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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
- Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018
Practice your way to a high score in your anatomy & physiology class The human body has 11 major anatomical systems, 206 bones, and dozens of organs, tissues, and fluids--that's a lot to learn if you want to ace your anatomy & physiology class! Luckily, you can master them all with this hands-on book + online experience. Memorization is the key to succeeding in A&P, and Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies gives you all the practice you need to score high. Inside and online, you'll find exactly what you need to help you understand, memorize, and retain every bit of the human body. Jam packed with memorization tricks, test-prep tips, and hundreds of practice exercises, it's the ideal resource to help you make anatomy and physiology your minion! * Take an online review quiz for every chapter * Use the workbook as a supplement to classroom learning * Be prepared for whatever comes your way on test day * Gain confidence with practical study tips If you're gearing up for a career in the medical field and need to take this often-tough class to fulfill your academic requirements as a high school or college student, this workbook gives you the edge you need to pass with flying colors.
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Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies®, 3rd Edition with Online Practice
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Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2018935444
ISBN 978-1-119-47359-6 (pbk); ISBN 978-1-119-47366-4 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-119-47358-9
Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies®
To view this book's Cheat Sheet, simply go to www.dummies.com and search for “Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies Cheat Sheet” in the Search box.
Table of Contents
Cover
Introduction
About This Book
Foolish Assumptions
Icons Used in This Book
Beyond the Book
Where to Go from Here
Part 1: The Building Blocks of the Body
Chapter 1: The Language of Anatomy & Physiology
Organization of the Body
Getting into Position
Answers to Questions on Terminology
Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life
Building from Scratch: Atoms and Elements
Chemical Reactions
Cycling through Life: Metabolism
Answers to Questions on Life’s Chemistry
Chapter 3: The Cell: Life’s Basic Building Block
Life and Death of a Cell
Gaining Admission: The Cell Membrane
Aiming for the Nucleus
Looking Inside: Organelles and Their Functions
Putting Together New Proteins
Answers to Questions on the Cell
Chapter 4: Divide and Conquer: Cellular Mitosis
Walking through the Cell Cycle
Understanding What Can Go Wrong during Cell Division
Answers to Questions on Mitosis
Chapter 5: The Study of Tissues: Histology
Getting into Your Skin: Epithelial Tissue
Making a Connection: Connective Tissue
Flexing It: Muscle Tissue
Getting the Signal Across: Nervous Tissue
Answers to Questions on Histology
Part 2: Weaving It Together: Bones, Muscles, and Skin
Chapter 6: It’s Skin Deep: The Integumentary System
Digging Deep into Dermatology
Touching a Nerve in the Integumentary System
Accessorizing with Hair, Nails, and Glands
Answers to Questions on the Skin
Chapter 7: A Scaffold to Build On: The Skeleton
Understanding the Functions of Dem Bones
Boning Up on Classifications and Structures
Turning Bone into Bone: Ossification
The Axial Skeleton: Keeping It All in Line
The Appendicular Skeleton: Reaching beyond Our Girdles
Arthrology: Articulating the Joints
Answers to Questions on the Skeleton
Chapter 8: Getting in Gear: The Muscles
Flexing Your Muscle Knowledge
Muscle Classifications: Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal
Contracting for a Contraction
Pulling Together: Muscles as Organs
Assuming the Right Tone
Leveraging Muscular Power
What’s in a Name? Identifying Muscles
Answers to Questions on Muscles
Part 3: Mission Control: All Systems Go
Chapter 9: Feeling Jumpy: The Nervous System
Our Motherboard
Building from Basics: Neurons, Nerves, and Glial Cells
Feeling Impulsive?
Minding the Central Nervous System
Taking Side Streets: The Peripheral Nervous System
Keep Breathing: The Autonomic Nervous System
Coming to Your Senses
Answers to Questions on the Nervous System
Chapter 10: Raging Hormones: The Endocrine System
No Bland Glands
Enter the Ringmasters
The Supporting Cast of Glandular Characters
Dealing with Stress: Homeostasis
Answers to Questions on the Endocrine System
Part 4: Feed and Fuel: Supply and Transport
Chapter 11: Spreading the Love: The Cardiovascular System
Moving to the Beat of a Pump
Finding the Key to the Heart’s Chambers
Conducting the Heart’s Music
Riding the Network of Blood Vessels
Answers to Questions on the Cardiovascular System
Chapter 12: Keeping Up Your Defenses: The Lymphatic System
Duct, Duct, Lymph
Poking at the Nodes
Having a Spleen-did Time with the Lymphatic Organs
Investigating Immunity
Answers to Questions on the Lymphatic System
Chapter 13: Oxygenating the Machine: The Respiratory System
Breathing In the Basics
Preparing the Air
Answers to Questions on the Respiratory System
Chapter 14: Fueling the Functions: The Digestive System
Digesting the Basics: It’s Alimentary!
Nothing to Spit At: Into the Mouth and Past the Teeth
Stomaching the Body’s Fuel
Breaking Down the Work of Digestive Enzymes
One Last Look Before Leaving
Answers to Questions on the Digestive Tract
Chapter 15: Filtering Out the Junk: The Urinary System
Examining the Kidneys, the Body’s Filters
Focusing on Filtering
Getting Rid of the Waste
Answers to Questions on the Urinary System
Part 5: Survival of the Species
Chapter 16: Why Ask Y? The Male Reproductive System
Identifying the Parts of the Male Reproductive System
Packaging the Chromosomes for Delivery
Answers to Questions on the Male Reproductive System
Chapter 17: Carrying Life: The Female Reproductive System
Identifying the Female Reproductive Parts and Their Functions
Making Eggs: A Mite More Meiosis
Making Babies: An Introduction to Embryology
Growing from Fetus to Baby
Parturition
Growing, Changing, and Aging
Answers to Questions on the Female Reproductive System
Part 6: The Part of Tens
Chapter 18: Ten Study Tips for Anatomy and Physiology Students
Writing Down Important Stuff in Your Own Words
Gaining Better Knowledge through Mnemonics
Discovering Your Learning Style
Getting a Grip on Greek and Latin
Connecting with Concepts
Forming a Study Group
Outlining What’s to Come
Putting In Time to Practice
Sleuthing Out Clues
Reviewing Your Mistakes
Chapter 19: Ten Fun Physiology Facts
Boning Up on the Skeleton
Flexing Your Muscles
Fighting Biological Invaders
Cells Hair, There, and Everywhere
Swallowing Some Facts about Saliva and the Stomach
Appreciating the Extent of the Cardiovascular System
“You’re Glowing” Isn’t Just an Expression
Looking at a Few of Your Extra Parts
Understanding Your Brain on Sleep
Getting Sensational News
About the Authors
Advertisement Page
Connect with Dummies
Index
End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
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Introduction
Whether your aim is to become a physical therapist or a pharmacist, a doctor or an acupuncturist, a nutritionist or a personal trainer, a registered nurse or a paramedic, a parent or simply a healthy human being — your efforts have to be based on a good understanding of anatomy and physiology. But knowing that the knee bone connects to the thigh bone (or does it?) is just the tip of the iceberg. In Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies, 3rd Edition, you discover intricacies that will leave you agog with wonder. The human body is a miraculous biological machine capable of growing, interacting with the world, and even reproducing despite any number of environmental odds stacked against it. Understanding how the body’s interlaced systems accomplish these feats requires a close look at everything from chemistry to structural mechanics.
Early anatomists relied on dissections to study the human body, which is why the Greek word anatomia means “to cut up or dissect.” Anatomical references have been found in Egypt dating back to 1600 BC, but it was the Greeks — Hippocrates, in particular — who first dissected bodies for medical study around 420 BC. That’s why more than two millennia later we still use words based on Greek and Latin roots to identify anatomical structures.
That’s also part of the reason so much of the study of anatomy and physiology feels like learning a foreign language. Truth be told, you are working with a foreign language, but it’s the language of you and the one body you’re ever going to have.
About This Book
This workbook isn’t meant to replace a textbook, and it’s certainly not meant to replace going to an actual anatomy and physiology class. It is designed as a supplement to your ongoing education and as a study aid in prepping for exams. That’s why we give you insight into what your instructor most likely will emphasize as you move from one body system or structure to the next.
Your coursework might cover things in a different order than we’ve chosen for this book. We encourage you to take full advantage of the table of contents and the index to find the material addressed in your class. Whatever you do, certainly don’t feel obligated to go through this workbook in any particular order. However, please do answer the practice questions and check the answers at the end of each chapter because, in addition to answers, we clarify why the right answer is the right answer and why the other answers are incorrect; we also provide you with memory tools and other tips whenever possible.
Within this book, you may note that some web addresses break across two lines of text. If you’re reading this book in print and want to visit one of these web pages, simply key in the web address exactly as it’s noted in the text, pretending as though the line break doesn’t exist. If you’re reading this as an e-book, you’ve got it easy — just click the web address to be taken directly to the web page.
Foolish Assumptions
In writing Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies, 3rd Edition, we had to make some assumptions about you, the reader. If any of the following apply, this book’s for you:
You’re an advanced high school student or college student trying to puzzle out anatomy and physiology for the first time.
You’re a student at any level who’s returning to the topic after some time away, and you need some refreshing.
You’re facing an anatomy and physiology exam and want a good study tool to ensure that you have a firm grasp of the topic.
Because this is a workbook, we had to limit our exposition of each and every topic so that we could include lots of practice questions to keep you guessing. (Believe us, we could go on forever about this anatomy and physiology stuff!) In leaving out some of the explanation of the topics covered in this book, we assume that you’re not just looking to dabble in anatomy and physiology and therefore have access to at least one textbook on the subject.
Icons Used in This Book
Throughout this book, you’ll find symbols in the margins that highlight critical ideas and information. Here’s what they mean:
The Tip icon gives you juicy tidbits about how best to remember tricky terms or concepts in anatomy and physiology. It also highlights helpful strategies for fast translation and understanding.
The Remember icon highlights key material that you should pay extra attention to in order to keep everything straight.
This icon — otherwise known as the Warning icon — points out areas and topics where common pitfalls can lead you astray.
The Example icon marks questions for you to try your hand at. We give you the answer straightaway to get your juices flowing and your brain warmed up for more practice questions.
Beyond the Book
In addition to the material in the print or e-book you’re reading right now, this product also comes with some access-anywhere goodies on the web. While it’s important to study each anatomical system in detail, it’s also helpful to know how to decipher unfamiliar anatomical terms the first time you see them. Check out the free Cheat Sheet by going to www.dummies.com and typing for “Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies cheat sheet” in the Search box.
You also get access to our online database of questions with even more practice for you. It contains an interactive quiz for each chapter, allowing you to hone your new knowledge even more!
To gain access to the online practice, all you have to do is register. Just follow these simple steps:
Find your PIN access code:
Print-book users:
If you purchased a print copy of this book, turn to the inside front cover of the book to find your access code.
E-book users:
If you purchased this book as an e-book, you can get your access code by registering your e-book at
www.dummies.com/go/getaccess
. Go to this website, find your book and click it, and answer the security questions to verify your purchase. You’ll receive an email with your access code.
Go to
Dummies.com
and click
Activate Now.
Find your product (
Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies,
3rd Edition) and then follow the on-screen prompts to activate your PIN.
Now you’re ready to go! You can come back to the program as often as you want. Simply log in with the username and password you created during your initial login. No need to enter the access code a second time.
Where to Go from Here
If you purchased this book and you’re already partway through an anatomy and physiology class, check the table of contents and zoom ahead to whichever segment your instructor is covering currently. When you have a few spare minutes, review the chapters that address topics your class already has covered. It’s an excellent way to prep for a midterm or final exam.
If you haven’t yet started an anatomy and physiology class, you have the freedom to start wherever you like (although we suggest that you begin with Chapter 1) and proceed onward and upward through the glorious machine that is the human body!
Part 1
The Building Blocks of the Body
IN THIS PART …
Learn the language of anatomy and physiology.
Explore the basic building blocks and functions that make the parts of the body what they are. Dig into atoms, elements, chemical reactions, and metabolism.
Crack open the cell to see what’s happening at life’s most fundamental level. Find out about the cell membrane, the nucleus, organelles, proteins, and the cell life cycle.
Plunge into cell division, which has several phases: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
Use histology to build all of the body’s tissues — epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous — from the inside out.
Chapter 1
The Language of Anatomy & Physiology
IN THIS CHAPTER
Learning to speak the language
Casing the cavities
Orienting yourself to the body
Human anatomy is the study of our bodies’ structures while physiology is how they work. It makes sense, then, to learn the two in tandem. But before we can dive in to the body systems and their intricate structures, you must first learn to speak the language of the science.
Organization of the Body
As you know, the body is organized into systems, grouping together the organs that work together to achieve a common goal. To house all these organs, our body must create spaces to hold them. The body has two cavities that achieve this: the dorsal cavity, which holds the brain and spinal cord and the ventral cavity that holds everything else. The dorsal cavity splits into the spinal cavity, which holds the spinal cord, and the cranial cavity that houses the brain. The ventral cavity is split into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity by a large band of muscle called the diaphragm. Within the thoracic cavity are the right and left pleural cavities, which hold each lung, and the mediastinum. Within the mediastinum is the pericardial cavity which contains the heart. The abdominopelvic cavity divides into the abdominal cavity (with the stomach, liver, and intestines) and the pelvic cavity (with the bladder and reproductive organs), though there’s no distinct barrier between the two.
In order to create these cavities within our bodies, we have membranes to border the space. The visceral membrane lies atop of the organs, making direct contact with them. For example, the outermost layer of the heart is called the visceral pericardium and on the lungs it’s the visceral pleura. The parietal membrane lies on the other side of the spaces or lining the cavity itself. So the lining of the abdominopelvic cavity is known as the parietal peritoneum (note that it’s not the parietal abdominopelvic that just sounds weird).
The other parts of the body are divided into axial and appendicular areas. The axial portions are the parts of your body that form your axis — the head, chest, and abdomen. The appendicular portions form your appendages — your arms and legs. For consistency when referencing them, there are proper terms for all of the body’s areas. The terminology used in identifying many of the regions is found in Table 1-1. You’ll notice these terms popping up all over this book.
Table 1-1 The Body’s Regions
Proper Term
Region
Proper Term
Region
Antebrachial
forearm
Genicular
knee
Antecubital
inner elbow
Inguinal
groin/inner thigh
Axillary
armpit
Lumbar
lower back
Brachial
upper arm
Mental
chin
Bucchal
cheek
Orbital
eye
Carpal
wrist
Otic
ear
Cephalic
head
Pectoral
chest
Cervical
neck
Pedal
foot
Coxal
hip
Plantar
sole/bottom of foot
Crural
shin
Popliteal
back of knee
Cubital
elbow
Sural
calf
Dorsum
back
Tarsal
ankle
Femoral
thigh
Vertebral
backbone
Frontal
forehead
That’s a lot of new terms for the first chapter! Let’s see how well they’re sticking.
Q. Which of the following organs would you find in the mediastinum?
I. lungs
II. heart
III. liver
I only
II only
III only
I & II
I, II, & III
A. The correct answer is only the heart. The mediastinum is defined as the area between the lungs and the liver is in the abdominopelvic cavity.
1-10 Label the body cavities illustrated in Figure 1-1.
Illustration by Kathryn Born, MA
FIGURE 1-1: Body cavities.
Abdominal
Abdominopelvic
Cranial
Dorsal
Pelvic
Pericardial
Pleural
Spinal
Thoracic
Ventral
11-16 Match the description to identify the membranes that create the body’s cavities.
a. parietal pericardium
b. parietal peritoneum
c. parietal pleura
d. visceral pericardium
e. visceral peritoneum
f. visceral pleura
_____ The outermost layer encasing the heart
_____ The membrane that lies on the surface of the liver
_____ The surface of the heart
_____ The lining of the thoracic cavity
_____ The membrane making direct contact with the lungs
_____ The layer that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
17 True or False: The cephalic region is considered part of the appendicular body.
18 Which body part would be affected if you injured your tarsal region?
knee
wrist
ankle
shoulder
hip
19 If you suffered a laceration (cut) to your chin, the injury would be located in the ____ region.
cubital
cervical
buccal
mental
frontal
20 Identify the correct pairing of terms:
popliteal – inner elbow
lumbar – back of the neck
antecubital – upper arm
coxal - shoulder
sural – back of lower leg
Getting into Position
In anatomy and physiology, we often identify the body’s features in reference to other body parts. Because of this, we need a standardized point of reference, which is known as anatomical position.
Anatomical position is the body facing forward, feet pointed straight ahead, arms resting on the sides, with the palms turned outward. Unless you are told otherwise, this is the body’s position whenever specific body parts are described in reference to other locations.
Because we can only see the external surface of the body, sections must be made in order for us to see what’s inside. It’s important to take note of what type of section was made to provide the view you see in a picture or diagram. There are three planes (directions) in which sections can be made:
frontal:
separating the front from the back
sagittal:
dividing right and left sides
transverse:
creating top and bottom pieces
We also use directional terms to describe the location of structures. It helps to learn them as their opposing pairs to minimize confusion. The most commonly used terms are:
anterior/posterior:
in front of/behind
superior/inferior:
above/below
medial/lateral:
closer to/further from the midline (also used with rotation)
superficial/deep:
closer to/further from the body surface
proximal/distal:
closer to/further from attachment point (used for appendages)
Right and left are also used quite often but be careful! They refer to the patient’s right and left, not yours.
You got it? Let’s find out.
21-23 Identify the planes of body sections in Figure 1-2.
Illustration by Kathryn Born, MA
FIGURE 1-2: The body’s planes.
Sagittal
Transverse
Frontal
24-28 Fill in the blanks.
The neck is __________ to the hips.
The lungs are __________ to the rib cage.
The nose is __________ to the ears.
The wrist is __________ to the shoulder.
The buttocks are __________ to the navel (belly button).
Answers to Questions on Terminology
The following are answers to the practice questions presented in this chapter.
1-10Figure 1-1 should be labeled as follows:
1. j. ventral, 2. d. dorsal, 3. i. thoracic, 4. b. abdominopelvic, 5. c. cranial, 6. h. spinal, 7. g. pleural, 8. f. pericardial, 9. a. abdominal, 10. e. pelvic
11 The outermost layer encasing the heart: a. parietal pericardium
12 The membrane that lies on the surface of the liver: e. visceral peritoneum
13 The surface of the heart: d. visceral pericardium
14 The lining of the thoracic cavity: c. parietal pleura
15 The membrane making direct contact with the lungs: f. visceral pleura
16 The layer that lines the abdominopelvic cavity: b. parietal peritoneum
Don’t memorize all nine terms (cavities included), memorize the naming system. The space is always the cavity and the visceral layer is always making direct contact with an organ. The pattern holds true everywhere (except for surrounding the brain and spinal cord; they’re special).
17 The cephalic region is considered part of the appendicular body. False. The cephalic region is the head and though it does stick off the trunk, it’s axial. Only the arms and legs are appendicular.
18 Which body part would be affected if you injured your tarsal region? c. ankle
19 If you suffered a laceration (cut) to your chin, the injury would be located in the d. mental region.
20 Identify the correct pairing of terms: e. sural – back of lower leg
21-23Figure 1-2 should be labeled as follows: 21. b. transverse, 22. a. sagittal, 23. c. frontal
24 The neck is superior to the hips.
25 The lungs are deep to the ribcage.
26 The nose is medial to the ears.
27 The wrist is distal to the shoulder.
28 The buttocks are posterior to the navel (belly button).
