Designing for Learning E-Book

C. Carney Strange

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Bildung
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 523

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Understand the design factors of campus environmental theory that impact student success and create a campus of consequence Designing for Learning is a comprehensive introduction to campus environmental theory and practice, summarizing the influence of collegiate environments on learning and providing practical strategies for facilitating student success through intentional design. This second edition offers new coverage of universal design, learning communities, multicultural environments, online environments, social networking, and safety, and challenges educators to evaluate the potential for change on their own campuses. You'll learn which factors make a living-learning community effective, and how to implement these factors in the renovation of campus facilities. An updated selection of vignettes, case scenarios, and institutional examples help you apply theory to practice, and end-of-chapter reflection questions allow you to test your understanding and probe deeper into the material and how it applies to your environment. Campus design is no longer just about grassy quads and ivy-covered walls--the past decade has seen a surge in new designs that facilitate learning and nurture student development. This book introduces you to the many design factors that impact student success, and helps you develop a solid strategy for implementing the changes that can make the biggest difference to your campus. * Learn how environments shape and influence student behavior * Evaluate your campus and consider the potential for change * Make your spaces more welcoming, inclusive, and functional * Organize the design process from research to policy implementation Colleges and universities are institutions of purpose and place, and the physical design of the facilities must be undertaken with attention to the ways in which the space's dimensions and features impact the behavior and outlook of everyone from students to faculty to staff. Designing for Learning gives you a greater understanding of modern campus design, and the practical application that brings theory to life.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

List of Exhibits, Tables, and Figures

Dedication

Preface

Acknowledgments

The Authors

Part One: Components and Impacts of Campus Environments

Chapter 1: Physical Environments: The Role of Place and Design

The Campus as Place

Conduits of Nonverbal Communication

Places of Learning

Connecting Through Sense of Place

Questions for Discussion

Chapter 2: Aggregate Environments: The Impact of Human Characteristics

Environments as People

Students of a Feather

A Synthesis of Concepts

Questions for Discussion

Chapter 3: Organizational Environments: How Institutional Goals Are Achieved

The Nature of Organized Environments

Anatomy of Organized Environments

Dynamics of Organized Environments

Organizational Performances

Questions for Discussion

Chapter 4: Socially Constructed Environments: Different Views Through Different Eyes

Seeing Is Believing

Campus Culture

Questions for Discussion

Part Two: Designing Campus Environments That Foster Student Learning and Success

Chapter 5: Promoting Inclusion and Safety

Designing Environments for Inclusion

Socially Constructed Factors

Principles of Universal Design

Campus Assessment and Response

Questions for Discussion

Chapter 6: Encouraging Participation and Engagement

Theories of Student Engagement

Physical Dimensions of Engagement

Aggregate Dimensions of Involvement

Organizational Dimensions of Involvement

Constructed Dimensions of Involvement

Institutional Assessment and Response

Questions for Discussion

Chapter 7: Building Communities of Learning

Characteristics of Communities

Successful Communities

Dimensions of Community

Challenges of Building Community

Assessment and Institutional Response

Questions for Discussion

Chapter 8: Learning Through Mobile Technology

The Scope of Things Present

The Status of Things as They Are

The Future of Things to Come

Questions for Discussion

Chapter 9: Assessing and Creating Designs for Student Learning and Success

Toward an Ecology of Learning

A Campus Design Matrix

A Personal Ecology of Student Development

Campus Policies and Practices

Questions for Discussion

References

Name Index

Subject Index

End User License Agreement

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Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

Part One: Components and Impacts of Campus Environments

Begin Reading

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1: Physical Environments: The Role of Place and Design

Figure 1.1 Hierarchy of Learning Space Attributes

Chapter 2: Aggregate Environments: The Impact of Human Characteristics

Figure 2.1 Holland Personality Vocational Interest Types

Part Two: Designing Campus Environments That Foster Student Learning and Success

Figure II.1 Hierachy of Environmental Design

Chapter 9: Assessing and Creating Designs for Student Learning and Success

Figure 9.1 Campus Design Matrix

Figure 9.2 Ecology of Individual Students

Figure 9.3 Real (Form R) Versus Ideal (Form I) Work-Environment Scale Profile

List of Tables

Chapter 2: Aggregate Environments: The Impact of Human Characteristics

Table 2.1 Demographic Groups by Student Engagement Types

Chapter 6: Encouraging Participation and Engagement

Table 6.1 Cluster Centers (z scores) on Engagement Benchmarks for Seven Student Types

Designing for Learning

Creating Campus Environments for Student Success

C. Carney Strange

James H. Banning

Second Edition

Copyright © 2001, 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Strange, Charles Carney, author.

[Educating by design]

Designing for learning: creating campus environments for student success / C. Carney Strange, James H. Banning. — Second edition.

1 online resource.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record and CIP data provided by publisher; resource not viewed.

ISBN 978-1-118-82347-7 (epdf) — ISBN 978-1-118-82350-7 (epub) — ISBN 978-1-118-82352-1 (cloth) 1. College environment—United States. 2. Campus planning—United States. 3. College facilities—United States—Planning. I. Banning, James H., author. II. Title.

LB2324

378.1′9610973—dc23

2015015888

Cover design by Wiley

Cover image: © irinap/Shutterstock

SECOND EDITION

List of Exhibits, Tables, and Figures

Figure 1.1: Hierarchy of Learning Space Attributes

Exhibit 2.1: Holland Vocational Interest-Personality Types

Exhibit 2.2: Kolb Learning Styles

Exhibit 2.3: CIRP Freshman Survey Typology of~Students

Exhibit 2.4: Types of Engaging Institutions

Table 2.1: Demographic Groups by Student Engagement Types

Figure 2.1: Holland Personality Vocational Interest Types

Exhibit 3.1: Organizational Archetypes – Selected Examples

Exhibit 3.2: Overview of the Four-Frame Model

Exhibit 3.3: A Synthesis of Organizational Models

Exhibit 3.4: Static Organizations Versus Developmental Environments

Exhibit 4.1: University Residence Environment Scale (URES) Dimensions and Subscales

Exhibit 4.2: Classroom Environment Scale (CES) Dimensions and Subscales

Exhibit 4.3: Social Climate Dimensions and Subscales Across Environments

Figure II.1: Hierarchy of Environmental Design

Exhibit 5.1: Principles of Universal Design

Table 6.1: Cluster Centers (z scores) on Engagement Benchmarks for Seven Student Types

Exhibit 8.1: A Framework for Using Social Media to Support Self-Regulated Learning in Personal Learning Environments (PLEs)

Figure 9.1: Campus Design Matrix

Exhibit 9.1: Five Conceptions of Environmental Impact

Figure 9.2: Ecology of Individual Students

Figure 9.3: Real (Form R) Versus Ideal (Form I) Work-Environment Scale Profile

Exhibit 9.2: Work Environment Scale (WES) Dimensions and Subscales

In memory of Martin Bernard Strange, MD (1907–1949) Mary Patricia Gardner Strange (1912–2005) and Harriet Vaughn Strange Chalfant (1937–2006) whose loving care shaped the learning designs of my own life for these many years.

CCS

To Sue

JHB

Preface

Universities are institutions of purpose and place. Being purposeful, they generate, preserve, and transmit knowledge; nurture the development of students; and serve the communities that support them. As places of distinction, they also aim to create spaces that are both memorable and facilitative of those who use them. Questions about what designs best achieve these ends have long been and continue to be debated as campuses evolve in response to student and institutional needs.

The connection between educational purposes and places lies deep in the history of higher learning in Western culture. From the earliest medieval institutions (e.g., Bologna, in 1088) to the current complex of college and university systems, educators have pursued designs to advance human achievement, the most successful template for which is the experience of community. Monastic in origin, the communal model of learning is what first guided the establishment of the great English-speaking universities at Oxford (c.1167) and Cambridge (c.1209) and gave rise to the familiar English collegiate system, most often associated with the layout of a green “quad” framed by a chapel and faculty and student living quarters. This is the vision John Harvard, a graduate of Emmanuel College (Cambridge), brought to the founding of his namesake institution in the New World in 1636, and this is the framework Thomas Jefferson used to create his academical village (Wilson, Lasala & Sherwood, 2009) at the University of Virginia (1819). The parameters of the learning community continue to inform the designs of great institutions intent on the growth and development of students.

In American society, heading off to college—whether by flying across country, driving across town, or getting online at home—is an event that marks for many a significant change in life. For traditional-age students, college attendance coincides with the transition from late adolescence to early adulthood (Chickering & Reisser, 1993). For increasing numbers of mature students, the choice to pursue higher education often marks a change in career interests or relationships (Aslanian & Brickell, 1980; Cross, 1981; Levinson & Levinson, 1996) that requires further training or the exploration of new goals and personal networks. Regardless, this experience is an immensely powerful one, and the selected institution becomes an important place to test new aspects of identity and autonomy, establish new relationships, explore value commitments, sample the wealth of human knowledge and culture, and pursue vocational interests and goals.

Not all college experiences are successful though, as retention studies often indicate. Anywhere from 30 to 60 percent of the students who enter college, depending on the type of institution, decide to leave prior to completing a degree or program certificate. At times this decision to drop out of school is highly appropriate, given the developmental status and needs of some students. At other times the decision to leave a particular institution might result from its failure to offer a sufficiently supportive educational environment or one consistent with its stated purposes and goals.

Student behavior, whether in the form of leaving a college or university or persisting and succeeding, must be examined in terms of characteristics of the person and characteristics of the environment, a differential interactionist perspective first articulated by Kurt Lewin (1936). By inference this perspective suggests a variety of questions the higher education community must ask: What distinguishes a college or university that is successful in attracting, retaining, and challenging students? What are the patterns and design characteristics of supportive educational settings? Are certain environmental characteristics essential for all students? Are some designs appropriate for only certain students? These are concerns of profound significance for any institution proposing or affirming the centrality of student learning, growth, and development, as it occurs in classrooms, residence halls, student organization meetings, at service learning sites, on the intramural fields, or now online.

The capacity of any postsecondary institution to carry out its educational mission depends, in part, on how well its principal features are understood and designed accordingly. This volume focuses on the status of the literature on human environments and the implications this holds for the policies and practices of higher education. Educators in the classroom and beyond, and those in various administrative posts, will find here a comprehensive framework of ideas for structuring their work and ultimately for improving the learning outcomes of the students they serve. All participants in any college or university setting—from physical plant operators and maintenance personnel to faculty members, academic administrators, and student affairs staff—can benefit from a broader understanding of how campus environments, in all their dimensions and features, serve to shape and influence the behavior of those who pursue their opportunities. The purpose of this book is to assemble, synthesize, and orient the many disparate pieces in the literature that address the definition, description, and dynamics of campus environments. Hopefully readers will return to their work with greater purpose toward and greater influence over the environments within which they create and function.

This volume is organized into two parts. Part One: Components and Impacts of Campus Environments offers an overview of concepts and models of human environments, focusing on their manifestations in college and university settings and their implications for the design of educational facilities, systems, and practices. Chapter One examines the physical dimensions of human environments, including campus architectural features, layout, and spatial designs, with emphasis on understanding how such features influence students' behavior and experiences of campus life. Chapter Two explicates the dynamics of campus environments as reflections of the collective characteristics of individuals who inhabit them. Through the lens of human aggregate theories, this unit incorporates a review of models that share an emphasis on understanding how people create characteristic features of any environment through the influence of dominant types. Chapter Three discusses campus environments in terms of the organizational structures or patterns they create in response to, and in support of, the specific goals they pursue. It draws from the sociology of complex organizations and other related frameworks as they inform decisions about how various campus units are organized to achieve certain ends and ultimately influence, for good or ill, the functioning of students within them. Chapter Four explores the nature of campus environments as socially and collectively constructed by those who inhabit and observe them. Included in this review are models of campus environmental press, social climate, and campus culture. Together, these four chapters establish a broad foundation for understanding and assessing the key components of any human environment—physical dimensions, collective personal characteristics, organizational structures, and collective social constructions—as well as environments created more specifically in the service of higher education.

Part Two: Designing Environments That Foster Student Learning and Success focuses on the conditions thought to be important for the design of effective educational environments. In one of the first comprehensive volumes on human environments, Rudolf Moos (1986) raised a critical question in that respect: “What are the criteria by which an environment can be judged as favorable?” (p. 4). We propose that educational environments are most powerful when they offer students these fundamental conditions: a feeling of inclusion and a sense of security, engaging mechanisms for involvement, and the experience of community. Accordingly, Chapter Five discusses how environments can contribute to or detract from a sense of inclusion and safety on campus, with a focus on various campus design features, including the importance of territoriality and defensible space, effects of dominant groupings, organizational size, and campus culture. Chapter Six characterizes and discusses features of campus environments that encourage student involvement and engagement in learning, both within and beyond the classroom, emphasizing the importance of human scale design, differentiated aggregate groupings, a dynamic organizational structure, and a supportive cultural milieu. Chapter Seven follows with an overview of the nature and characteristics of human communities, with implications for the design of educational environments, particularly in regard to their capacity for including, securing, engaging, and ascribing to participants the status of full membership in the learning community. Chapter Eight opens a discussion of digital forms of human environments as they apply to the postsecondary educational setting and focuses on the design and potential of these new technologies to effect the inclusion, security, engagement, and experience of community among students. Finally, in Chapter Nine, we pull together the various strands of environmental theory and design presented here and offer possible strategic initiatives for institutions to engage students more successfully in achieving their education goals.

This book is meant to be neither an exhaustive nor definitive critical review of extant research on the effects of campus environments. The literature is both too unwieldy and disparate to submit to such a synthesis. What we have attempted to offer, though, is a select sampling of concepts and models, organized around a distinctive framework and reflective of themes critical to the successful functioning of higher education institutions today. We trust that we have unearthed a rich harvest of ideas for educational researchers and practitioners who will further evaluate their validity and their application. We hope these ideas will help to construct an institutional agenda that will stimulate changes in policies and practices to improve colleges and universities as places of learning. Institutional resources should focus on questions of whether or not current practices are effective, as they relate to the ideas presented here. If they are not, changes should be considered.

We complete this preface with the belief that if postsecondary educators had had access to many of these concepts about effective educational environments, especially over the past fifty years, a number of features taken for granted today on many campuses (such as high-rise residence halls and large, theater-style lecture halls) might never have been proposed in the first place, assuming that student learning is the primary goal. We also believe that within the next fifty years many of the features of the higher education systems and facilities we do take for granted today must be transformed or risk disappearing altogether.

Finally, we contend that American higher education may be at a tipping point (Gladwell, 2006) in its history once again, where the future of the enterprise doesn't extend easily from what is most familiar to us today, as perhaps it once did. For one, physical campuses are no longer necessary for access to information and understanding. For another, our use of the physical campuses we do maintain leaves much room for improvement when it comes to supporting student learning. Numerous disruptive innovations (Christensen & Eyring, 2011) are challenging traditional methods of delivery in all that we do (e.g., online learning systems). Given the sharply rising costs of it all, consumers are beginning to question more carefully the feasibility and outcome of what goes on in our postsecondary institutions. In the face of alternatives now available, is it worth the price to dedicate four to six years of one's early adulthood to the experience of traditional campus life in the pursuit of learning? Does it work? Such concerns should command the priority of institutions as they consider their future in the American higher education landscape. Whether colleges and universities, as we know them today, will survive intact is uncertain. We've experienced tipping points before that have led to radical changes in how we implement our mission. The small, private, recitation-of-the-canon-based system of the early nineteenth century evolved, in a matter of forty or so years, into the larger, public, elective-driven, experimentation-based system we know as the modern university. Such seismic changes then altered significantly our way of thinking about education and the means of delivering it. Are we at a similar moment today? Time will tell.

Since publishing the first version of this book, Educating by Design: Creating Campus Learning Environments That Work (Strange & Banning, 2001), the discussion of campus environments has been enriched by numerous new concepts and applications, suggesting to us that a revised treatment of the topic is in order. This is our intent with the present volume, Designing for Learning: Creating Campus Environments for Student Success. While the basic conceptual framework remains intact, this volume accounts for many new contributions (e.g., universal design, multicultural environments, social networking, mobile learning, student engagement, and residential learning communities) that have added to the mix of understandings about how colleges and universities work to support student learning. Again, the literature informing these topics is vast and disparate. Our work here attempts to synthesize, contextualize, and illustrate many of the key constructs that further influence postsecondary institutional design today. Readers are encouraged to explore how these treatments apply to their own campuses insofar as they respond to the needs of the students they serve. Certainly, multiple purposes are served by and compete for our institutions' resources. Questions of institutional efficiency can be overwhelming, especially at a time of diminished resources, and can lead to policies and practices that are less than desirable or effective in their intended outcomes. Concerns of this kind cannot be ignored, yet when they dominate the discussions of institutional planners and administrators they often risk the core of what we do: supporting students in their learning. This volume promises to focus selectively on two basic educational concerns: How do students learn, develop, and grow? How do we design campus environments to enhance that process? While answers to these two questions will not rule the day every time they are posed, they must nonetheless be brought to the table as institutional decision makers engage in their work, for no other reason than to remind them of why colleges and universities exist in the first place.

Although the particulars of campus design have evolved over the history of American higher education, the fundamentals of student success have not changed; students deserve nothing less than an educational environment that is affirming, energizing, challenging, and productive. It is our hope that the concepts contained herein can be helpful in rising to such a challenge.

December 2014

C. CARNEY STRANGEJAMES H. BANNING

Acknowledgments

In the first edition of this book I mused on the intersecting circles of my life—family, friends, and professional colleagues, all part of the rhyme and reason in my spending the past four decades as an educator. Although intact, my circles continue to evolve. My family circle has changed, with young ones moving on as adults in the world and elders completing their turns in the cycle of life. My friends and colleagues have also advanced along their paths, moving on to what life has to offer: for some, new locations and new opportunities; for others, like me, retirement—a time to place a coda on what has transpired and move on to new adventures and discoveries. Needless to say, the grind of professional commitments has not been missed. In fact, working without a job now has become one of the new pleasures of this adventure for me and has offered me opportunity to refresh some of my previous contributions—such as this book. It has also provided occasion to reflect on what a gift this long career has been to me.

To serve in a place of ideas—a university—has been an incredible privilege, to write about these ideas has been a fulfilling challenge, and to share and explore the meaning of them with others has been an immense joy. Among my most memorable companion explorers have been the many students I have had the pleasure of accompanying on their own learning journeys over the years. In particular I wish to acknowledge what I have dubbed my Roosevelt Crew, whose spirit and excitement for these ideas energized my own enthusiasm for their renewal at a time when it would have been easy to just walk away. They were a special group of graduate students at Bowling Green State University who joined me as I took my last turn at the academic till in spring 2013, pursuing these concepts in a course on campus environments. It was their willingness to consider and challenge this material—through reflective readings, active class sessions, and a special road trip—that properly sealed my long-held passion for teaching and spurred me on gently to the finish line. They know who they are; they all contributed to this project in their own ways. Among them though I wish to recognize in particular for their special role in preparing and proofing original chapter drafts: Kristen Anthony, Kate Branstetter, Kyle Fassett, Chelsea Greene, Mariamne Harrington, Patricia Helyer, Tara Milliken, and Elizabeth Yale. I am grateful for the fond memories all of these students have imprinted me with, both as one special group and also as an archetype of the kind of generative experience that has meant so much to me as an educator these many years.

Finally, needless to say, the support of a publisher's editorial cast in a very challenging business is indispensable. From the first edition of this book to the present one, I owe much to my Jossey-Bass team over the years, including the late Ursula Delworth (1934–2000), Gale Erlandson, Erin Null, and Shauna Robinson and crew. Their well-placed pats and prods brought all of this to final fruition. Indeed, it was the spontaneous gift of a book (about the impact of college on students) to a curious graduate student at a professional conference in 1977, by Allen Jossey-Bass (1928–1996) himself, that perhaps first inspired me to consider this work. Once again, my sincere gratitude goes out to all of them.

C. CARNEY STRANGEBowling Green, OHDecember 2014

The Authors

C. Carney Strange is professor emeritus in the Higher Education and Student Affairs graduate preparation program at Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, where for thirty-five years he taught courses on college student development, the impact of educational environments, student spirituality, and methods of qualitative research. Dr. Strange received his BA in French Literature from Saint Meinrad College, St. Meinrad, Indiana, in 1969; his MA degree in college student personnel from the University of Iowa in 1976; and his PhD in student development in postsecondary education from the University of Iowa in 1978. Dr. Strange has been an active teacher-scholar for thirty seven years, authoring publications on college student development, campus environments, and student services in Canadian higher education. He has served on the editorial boards of the Journal of College Student Development, National Association of Student Personnel Administrators Journal, Religion and Education, and CASE International Journal of Educational Advancement. He was the recipient, in 1978, of the Ralph F. Birdie Memorial Research Award from the American Personnel and Guidance Association. Dr. Strange was recognized as an ACPA 75th Anniversary Diamond Honoree in 1999 and a NASPA-Student Affairs Professionals in Higher Education Pillar of the Profession in 2006. He was acknowledged by ACPA–College Student Educators-International as an Annuit Coeptis Senior Professional in 1996, and in 2010 the association honored him with the ACPA Contribution to Knowledge Award. In addition, Dr. Strange has over twenty years of experience as a college and university trustee at Saint Meinrad College and School of Theology (IN) and Saint Xavier University (IL).

James H. Banning is professor emeritus of education at Colorado State University, where he taught courses on campus ecology for the School of Education and environmental psychology for the Department of Psychology. He received his BA from William Jewell College, Liberty, Missouri, in 1960 and his PhD in psychology from the University of Colorado in 1965. Dr. Banning has served in a variety of administrative positions in higher education, including director of the Counseling Center, University of Colorado; program director, Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education; vice chancellor for Student Affairs, University of Missouri–Columbia; and vice president for Student Affairs, Colorado State University. He played a pioneering role in the campus ecology movement and has authored monographs, numerous book chapters, and journal articles on the ecological relationships among students and their campus environment.