty peak.

The death of Sinhika, the sight

Of Lanka with her palace bright

How Hanuman stole in at eve;

His plan the giants to deceive.

How through the square he made his way

To chambers where the women lay,

Within the Asoka garden came

And there found Rama's captive dame.

His colloquy with her he sought,

And giving of the ring he brought.

How Sita gave a gem o'erjoyed;

How Hanuman the grove destroyed.

How giantesses trembling fled,

And servant fiends were smitten dead.

How Hanuman was seized; their ire

When Lanka blazed with hostile fire.

His leap across the sea once more;

The eating of the honey store.

How Rama he consoled, and how

He showed the gem from Sita's brow.

With Ocean, Rama's interview;

The bridge that Nala o'er it threw.

The crossing, and the sitting down

At night round Lanka's royal town.

The treaty with Vibhishan made:

The plan for Ravan's slaughter laid.

How Kumbhakarna in his pride

And Meghanada fought and died.

How Ravan in the fight was slain,

And captive Sita brought again.

Vibhishan set upon the throne;

The flying chariot Pushpak shown.

How Brahma and the Gods appeared,

And Sita's doubted honour cleared.

How in the flying car they rode

To Bharadvaja's cabin abode.

The Wind-God's son sent on afar;

How Bharat met the flying car.

How Rama then was king ordained;

The legions their discharge obtained.

How Rama cast his queen away;

How grew the people's love each day.

Thus did the saint Valmiki tell

Whate'er in Rama's life befell,

And in the closing verses all

That yet to come will once befall.

Canto IV. The Rhapsodists.

When to the end the tale was brought,

Rose in the sage's mind the thought;

"Now who throughout this earth will go,

And tell it forth that all may know?"

As thus he mused with anxious breast,

Behold, in hermit's raiment dressed,

Kusa and Lava(56) came to greet

Their master and embrace his feet.

The twins he saw, that princely pair

Sweet-voiced, who dwelt beside him there

None for the task could be more fit,

For skilled were they in Holy Writ;

And so the great Ramayan, fraught

With lore divine, to these he taught:

The lay whose verses sweet and clear

Take with delight the listening ear,

That tell of Sita's noble life

And Ravan's fall in battle strife.

Great joy to all who hear they bring,

Sweet to recite and sweet to sing.

For music's sevenfold notes are there,

And triple measure,(57) wrought with care

With melody and tone and time,

And flavours(58) that enhance the rime;

Heroic might has ample place,

And loathing of the false and base,

With anger, mirth, and terror, blent

With tenderness, surprise, content.

When, half the hermit's grace to gain,

And half because they loved the strain,

The youth within their hearts had stored

The poem that his lips outpoured,

Valmiki kissed them on the head,

As at his feet they bowed, and said;

"Recite ye this heroic song

In tranquil shades where sages throng:

Recite it where the good resort,

In lowly home and royal court."

  The hermit ceased. The tuneful pair,

Like heavenly minstrels sweet and fair,

In music's art divinely skilled,

Their saintly master's word fulfilled.

Like Rama's self, from whom they came,

They showed their sire in face and frame,

As though from some fair sculptured stone

Two selfsame images had grown.

Sometimes the pair rose up to sing,

Surrounded by a holy ring,

Where seated on the grass had met

Full many a musing anchoret.

Then tears bedimmed those gentle eyes,

As transport took them and surprise,

And as they listened every one

Cried in delight, Well done! Well done!

Those sages versed in holy lore

Praised the sweet minstrels more and more:

And wondered at the singers' skill,

And the bard's verses sweeter still,

Which laid so clear before the eye

The glorious deeds of days gone by.

Thus by the virtuous hermits praised,

Inspirited their voice they raised.

Pleased with the song this holy man

Would give the youths a water-can;

One gave a fair ascetic dress,

Or sweet fruit from the wilderness.

One saint a black-deer's hide would bring,

And one a sacrificial string:

One, a clay pitcher from his hoard,

And one, a twisted munja cord.(59)

One in his joy an axe would find,

One braid, their plaited locks to bind.

One gave a sacrificial cup,

One rope to tie their fagots up;

While fuel at their feet was laid,

Or hermit's stool of fig-tree made.

All gave, or if they gave not, none

Forgot at least a benison.

Some saints, delighted with their lays,

Would promise health and length of days;

Others with surest words would add

Some boon to make their spirit glad.

In such degree of honour then

That song was held by holy men:

That living song which life can give,

By which shall many a minstrel live.

In seat of kings, in crowded hall,

They sang the poem, praised of all.

And Rama chanced to hear their lay,

While he the votive steed(60) would slay,

And sent fit messengers to bring

The minstrel pair before the king.

They came, and found the monarch high

Enthroned in gold, his brothers nigh;

While many a minister below,

And noble, sate in lengthened row.

The youthful pair awhile he viewed

Graceful in modest attitude,

And then in words like these addressed

His brother Lakshman and the rest:

"Come, listen to the wondrous strain

Recited by these godlike twain,

Sweet singers of a story fraught

With melody and lofty thought."

  The pair, with voices sweet and strong,

Rolled the full tide of noble song,

With tone and accent deftly blent

To suit the changing argument.

Mid that assembly loud and clear

Rang forth that lay so sweet to hear,

That universal rapture stole

Through each man's frame and heart and soul.

"These minstrels, blest with every sign

That marks a high and princely line,

  In holy shades who dwell,

Enshrined in Saint Valmiki's lay,

A monument to live for aye,

  My deeds in song shall tell."

Thus Rama spoke: their breasts were fired,

And the great tale, as if inspired,

  The youths began to sing,

While every heart with transport swelled,

And mute and rapt attention held

  The concourse and the king.

Canto V. Ayodhya.

  "Ikshvaku's sons from days of old

Were ever brave and mighty-souled.

The land their arms had made their own

Was bounded by the sea alone.

Their holy works have won them praise,

Through countless years, from Manu's days.

Their ancient sire was Sagar, he

Whose high command dug out the sea:(61)

With sixty thousand sons to throng

Around him as he marched along.

From them this glorious tale proceeds:

The great Ramayan tells their deeds.

This noble song whose lines contain

Lessons of duty, love, and gain,

We two will now at length recite,

While good men listen with delight.

  On Sarju's(62) bank, of ample size,

The happy realm of Kosal lies,

With fertile length of fair champaign

And flocks and herds and wealth of grain.

There, famous in her old renown,

Ayodhya(63) stands, the royal town,

In bygone ages built and planned

By sainted Manu's(64) princely hand.

Imperial seat! her walls extend

Twelve measured leagues from end to end,

And three in width from side to side,

With square and palace beautified.

Her gates at even distance stand;

Her ample roads are wisely planned.

Right glorious is her royal street

Where streams allay the dust and heat.

On level ground in even row

Her houses rise in goodly show:

Terrace and palace, arch and gate

The queenly city decorate.

High are her ramparts, strong and vast,

By ways at even distance passed,

With circling moat, both deep and wide,

And store of weapons fortified.

  King Dasaratha, lofty-souled,

That city guarded and controlled,

With towering Sal trees belted round,(65)

And many a grove and pleasure ground,

As royal Indra, throned on high,

Rules his fair city in the sky.(66)

She seems a painted city, fair

With chess-board line and even square.(67)

And cool boughs shade the lovely lake

Where weary men their thirst may slake.

There gilded chariots gleam and shine,

And stately piles the Gods enshrine.

There gay sleek people ever throng

To festival and dance and song.

A mine is she of gems and sheen,

The darling home of Fortune's Queen.

With noblest sort of drink and meat,

The fairest rice and golden wheat,

And fragrant with the chaplet's scent

With holy oil and incense blent.

With many an elephant and steed,

And wains for draught and cars for speed.

With envoys sent by distant kings,

And merchants with their precious things

With banners o'er her roofs that play,

And weapons that a hundred slay;(68)

All warlike engines framed by man,

And every class of artisan.

A city rich beyond compare

With bards and minstrels gathered there,

And men and damsels who entrance

The soul with play and song and dance.

In every street is heard the lute,

The drum, the tabret, and the flute,

The Veda chanted soft and low,

The ringing of the archer's bow;

With bands of godlike heroes skilled

In every warlike weapon, filled,

And kept by warriors from the foe,

As Nagas guard their home below.(69)

There wisest Brahmans evermore

  The flame of worship feed,

And versed in all the Vedas' lore,

  Their lives of virtue lead.

Truthful and pure, they freely give;

  They keep each sense controlled,

And in their holy fervour live

  Like the great saints of old.

Canto VI. The King.

There reigned a king of name revered,

To country and to town endeared,

Great Dasaratha, good and sage,

Well read in Scripture's holy page:

Upon his kingdom's weal intent,

Mighty and brave and provident;

The pride of old Ikshvaku's seed

For lofty thought and righteous deed.

Peer of the saints, for virtues famed,

For foes subdued and passions tamed:

A rival in his wealth untold

Of Indra and the Lord of Gold.

Like Manu first of kings, he reigned,

And worthily his state maintained.

For firm and just and ever true

Love, duty, gain he kept in view,

And ruled his city rich and free,

Like Indra's Amaravati.

And worthy of so fair a place

There dwelt a just and happy race

  With troops of children blest.

Each man contented sought no more,

Nor longed with envy for the store

  By richer friends possessed.

For poverty was there unknown,

And each man counted as his own

  Kine, steeds, and gold, and grain.

All dressed in raiment bright and clean,

And every townsman might be seen

  With earrings, wreath, or chain.

None deigned to feed on broken fare,

And none was false or stingy there.

A piece of gold, the smallest pay,

Was earned by labour for a day.

On every arm were bracelets worn,

And none was faithless or forsworn,

  A braggart or unkind.

None lived upon another's wealth,

None pined with dread or broken health,

  Or dark disease of mind.

High-souled were all. The slanderous word,

The boastful lie, were never heard.

Each man was constant to his vows,

And lived devoted to his spouse.

No other love his fancy knew,

And she was tender, kind, and true.

Her dames were fair of form and face,

With charm of wit and gentle grace,

With modest raiment simply neat,

And winning manners soft and sweet.

The twice-born sages, whose delight

Was Scripture's page and holy rite,

Their calm and settled course pursued,

Nor sought the menial multitude.

In many a Scripture each was versed,

And each the flame of worship nursed,

  And gave with lavish hand.

Each paid to Heaven the offerings due,

And none was godless or untrue

  In all that holy band.

To Brahmans, as the laws ordain,

The Warrior caste were ever fain

  The reverence due to pay;

And these the Vaisyas' peaceful crowd,

Who trade and toil for gain, were proud

  To honour and obey;

And all were by the Sudras(70) served,

Who never from their duty swerved,

Their proper worship all addressed

To Brahman, spirits, God, and guest.

Pure and unmixt their rites remained,

Their race's honour ne'er was stained.(71)

Cheered by his grandsons, sons, and wife,

Each passed a long and happy life.

Thus was that famous city held

By one who all his race excelled,

  Blest in his gentle reign,

As the whole land aforetime swayed

By Manu, prince of men, obeyed

  Her king from main to main.

And heroes kept her, strong and brave,

As lions guard their mountain cave:

Fierce as devouring flame they burned,

And fought till death, but never turned.

Horses had she of noblest breed,

Like Indra's for their form and speed,

From Vahli's(72) hills and Sindhu's(73) sand,

Vanayu(74) and Kamboja's land.(75)

Her noble elephants had strayed

Through Vindhyan and Himalayan shade,

Gigantic in their bulk and height,

Yet gentle in their matchless might.

They rivalled well the world-spread fame

Of the great stock from which they came,

  Of Vaman, vast of size,

Of Mahapadma's glorious line,

Thine, Anjan, and, Airavat, thine.(76)

  Upholders of the skies.

With those, enrolled in fourfold class,

Who all their mighty kin surpass,

  Whom men Matangas name,

And Mrigas spotted black and white,

And Bhadras of unwearied might,

And Mandras hard to tame.(77)

Thus, worthy of the name she bore,(78)

Ayodhya for a league or more

  Cast a bright glory round,

Where Dasaratha wise and great

Governed his fair ancestral state,

  With every virtue crowned.

Like Indra in the skies he reigned

In that good town whose wall contained

  High domes and turrets proud,

With gates and arcs of triumph decked,

And sturdy barriers to protect

  Her gay and countless crowd.

Canto VII. The Ministers.

Two sages, holy saints, had he,

His ministers and priests to be:

Vasishtha, faithful to advise,

And Vamadeva, Scripture-wise.

Eight other lords around him stood,

All skilled to counsel, wise and good:

Jayanta, Vijay, Dhrishti bold

In fight, affairs of war controlled:

Siddharth and Arthasadhak true

Watched o'er expense and revenue,

And Dharmapal and wise Asok

Of right and law and justice spoke.

With these the sage Sumantra, skilled

To urge the car, high station filled.

  All these in knowledge duly trained

Each passion and each sense restrained:

With modest manners, nobly bred

Each plan and nod and look they read,

Upon their neighbours' good intent,

Most active and benevolent:

As sit the Vasus(79) round their king,

They sate around him counselling.

They ne'er in virtue's loftier pride

Another's lowly gifts decried.

In fair and seemly garb arrayed,

No weak uncertain plans they made.

Well skilled in business, fair and just,

They gained the people's love and trust,

And thus without oppression stored

The swelling treasury of their lord.

Bound in sweet friendship each to each,

They spoke kind thoughts in gentle speech.

They looked alike with equal eye

On every caste, on low and high.

Devoted to their king, they sought,

Ere his tongue spoke, to learn his thought,

And knew, as each occasion rose,

To hide their counsel or disclose.

In foreign lands or in their own

Whatever passed, to them was known.

By secret spies they timely knew

What men were doing or would do.

Skilled in the grounds of war and peace

They saw the monarch's state increase,

Watching his weal with conquering eye

That never let occasion by,

While nature lent her aid to bless

Their labours with unbought success.

Never for anger, lust, or gain,

Would they their lips with falsehood stain.

Inclined to mercy they could scan

The weakness and the strength of man.

They fairly judged both high and low,

And ne'er would wrong a guiltless foe;

Yet if a fault were proved, each one

Would punish e'en his own dear son.

But there and in the kingdom's bound

No thief or man impure was found:

None of loose life or evil fame,

No tempter of another's dame.

Contented with their lot each caste

Calm days in blissful quiet passed;

And, all in fitting tasks employed,

Country and town deep rest enjoyed,

With these wise lords around his throne

  The monarch justly reigned,

And making every heart his own

  The love of all men gained.

With trusty agents, as beseems,

  Each distant realm he scanned,

As the sun visits with his beams

  Each corner of the land.

Ne'er would he on a mightier foe

  With hostile troops advance,

Nor at an equal strike a blow

  In war's delusive chance.

These lords in council bore their part

With ready brain and faithful heart,

With skill and knowledge, sense and tact,

Good to advise and bold to act.

And high and endless fame he won

  With these to guide his schemes,

As, risen in his might, the sun

  Wins glory with his beams.

Canto VIII. Sumantra's Speech.

But splendid, just, and great of mind,

The childless king for offspring pined.

No son had he his name to grace,

Transmitter of his royal race.

Long had his anxious bosom wrought,

And as he pondered rose the thought:

"A votive steed 'twere good to slay,

So might a son the gift repay."

Before his lords his plan he laid,

And bade them with their wisdom aid:

Then with these words Sumantra, best

Of royal counsellors, addressed:

"Hither, Vasishtha at their head,

Let all my priestly guides be led."

  To him Sumantra made reply:

"Hear, Sire, a tale of days gone by.

To many a sage in time of old,

Sanatkumar, the saint, foretold

How from thine ancient line, O King,

A son, when years came round, should spring.

"Here dwells," 'twas thus the seer began,

"Of Kasyap's(80) race, a holy man,

Vibhandak named: to him shall spring

A son, the famous Rishyasring.

Bred with the deer that round him roam,

The wood shall be that hermit's home.

To him no mortal shall be known

Except his holy sire alone.