Body Language E-Book

Glenn Wilson

• Herausgeber: Icon Books
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: Practical Guide Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 213

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

From interviews to dates, the boardroom to the stage, being aware of the non-verbal signals you, and others, send can have a huge impact on your relationships and success in life – for better or worse. This fun and friendly guide will show you how to 'read' the body language of others, and how to project the right signals, so you can manage the impression you give to others. Full of real-world and pop-cultural examples, practical tips and strategies, and underpinned by principles from psychological and social experiments, you'll learn how to use and interpret non-verbal messages to put your best face, and body, forwards.

Leseprobe

The signals you don’t know you’re sending, and how to master them…

GLENN WILSON

Published in the UK in 2016

by Icon Books Ltd, Omnibus Business Centre,

39–41 North Road, London N7 9DP

email: [email protected]

www.iconbooks.com

First published in the UK in 2012 by Icon Books Ltd

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by Faber & Faber Ltd, Bloomsbury House,

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London WC1B 3DA or their agents

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ISBN: 978-184831-958-5

Text copyright © 2012 Glenn Wilson

The author has asserted his moral rights

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, or by any means, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.

Typeset in Adobe Caslon by Marie Doherty

Printed and bound in the UK by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc

About the author

Dr Glenn Wilson is a Consultant Psychologist in London and a Fellow of the British Psychological Society. Previously he was a Visiting Professor of Psychology at Gresham College, London and a Professor at the University of Nevada, Reno. He specialises in personality, interpersonal attraction and reading body language.

Contents

About the author

1.Everybody’s second language

Importance of body language. How it reinforces and contradicts spoken language and betrays feelings we might prefer to cover up. Origins of ‘mind reading’ ability and its deficits. Cross-cultural uniformities and differences. The many applications of reading body language.

2.How do I look?

Importance of early impressions and self-presentation. How various modes of dress and the kind of car we drive come across to other people. The impact of different hairstyles, facial hair, tattoos, piercings, wearing glasses and make-up. How to impress at a job interview.

3.Let’s face it

How we use our eyes and facial muscles to convey our feelings and intentions. What we can read in the facial expressions of others. The various types of smiles and what they mean. Two sides to the face. Flushing and blushing. The importance of gaze.

4.Do you like me?

How to tell whether other people are on-side or interested in us. Are they warm or cold, attracted or repulsed? Reading the signals of courtship and intimacy. Recognising when someone is bored with us. How to make someone warm towards us.

5.Lie to me

How can we tell if someone is sincere or being deceitful? Some famous liars and how they might have been spotted. How to come across as trustworthy. New technologies for lie detection.

6.My space or yours?

When do we feel ‘crowded’? Etiquette concerning the use of space. Jostling for territory. The sun lounger syndrome. Body orientation and seating arrangements. How space can be manipulated to make us seem powerful or to put others at their ease.

7.Make your presence felt

How the power game is played out in the ordinary world and among politicians. The signals of dominance and submission. Handshakes and their meaning. Bodily stance. Strategies for getting what we want.

8.Sex magnets

The evolutionary basis of beauty and sex appeal. Signals of masculinity/femininity. Innate releasers and imprinting of sex targets. How to tell if someone is unattached and attracted to us. Body language at parties. Techniques of flirting. Proteans and pseudo-flirting. The meaning of kisses. Tone of voice. Tips for impressing women and seducing men.

9.Stress fractures

What is stress and what are the signs? How do we know when someone is under pressure and about to crack emotionally? How do we detect rising stress in ourselves? What can we do to relax and take control when we detect that our own stress levels are rising out of control? Stressed relationships.

10.Faking sincerity

Body language on the stage. How actors convey feelings through the use of posture and gesture. Do they need to experience these feelings themselves or can they be generated in an audience through technique alone? Can charisma be acquired? How to make a good speech.

Appendix 1: The image makers

Appendix 2: How to be a good boss/How to deal with a bad boss

Further Reading

Index

CHAPTER 1

Everybody’s second language

Fie, fie upon her!

There’s language in her eye, her cheek, her lip.

Nay, her foot speaks: her wanton spirits look out

At every joint and motive of her body.

Ulysses, in Shakespeare’s Troilus and Cressida

I speak two languages – Body and English.

Mae West

There are many jokes about dogs that talk. They are funny because we know that dogs don’t talk. Or do they? Dog owners know that Fido can express himself quite effectively in a variety of ways. He can wag his tail and bark excitedly when anticipating food or walkies. He can lower his head and cower as though expecting to be hit when feeling guilty about stealing some sausages. These emotions are readily understood by dog owners. Fido can also glean a great deal about how we are disposed towards him from our gestures and behaviour. Although he might be responsive to the shape of certain words, such as his own name, most of this communication is through the reading of body language and tone of voice.

Humans don’t have to rely on such indirect signals because we have an advanced language capability and can state our case much more clearly and explicitly. At least we think we can.

REMEMBER

All of the emotional signalling that animals use is still present in humans and registers importantly with us. After all, we cannot always trust what someone tells us: they may have reasons for wanting to be deceptive. Some things, like cold facts and statistics, are best communicated by words and numbers – but attitudes and intentions are better read through body language.

In some ways, body language is even more highly developed in humans because we have a most expressive face that has developed in connection with our preferred front-on interaction. Powerful signals are transmitted by facial expressions. We also have a highly developed capacity for ‘mind-reading’. This is the very useful capacity to second-guess what somebody has ‘in mind’ for us based on voice inflexions and body language cues. Obviously it is important to know whether or not someone fancies us or wishes we would just go away. It is important to know whether they are on-side or on the verge of attack. Mind-reading ability has been retained and in some ways further evolved in humans because it has considerable survival value.

Where there is a discrepancy between what is said verbally and the feelings that are indirectly transmitted through facial expression and body language, we quite rightly set greater store by what we see, rather than what we are being told. This is because body language ‘leaks’ certain emotions and attitudes that we might have preferred to conceal from those who observe us (and they know it). The reception process is immediate and largely unconscious, though it can be made conscious through a process of analysis such as that used in this book.

It is widely said that 93% of our communication is through body language, while only 7% is based in the words themselves. Although Albert Mehrabian, the researcher on whose work in the 1960s this assertion is based, has said this is a simplification of his findings, others have produced data suggesting that around 60–70% of our communication is non-verbal.

case study

Studies of US presidential election campaigns have been done in which the speeches of candidates are assessed through watching videos with and without sound, listening to sound recordings alone and simply reading transcripts. This allows comparison of the power of the various channels to influence voter choices and it confirms that visual body language, and even tone of voice, are much more persuasive than the verbal content of the message. Not surprisingly a new breed of ‘spin doctors’, image consultants and television coaches has grown in strength.

It is now widely recognised that what we often think of as our second language is actually of more importance than our first. Any poker player, salesperson, investigating detective, actor or nightclub dancer will attest to this, so it is important to study it and understand its principles.

try it now SEEN AND NOT HEARD

Next time you are at a noisy cocktail party or social function where you can barely hear the person you are talking to, take a look at groups of people interacting across the other side of the room. Even though you cannot hear a word they say, you will be able to divine a great deal about what is really going on between them and their true feelings and intentions towards each other. Perhaps one is making a play for the other that you can tell is unwelcome and will come to nothing. One may be clearly dominant over the others because the others are all respectful and attentive towards that individual. In a funny way, you can often tell more about the real relationships among people when you are not distracted by the content of the ‘small talk’ that is going on between them.

But how can you ever know if you were right? The same effect can be achieved by turning off the sound on the TV when a drama or soap is playing. An amusing party game is to supply some of the dialogue that you cannot hear on a video, then afterwards replay it with the sound up to see how far wide of the mark you were. At the very least, you will probably have been right about which characters were at loggerheads and which were enjoying warm rapport. If you were wrong, was it bad acting, or was there some additional agenda or undercurrent that might explain why the words were inconsistent with the body language?

Deaf people are particularly good at the body language game (even without lip-reading) because they have more experience at the skill. The American performance artist Terry Galloway, author of the book Mean, Little, Deaf, Queer (2009), reported on her own experience of going deaf in early childhood as a side-effect of an antibiotic: ‘Deafness has left me acutely aware of both the duplicity that language is capable of and the many expressions the body cannot hide.’ There is also some evidence that women are better at reading body language than men, which is the truth in the phrase ‘women’s intuition’.

THE BEAST WITHIN

What is the origin of this non-verbal code to which we are all responsive? The great evolutionary biologist Charles Darwin pointed out that the expression of an emotion is usually achieved by delivering a sample or residue of a more complete and overt instinctive behavioural pattern.

‘Disgust’ literally means rejecting something that is foul tasting. Even though it may be induced by social events, the facial expression of disgust still resembles regurgitation of tainted food. Fear is indicated in various ways: by freezing, by preparing to flee or by clinging hold of someone/something for support. Such strategies might be of value when confronted with a lion in the wild but they are less appropriate when the source of ‘danger’ is an audience to whom we have to make a speech. This is why ‘stage fright’ is something we try to overcome.

A dog snarls in anger as a threat to bite. In much the same way, when humans are angry they show preparation to fight. They clench their teeth, make a fist with their hand and thrust their head forward. They may not actually be about to bite, punch or butt the other person but they are indicating that they are inclined to. Body language enables us to make threats to others that, if properly received and responded to, can deflect actual aggression. In this way competitor males do not necessarily have to fight to the death to establish dominance. A ritual struggle will do instead. Of course, it doesn’t always work: sometimes the mere act of looking at another person is seen as aggressive and violence is provoked, especially among testosterone-fuelled young male gangs. But for much of human interaction a show of anger may be sufficient without the need for actual violence.

THINK ABOUT IT

When a cat wants to show trust it rolls over on its back and exposes its belly, inviting us to tickle it. When a woman is feeling sexually receptive towards someone she will expose vulnerable areas of the body such as the wrists and neck – the parts that are normally well protected. We may not be aware of the exact significance of each gesture but the overall impression is usually quite accurate. Body language can be used as an invitation to greater intimacy without the need for showing cards upwards on the table, and the invitation can be subtly declined without major loss of face.

CROSS-CULTURAL ACCORD

Many emotional expressions are universal across cultures. For example, people throughout the world smile and laugh when happy, and they cry or frown when sad. In all places, the ‘eyebrow flash’ (lifting the eyebrows in pleasant surprise) is used when greeting an old friend that one has not seen in a long time. Even monkeys do this, confirming the evolution of our body language. Turning the head from side to side means ‘no’ in any culture and anthropologists trace this to the suckling baby turning its head away from its mother’s breast when it has had enough milk.

The tendency of women to make brief eye contact with a man and then avert their gaze away and downward is observed even in little girls born blind. This means that it could not have been acquired through imitation. While we might think of it as a display of female modesty, some anthropologists interpret this behaviour as a ritual invitation to chase, the expectation being that they would eventually be run down and caught by a ‘fit’ male. This is why gaze-averting comes across as a flirtatious gesture. The courting male would thus be tested both for his determination and his physical fitness, attributes that would be useful in any offspring that might result from mating with him. Whatever the precise interpretation, the appearance of universal behavioural patterns of this kind may be taken as evidence of their instinctual origin.

try it now CONVEYING REFUSAL

Ask a friend to role-play an actor doing an audition. Their job is to say the line: ‘No, I absolutely will not do what you ask’ direct to the camera. If you have a mobile phone that will record a video of them doing this, all the better. Almost certainly, they will be seen to turn their head from side to side in support of the verbal refusal. This is a cross-culturally universal gesture that probably derives from the infant’s turning away from the mother’s breast when satiated.

FAILURE OF MIND-READING SKILLS

For the majority of people, the capacity for reading body language emerges spontaneously at a certain age. However, for a minority (mostly males) the mind-reading module in the brain seems to be largely absent and social skills are mastered only with difficulty or not at all. Such individuals are called autistic, or described as suffering from Asperger’s Syndrome, because they lack the ability to connect properly and empathise with others.

Since this deficit is based in early (even pre-natal) brain development, with no obvious differences in upbringing, it appears that the reading of body language is a natural human function. The same is true for verbal language: although the environment determines which particular language we speak, the development of the grammatical and other deep structures of language unfolds quite spontaneously. And here too, the process is more reliable in female than male children.

POSTURE AND GESTURE

There is a distinction to be made between posture and gesture that is crucial to the reading of body language.

A gesture is a socially learned signal that involves only one part of the body (usually the hand). It tends to be disconnected from the rest of the body and is usually devoid of emotional investment. When we are asked a street direction by a stranger we casually point the way with our finger, while the rest of our body is not involved. Pointing to the side of one’s head to indicate that someone is lacking in the brains department is another example of a hand gesture that does not go beyond the hand and which depends upon the observers agreeing on its meaning.

Gestural codes differ from place to place and there is great scope for misunderstanding. Making a small circle between the forefinger and thumb has many different meanings around the world: in some places it means ‘zero’ or ‘worthless’, in Japan it means money, but in Italy it means homosexual. Jerking the thumb upwards means ‘OK’ in English-speaking countries and is used by hitchhikers to solicit a ride. In Greece it is an obscene insult roughly equivalent to ‘get stuffed’, hence the lack of success experienced there by some British hitchhikers.

case study

Such misunderstandings may have fatal consequences. Two holidaymaking swimmers who had strayed from Greek waters into Albania were shot dead because they mistook a beckoning signal from the border guards as telling them to go away. Around this part of Europe there is a point where the beckon gesture changes from ‘pulling’ with palms upward to waving the hands forward and downward. It can be very important to know the code.

A posture involves the whole of the body acting in concert. This is usually invested with much greater emotional significance and conveys deep feelings. If, rather than pointing out a street direction, we are pointing to a child who is about to be hit by a bus, the whole of our body will be aligned so as to communicate the urgency of the situation. This shows a consistent, instinctive attitude, rather than an empty signal that may be culturally variable. It is one of the ways in which we are able to assess the feelings and intentions of others. Part of the art of reading body language is therefore to look past gestures and evaluate postures.

USEFUL TIPS

Most of the points above will be illustrated more clearly as we go through the book. However, it is worth summarising some major principles at the outset:

Body language is rooted in our animal past. It is largely transmitted and read unconsciously. It can be subsequently broken down and analysed but the registration is more immediate than that. It is processed by brain modules that have evolved because they aid survival.Where body language conflicts with the words that are being said, the body language will usually be the more ‘truthful’ in the sense of revealing true feelings.Where body language is giving mixed signals (e.g. a smile that borders on a grimace or fails to involve the eyes) then the more negative, less socially desirable component is usually the more telling. This is because we are more often motivated to conceal unpleasant truths and anti-social feelings than pleasant, benign ones.Where there is a discrepancy between a particular hand gesture and the rest of the body (a posture), the posture will be the more telling.

THE MANY APPLICATIONS

In the pages of this book we show how the management of our own body language and the reading of that in others has important relevance to our social survival in many real-life contexts. These include such areas as:

Conducting ourselves in a job interview or evaluating a candidate for a job.Attracting a partner in a singles bar or party and spotting whether a potential partner fancies us.Assessing the warmth and sincerity of current partners, friends or strangers.Interrogating a suspect at a police station or in a courtroom.Recognising when road rage is potentially dangerous.Spotting whether or not a salesperson is being deceitful.Learning to be an effective actor or performer.Delivering a persuasive speech at a conference or making a favourable impression in a TV interview.

In almost any aspect of our social lives, the ability to interpret accurately the signals of body language, and to manage the impression we are giving to others, may be critical to our success, or even our survival.

case study THE DEMISE OF CAPTAIN COOK

Captain James Cook, the great English explorer and cartographer, met his death in Hawaii in 1779, and a failure of body language may have been responsible. In one account, he stuck out his hand to shake with the islanders’ chief in a typically British act of greeting that was misread as an aggressive gesture, resulting in him being speared to death on the beach. In another account, which perhaps has more credibility, he was first received as a god by the islanders and given both deference and provisions. However, shortly after setting sail, his ship was ravaged by a storm, the mainmast was snapped, and he had to return for repairs. This enabled the witchdoctors (who were envious of his status and felt displaced) to denounce him as a fraud. Thus stripped of his aura of invincibility, he became involved in violent skirmishes with the islanders and was ultimately pursued and killed as he and his crew attempted to return to the stricken ship. Either way, this example shows how a command of body language and its cultural variations may literally be a matter of life and death.

CHAPTER 2

How do I look?

We are often told not to judge a book by its cover. Yet that is precisely what we do a lot of the time. We sum up others at a glance by the way they are dressed and presented and by certain aspects of their body language and facial expression. Are they clean and well-groomed? Is their dress appropriate for the situation? Do they move with a confident gait? Do they smile warmly and make eye contact? It is as though we take an immediate snapshot of a person that is almost indelible and which determines our reaction to them. We might revise our opinion after we hear how they speak, learn what they have to say and what finer personality traits and other virtues they have to offer. But only with great reluctance do we change a negative evaluation based on that initial glance. The first impression sets the stage for all further interaction.

When people are shown photographs of strangers’ faces whose personality has been previously assessed, they are able to detect immediately those who are high in ‘psychoticism’. This is a major personality trait that is partly inherited and which goes with slightly weird behaviour, irresponsibility, risk-taking, criminal activity and delinquency. Quite how we are able to judge this in the faces of others is a bit of a mystery because the facial differences were not obvious to the researchers. However, there are clear survival advantages in spotting someone untrustworthy, especially for a woman choosing a partner. No such ability to detect other personality traits such as extraversion or neuroticism from facial characteristics alone has been found, but there are many other cues we can pick up on.

try it now GAINING AN IMPRESSION

When you are sitting in a park or on a bus and feel like playing a little game, try the following. Pick out a particular individual that you have never met and glance at them for a couple of seconds. Now close your eyes and go through some questions in your head.

How old are they?What is their nationality and ethnic group?What is their social class?What job do they do (if any)?Where are they going and what are they involved in doing at present?What is their personality like? Are they friendly or cold, trustworthy or unreliable, aggressive or timid?How well do you think you would get on with them socially?

It doesn’t matter whether you are right or wrong (you will probably never find out) but it is interesting to note that you probably believe you can make these sort of judgements after only a brief glance. So what cues are you working on?

The reason we can assess people so rapidly is that we compare what we see before us with a set of previously established stereotypes – expectations based on what we have been told and what we have gained from past experience. Usually there is some element of truth in these stereotypes but they can also be misleading.

case study GETTING IT WRONG

An episode in a British courtroom some years ago illustrates how seriously misleading stereotypes can be. A young black lawyer with dreadlocks was escorting his client, a white man in a suit, into the courtroom at his trial. The usher directed the lawyer towards the prisoner’s dock on the presumption that he was the one who was charged. This resulted in great embarrassment all round. Clearly, the usher had seen many men with dreadlocks in the dock but he had never previously encountered one who was a lawyer.