16,99 €
Mehr erfahren.
- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
- Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022
Manage OCD and live a better life, thanks to this friendly Dummies guide People with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) need skills and tools to manage their symptoms. OCD For Dummies offers help for you or your loved one when it comes to recognizing, diagnosing, treating, and living with this common mental and behavioral disorder. Dummies gives you all the information you need on getting your symptoms under control and working toward remission. This edition updates you with the latest research on OCD, new therapeutic treatments, and all the most up-to-date resources to help you along on your OCD journey. You're not alone--there are millions of people out there who understand what you're going through, and OCD For Dummies does, too. Understand obsessive-compulsive disorder and get the help you need with this book. * Discover what causes OCD and learn how identify the symptoms and early warning signs * Learn about the latest medications, treatments, and resources available to help manage OCD symptoms * Differentiate between OCD and related disorders so you can get the right help * Help a loved one who suffers from OCD and get tips on how you can be supportive If you or someone you know has symptoms of OCD or has received a recent diagnosis, this book will gently guide you through building the skills and awareness that will let you live life to its fullest.
Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:
Seitenzahl: 628
Ähnliche
OCD For Dummies®, 2nd Edition
Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, www.wiley.com Copyright © 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Trademarks: Wiley, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, Dummies.com, Making Everything Easier, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: WHILE THE PUBLISHER AND AUTHOR HAVE USED THEIR BEST EFFORTS IN PREPARING THIS WORK, THEY MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES REPRESENTATIVES, WRITTEN SALES MATERIALS OR PROMOTIONAL STATEMENTS FOR THIS WORK. THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZATION, WEBSITE, OR PRODUCT IS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS A CITATION AND/OR POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FURTHER INFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE PUBLISHER AND AUTHOR ENDORSE THE INFORMATION OR SERVICES THE ORGANIZATION, WEBSITE, OR PRODUCT MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMENDATIONS IT MAY MAKE. THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR YOUR SITUATION. YOU SHOULD CONSULT WITH A SPECIALIST WHERE APPROPRIATE. FURTHER, READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT WEBSITES LISTED IN THIS WORK MAY HAVE CHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRITTEN AND WHEN IT IS READ. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS OF PROFIT OR ANY OTHER COMMERCIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR OTHER DAMAGES.
For general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002. For technical support, please visit https://hub.wiley.com/community/support/dummies.
Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2022943430
ISBN 978-1-119-90314-7 (pbk); ISBN 978-1-119-90315-4 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-119-90316-1 (ebk)
OCD For Dummies®
To view this book's Cheat Sheet, simply go to www.dummies.com and search for “OCD For Dummies Cheat Sheet” in the Search box.
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Introduction
About This Book
Foolish Assumptions
Icons Used in This Book
Beyond the Book
Where to Go from Here
Part 1: The Ins and Outs of OCD
Chapter 1: Facing Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
What Is OCD?
Counting the Costs of OCD
OCD and the Media
Exploring Treatment Options for OCD
Helping People with OCD
Chapter 2: Understanding What OCD Is All About
Seeing the Two Sides of OCD
Coming to Terms with OCD
Categorizing the Types of OCD
Separating OCD from Normal Worries
OCD and Diversity
Getting to a Diagnosis of OCD
Chapter 3: Meeting the Associates and Relatives of OCD
Recognizing the Guests or Associates of OCD
Meeting the Close Relatives of OCD
Distant Cousins of OCD
Chapter 4: Blaming the Brain for OCD
Looking at the Brain’s Role in OCD
Choosing a Path to OCD
Communication within the Brain
Chapter 5: Developing and Living with OCD
Developing OCD Early
Developing OCD as an Adult
Reinforcing OCD with Positives and Negatives
Worsening OCD with Bad Thinking
Part 2: Starting Down the Treatment Path
Chapter 6: Overcoming OCD Obstacles to Change
Realizing Resistance Is Futile
Overcoming Resistance and Changing for the Better
Chapter 7: Getting Help for OCD
Going After the Types of Help You Need
What to Expect in Therapy
Part 3: Overcoming OCD
Chapter 8: Cleaning Up OCD Thinking
Realigning Interpretations with Reality
Pushing Out OCD Thinking with New Narratives
Chapter 9: Meta-Mindfulness for OCD
Thinking Erroneously
Separating Your Thoughts from You
Acquiring the Attitudes of Mindfulness
Minding Meditation
Chapter 10: Tackling OCD Behavior with ERP
Exposing the Basics and Benefits of ERP
Working through ERP Therapy
Managing the ERP Process
Chapter 11: Considering Medications or Brain Stimulation for OCD
Deciding whether Medication Is Right for Your OCD
Examining Your OCD Medication Options
Directly Altering the OCD Brain
Chapter 12: Responding to and Recovering from Relapse
Understanding the Steps of Recovery and the Risks of Relapse
Responding Well to Relapse
Strategies for Reducing Relapse
Part 4: Targeting Specific Symptoms of OCD
Chapter 13: Sanitizing Risk: Contamination OCD
Considering Contamination Obsessions
Staying Clean: Contamination Compulsions
Confronting Contamination OCD
Chapter 14: Dealing with Doubting and Checking OCD
Defining Categories of Doubting
Categorizing Approaches to Checking
Taking Steps to Defeat Doubting and Control Checking
Chapter 15: Subduing OCD-Driven Shame
Surveying Shaming OCD
Treating Shaming OCD
Complementary Treatments for Shaming OCD
Chapter 16: Messing with “Just So” OCD
Being Driven to Make Things Just So All the Time
Taking Steps to Change Just So OCD
Chapter 17: Shrinking Superstitious OCD
Seeing When Superstitions Constitute OCD
Revealing Common OCD Superstitions and Rituals
Changing Thinking About OCD Superstitions
Deflating the Power of OCD Superstitions with ERP
Chapter 18: Uncovering OCD Accomplices
Concerning Counting
Taking Charge of Touching
Doing Away with Doodling
Speeding Up Slowness
Handling Hoarding
Chapter 19: Dealing with OCD-Related Impulsive Problems
Changing Behavior to Reduce Impulsive Problems
Changing Thinking to Reduce Impulsive Problems
Applying ERP to Impulsive Problems
Treating Impulsive Problems with Medication
Part 5: Assisting Others with OCD
Chapter 20: Wondering about Children and OCD
Understanding Childhood OCD
Observing the Effects of OCD
Finding the Right Help for Your Child
Chapter 21: Helping Your Child Conquer OCD
Separating Your Child from OCD
Helping Your Child and Working with the Therapist
Explaining OCD to Family, Friends, and Schoolmates
Getting More Help at School
Chapter 22: Helping Family and Friends Cope with OCD
Discerning What It Takes to Be Supportive
Applying Appropriate Coaching Techniques
Part 6: The Part of Tens
Chapter 23: Ten Quick OCD Tricks
Breathing Better
Considering a Delay
Distracting Yourself
Accepting Discomfort
Doing Jumping Jacks and More
Realizing It’s Not You, It’s Your OCD
Making Flashcards
Getting Support
Minding Meditation
Strolling through Nature
Chapter 24: Ten Steps for After You Get Better
Forgive Yourself
Search for Meaning
Strengthen Family Ties
Find Friends
Reach Out to Others with OCD
Help Others
Engage in Exercise as a Lifestyle
Learn New Skills
Pursue Hobbies
Find Healthy Pleasures
Chapter 25: Ten Dirty Little Secrets about Dirt
Defining Dirt
Living Dirt
Digging Dirt
Dirt Just Isn’t What It Used to Be
Chimps Who Eat Dirt
Speaking of Washing Off Dirt
Building with Dirt
People Who Eat Dirt
Kids Who Eat Dirt
Pica
Index
About the Author
Connect with Dummies
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 2
TABLE 2-1 Could You Have OCD?
Chapter 6
TABLE 6-1 Art’s Monitoring of Self-Handicapping
TABLE 6-2 Cost/Benefit Analysis of Roberto’s Inadequacy Belief
Chapter 8
TABLE 8-1 Distinguishing Debbie’s Doubts from Pam’s
Chapter 10
TABLE 10-1 Gil’s OCD Trigger List and Ugh Factor Ratings
TABLE 10-2 Gil’s “Checking Your ERP Progress” Form
Chapter 13
TABLE 13-1 Atticus’s OCD Trigger List and Ugh Factor Ratings
Chapter 14
TABLE 14-1 Robin’s OCD Trigger List and Ugh Factor Ratings
TABLE 14-2 OCD Trigger List and Ugh Factor Ratings for Home Safety
TABLE 14-3 OCD Trigger List and Ugh Factor Ratings for Health Concerns
Chapter 15
TABLE 15-1 Losing Control OCD Trigger List and Ugh Factor Ratings
TABLE 15-2 Vomiting OCD Trigger List and Ugh Factor Ratings
Chapter 16
TABLE 16-1 Symmetry and Order Trigger List and Ugh Factor Ratings
TABLE 16-2 Repeating and Redoing OCD Trigger List and Ugh Factor Ratings
Chapter 17
TABLE 17-1 Superstitions Trigger List and Ugh Factor Ratings
Chapter 18
TABLE 18-1 Mixing Things Up to Battle Slowness Trigger List and Ugh Factor Ratin...
Chapter 19
TABLE 19-1 Examples of Impulsive Problems and Suggested Competing Responses
Chapter 21
TABLE 21-1 Bad Coach/Good Coach
Chapter 22
TABLE 22-1 Reassurance Requests and Reassurance Busters
List of Illustrations
Chapter 2
FIGURE 2-1: Cyan’s OCD worry cycle.
Chapter 4
FIGURE 4-1: Primary Brain Structures Involved in OCD.
FIGURE 4-2: The cellular method of carrying on a conversation.
Chapter 8
FIGURE 8-1: Raul believes that he is 100 percent responsible for the death of a...
FIGURE 8-2: Raul’s pie chart indicates that Raul’s responsibility for the patie...
Chapter 17
FIGURE 17-1: A variety of good luck charms.
Guide
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Index
About the Author
Pages
i
ii
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
Introduction
Obsessive compulsive disorder affects about 2 to 3 million American adults. Since the first edition of this book, new research-backed strategies have been introduced for treating OCD. However, the most well-researched standard treatment, exposure and response prevention, has remained essentially the same with only a few minor changes. This book updates the standard treatment and explains some of the newer, emerging strategies.
The introduction to the first edition of this book described the experience of being delayed on a flight. After finishing a movie or a novel, people tended to mindlessly look at the inflight magazines and catalogues. Many of those catalogues were filled with gadgets. Some of those gadgets were for sanitizing devices. Handheld wands were offered for sale that disinfected areas in the plane that others may have touched.
After reading about bacteria, germs, and microbes in the catalogues, the text described the feeling of discomfort one might have on an airplane. That would be especially true when other passengers were sneezing and coughing and the person next to you had bad breath. That experience was somewhat like what people with OCD feel all of the time.
Well, since then, those magazines are no longer in the pockets of the seat in front of you because they could be contaminated. And I wouldn’t dismiss someone who was concerned about germs on airplanes. The world changed over the course of a few months in the spring of 2020.
Many people experienced the fear of contamination during those first few months of the worldwide pandemic. And those with OCD tended to suffer the most. In spite of the challenges posed by pandemics, people with OCD can expect to improve with appropriate treatment.
About This Book
This book is about OCD. My goal is to help you understand OCD as well as give you strategies for getting help and getting better. I also tell you what you can do to help a child or someone you care about who has OCD. In addition, I describe the symptoms of other conditions, such as anxiety or depression, that can occur at the same time as OCD. Finally, I explain the differences and similarities of disorders that can be considered related to OCD.
This book covers the primary strategies used to treat OCD, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), metacognitive therapy (MCT), mindfulness, exposure and response prevention (ERP), and medication. The information is based on the latest scientific research.
Throughout the book you’ll receive tips on when to consider getting more help from a mental-health professional. I provide sources and ways for you to choose the right person to assist your recovery.
Case examples are used throughout this book to illustrate points. These stories are based on symptoms, thoughts, and feelings from real people with OCD. However, the individual illustrations are composites of people rather than recognizable examples. The case examples leave out or change many details so that privacy and confidentiality are protected. Any resemblance to any person, whether alive or deceased, is entirely coincidental.
This book is full of information, and every word is well worth reading (and recommending to your family and friends). But you really don’t have to read every single word, sentence, or chapter to benefit. You can use the table of contents or index to look up what you want to know. There is no predetermined order to the chapters; you can read them in any order you choose. Sometimes, I suggest going back or checking out certain chapters or sections for more information, but that’s up to you.
Foolish Assumptions
If you’re reading this paragraph, I suspect that you may be holding this book (or device) in your hands (now that was a brilliant deduction). Maybe you’re interested in OCD because you think you have some symptoms. Or maybe you worry that someone you care about has OCD. Perhaps you’re simply intrigued by this very interesting disorder (possibly having seen it portrayed in movies or on television).
You may be a mental-health professional who wants to find out more about specific treatment options for OCD or look at books that may be helpful to your clients. Or you may be a student of psychology, counseling, social work, or psychiatry hoping to get a clearer picture of this complex problem, without getting bogged down in the weeds of technicalities.
Whatever reason you have for picking up this book, I promise a comprehensive depiction of everything you need to know about OCD.
Icons Used in This Book
This icon highlights a specific strategy or tool for beating OCD, or an idea that can save you time and effort.
Watch out for this icon. It alerts you to information you need to know in order to avoid trouble.
This icon gives you information that you want to take from the discussion and file away in your brain, even if you remember nothing else. It’s also used to remind you of important information that appears elsewhere in the book.
This icon lays out material that I think is rather interesting or cool, but not needed for understanding the essentials.
Beyond the Book
For some quick tips about obsessive compulsive disorder, go to www.dummies.com and type “OCD For Dummies Cheat Sheet” in the search box. There you can access quick information about what is OCD, living with OCD, and the types of OCD.
Where to Go from Here
I expect that reading this book will thoroughly inform you about OCD and related disorders. The book spells out the major treatment strategies for OCD. I hope you find the text interesting and, at times, entertaining.
If you are reading this book to help you overcome OCD, I encourage you to get a notebook or keep a file, write out the exercises, take notes, and reflect upon your efforts.
Unless you’re reading this book for your own interest or education (and not because you have OCD), you’re likely to want to consult a professional as well. I anticipate that most trained mental-health professionals will welcome the opportunity to work with you on the strategies outlined in this book.
Part 1
The Ins and Outs of OCD
IN THIS PART …
Take a look at the symptoms of OCD.
Find out what kinds of treatments work for various types of OCD.
Recognize the emotional problems related to and sometimes accompanying OCD.
Check out the causes of OCD.
Chapter 1
Facing Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
IN THIS CHAPTER
Finding out about OCD
Seeing how media influences OCD
Discovering treatments for OCD
Helping others who suffer from OCD
Depending on how you define the terms, almost everyone has a few obsessive or compulsive tendencies. Obsessive is a word often used to describe someone’s intense interest in something. For example, a person could be obsessed with making money, putting money ahead of all other goals in life. Someone could have an intense interest in collecting coins or stamps, spending hours looking through catalogues, dreaming of the next rare find. Some people are obsessed with sports teams, never missing a game. Obsessions are common in everyday life and are not necessarily reflective of a mental health problem.
Compulsive refers to rigid patterns of behavior. For example, someone could be compulsive about always cleaning the house on Saturday — never on Monday, only on Saturday. Another person could compulsively walk the dog on the same route every day. Yet another compulsion could involve never stepping on cracks in the sidewalk. Compulsive behaviors are not deemed abnormal when they don’t cause harm or distress.
Thus, some people with ordinary obsessions or compulsions manage quite well. For example, many major-league sports figures have elaborate good-luck rituals that look pretty strange. Some feel compelled to listen to the same song prior to the game; others eat exactly the same food. You’ve probably watched pitchers straighten their hats, smooth out the dirt on the mound, and spit in the sand before each pitch. Many baseball hitters have elaborate rituals they carry out with their bats. Other athletes have strange beliefs, good-luck charms, or compulsive acts that they must perform, allegedly to help their performance. If you are a major-league sports player making zillions of dollars to play a game, you can indulge in a few weird behaviors. No one will question you.
But mental-health professionals define these terms quite differently. In the mental-health field, obsessions are considered to be unwanted thoughts, images, or impulses that occur frequently and are quite upsetting to the person who has them. Compulsions are various actions or rituals that a person performs in order to reduce the feelings of distress caused by obsessions. These obsessions and compulsions consume hours of the day and interfere with essential tasks of life.
Anyone can have a few obsessions or compulsions, and, in fact, most people do. But it isn’t obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) unless the obsessions and compulsions consume considerable amounts of time and interfere significantly with the quality of your life.
This chapter introduces you to OCD. The disorder debilitates individuals who have it and costs society plenty. The chapter also provides an overview of the major treatment options. With guidance and assistance, much can be done to help those with OCD. Finally, because OCD treatment can be enhanced by the help of friends and family, this chapter offers tips on what you can do to help someone you care about who has OCD.
What Is OCD?
OCD has many faces. Millions of people are held prisoner by the strange thoughts and feelings caused by this disorder. Between 1 and 2 percent of the worldwide population has OCD. Most people with OCD are bright and intelligent. But doubt, uneasiness, and fear hijack their normally good, logical minds.
Whether or not you have OCD, you can probably recall a time when you felt great dread. Imagine standing at the edge of an airplane about to take your first parachute jump. The wind is blowing; your stomach is churning; you’re breathing hard. Suddenly the pilot screams, “Stop! Don’t jump! The chute is not attached!”
You waver at the edge, terrified, and fall back into the plane, shaking. That’s how many people with OCD feel every day. OCD makes their brains believe that something horrible is about to happen. Some people fear that they left an appliance on and the house will burn down. Others are terrified that they may get infected with some unknown germ. OCD causes good, kind people to believe that they might do something horrible to a child, knock over an elderly person, or run over someone with their car.
Those with OCD almost always struggle with one or more of the following concerns: shame; the intense desire to avoid all risks; and constant, nagging doubt. The next three sections describe these issues.
Suffering shame
Because the thoughts and behaviors of those with OCD are so unusual or socially unacceptable, people with OCD often feel deeply embarrassed and ashamed. Imagine having the thought that you might be sexually attracted to a statue of a saint in your church. The thought bursts into your mind as you walk by the statue. Or consider how you would feel if you stood at a crosswalk and had an image come into your mind of pushing someone into oncoming traffic.
However, the frightening, disturbing thoughts of OCD are not based on reality. People with OCD have these thoughts because their OCD minds produce them, not because they are evil or malicious. It is extremely rare for someone with OCD to actually carry out a shameful act.
Throughout this book you’ll see references to the “OCD mind” rather than you or someone you care about with OCD. The purpose of doing that is to emphasize that you are not your OCD. You have these thoughts, urges, impulses, and rituals because of a problem with the way your brain works. OCD is not your fault, and it doesn’t make you a bad person.
Wrestling with risk
The OCD mind attempts to avoid risks of all kinds almost all the time. That’s why those with contamination OCD spend many hours every single day cleaning, scrubbing, and sanitizing everything around them. People with superstitious OCD perform rituals to keep them safe over and over again. Interestingly, most OCD sufferers focus on reducing risks around specific themes such as contamination, household safety, the safety of loved ones, or offending God. But those with contamination fears don’t necessarily worry about damnation. And those who worry about turning the stove off usually don’t obsess about germs.
Risks of all kinds abound in life. And no one can ever know when something horrible might happen. All people eventually suffer from a variety of risky situations and outcomes such as illness, accidents, tragedy, war, grief, and ultimately death. But the OCD mind tries to create the illusion that almost all risks can be anticipated and avoided.
In truth, OCD doesn’t provide significant protection in spite of extraordinary efforts to reduce risks. In chapters to come I give you many ideas about how to accept a certain amount of risk in order to live a full life, no matter how long or short that life is.
Dealing with doubt
Doubt permeates the OCD mind. It’s difficult to be 100 percent certain of almost any situation in life. The OCD brain takes advantage of that fact and goes to town. Someone with OCD often has worries such as:
Am I sure I locked the door?
Is it possible that I might lose control and shout obscenities?
Could I actually be sexually attracted to animals?
Might this be dirty and make me sick?
If I don’t count by 3s, will bad luck follow me?
If I don’t alphabetize my cans, will I be able to function?
Am I sure I won’t harm my children?
Am I positive I won’t get sick if I touch that dish?
With thoughts like that, who wouldn’t be worried all of the time?
Counting the Costs of OCD
People with OCD suffer. They are more likely than others to have other emotional disorders such as depression or anxiety. Due to embarrassment, they often keep their symptoms secret for years, which prevents them from seeking treatment. Worldwide, it is estimated that almost 60 percent of people with OCD never get help.
The pain of OCD is accompanied by loneliness. OCD disrupts relationships. People with OCD are less likely to marry, and, if they do, they are more likely to divorce than others. Those who do hang on to their families often have more conflict.
OCD also costs money. These costs include money spent on treatment, lost productivity on the job, and lost days at work. Costs of treatment are often high in part because many with OCD don’t get effective treatment for years. They may enter treatment and be too ashamed to tell the therapist their symptoms. Or well-meaning therapists may not be trained to provide effective OCD treatment.
Someone with fears of contamination may be late for work because they can’t get out of the shower quickly enough because of excessive washing. A person who believes that they may have possibly hit someone with their car may circle around multiple times to check, resulting in once again being late for work. Someone else may have to recheck that the door is locked multiple times. A person who has a need for perfection may not be able to turn in completed work in a timely manner because of repeatedly checking for mistakes. And someone else with a need for symmetry may spend endless hours arranging their desk.
OCD and the Media
Media, especially social media, depends on sensationalism to gain viewers. News is mostly negative and dramatic. Human beings are prewired to pay attention to potential threats. And the media takes advantage of that tendency. No wonder people with OCD tend to get worse when the news constantly spews out possible catastrophes.
Pandemic panic
The outbreak of COVID exposed everyone around the world to potential infection, illness, and possible death. The public was advised to wash, sanitize, avoid people, and wear masks. Shaking hands or hugging others became taboo. Touching a doorknob or elevator button were thought to be risky. Even if you didn’t have OCD, those early months of the pandemic led most people to feel the fear of contamination.
Imagine the terror caused by COVID to those who already suffered from the type of OCD that fears contamination. OCD tends to get worse when people are stressed. Researchers and clinicians who worked with patients suffering from OCD reported a substantial worsening of symptoms. (See Chapter 13 for specific recommendations about dealing with OCD during a pandemic.)
Disgusting filth
OCD is not a new disorder. However, you can’t help but think that the appetite for sensation in the media accelerates OCD concerns. Recently, a television special featured people buying used mattresses. Reporters used special lights and took cultures to find all sorts of horrible matter (bed bugs, fecal matter, and body fluids) still clinging to supposedly refurbished bedding. In another show, zealous reporters burst into hotel rooms armed with petri dishes and black lights to help them find filth and grime on the glasses left in the room, as well as on the carpet and bedding
Furthermore, the sales of cleaning products, sanitizers, personal hygiene products, and mouthwash have soared. You can find antibacterial ingredients in products designed to clean your refrigerator, mop your floors, scrub your body, and disinfect your toilets. Antiviral ingredients fly off the shelves, especially during a pandemic.
Yet, try and find solid evidence about deaths from refurbished mattresses, less-than-pristine hotel rooms, and homes not cleaned with every antibacterial and antiviral ingredient known to humans, and you’ll come up wanting. In fact, a clever study conducted by researchers at Columbia University in Manhattan provided households with free cleaning supplies, laundry detergent, and hand-washing products. All the brand names were removed. Half of the households were given products with antibacterial properties, and the other half was provided supplies without antibacterial properties. The researchers carefully tracked the incidence of infectious diseases (runny noses, colds, boils, coughs, fever, sore throats, vomiting, diarrhea, and conjunctivitis) for almost a year. They found no differences between those who used antibacterial cleaning agents and those who did not.
If you spend loads of time cleaning and using antibacterial disinfectants, you may be doing yourself more harm than good! Scientists now believe that excessively clean environments may actually be causing an increase in allergies and asthma. Furthermore, excessive use of antibiotics appears to run some risk of encouraging the development of new, resistant bacteria.
No, people should not stop washing their hands, especially in hospitals! And plenty of evidence supports the long-term dangers posed by prolonged exposure to air pollution, insecticides, and toxic chemicals. Furthermore, a dirty hotel room or a well-used mattress seems pretty disgusting. At the same time, the media and advertisers have shown a disturbing obsession with issues involving excessive cleanliness and minimal exposure to low-level risks.
GERMS: RESISTANCE IS FUTILE
Some people with OCD spend hours vacuuming in hopes of defeating dust and dirt in their homes. Household vacuum cleaners not only may spread germs throughout the house, but also may be a safe haven for accumulating bacteria. Vacuum brushes apparently harbor fecal material, mold, and even E. coli. What to do about this situation? One recommendation has been to spray antibacterial disinfectant on your vacuum brushes after every use. Another solution is to buy a new breed of vacuum that purportedly kills bacteria and germs through the use of an ultraviolet, germicidal light.
Other researchers have found bacteria and fecal matter in ice machines at restaurants and on restaurant menus. Therefore, some suggest not using ice machines, not allowing a menu to touch your plate, and washing your hands after selecting your food from the infected menu.
The problem with these studies and recommendations is that no one has proven that any of these sources cause significant amounts of illness or disease. Though reasonable precautions are always a good idea, you can easily start down the disinfectant road and never return. Bacteria and germs exist everywhere. You cannot eliminate all of them, and you can spend huge amounts of time and money trying.
Exploring Treatment Options for OCD
If you had OCD during the Middle Ages, you very well may have been referred to a priest for an exorcism. The strange, violent, sexual, or blasphemous thoughts and behaviors characteristic of OCD were thought to derive from the devil. If you had OCD during the dawn of the 20th century, you may have been sent for treatment based on Freudian psychoanalysis, which purportedly resolved unconscious conflicts from early development. For example, if your OCD involved sexual obsessions or compulsions, you were assumed to have unconscious sexual desires for your mother or father. In fact, the common use of the word “anal” to describe people who are overly rigid, controlled, and uptight came from the Freudian idea that strict, early toilet training caused children to grow up with excessive concerns about neatness and rules.
However, neither exorcism nor psychoanalysis ultimately proved to have much impact on OCD. Only in the last half century or so have effective treatments evolved for OCD. And some of these treatments have only become widely available quite recently.
The next few sections provide an overview of the major treatment options for OCD that have shown significant promise based on scientific studies. For clarity, sections are divided into the categories of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), metacognitive therapy (MCT), mindfulness, exposure and response prevention (ERP), medications, and deep brain stimulation. In reality, rarely are any of these therapies used as a single, exclusive treatment for OCD. For example, a patient may start out taking medications while getting cognitive behavioral therapy; another could receive exposure and response training as well as training in mindfulness.
Changing the way you think with CBT
Cognitive therapy was developed by Dr. Aaron Beck in the early 1960s and is a major component of the broader category, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
Originally, this approach was used to treat depression. Cognitive therapy is based on the idea that the way you feel is largely determined by the way you think or the way you interpret events. Therefore, treatment involves learning to identify times when your thoughts contain distortions or errors that contribute to your misery. After you’ve identified those distortions, you can learn to think in more adaptive ways. Soon after it was adopted for treating depression, cognitive therapy was applied quite successfully to anxiety disorders and, ultimately, to a dizzying array of emotional problems, including eating disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, and even schizophrenia.
In the early years, cognitive therapy was not applied to OCD, perhaps because of the success of exposure and response prevention (ERP) (described in the section “Modifying behavior through ERP”). However, in recent years, the cognitive therapy component of CBT has been found to be quite effective in treating OCD. Usually, CBT includes at least some elements of ERP. Some practitioners believe that applying cognitive strategies first may make the application of ERP somewhat more comfortable and acceptable to the person contemplating that approach. See Chapters 8, 9, and 10 for more information about the various subtypes of CBT.
Thinking about thinking: Metacognitive therapy
Metacognitive therapy takes a step back from cognitive therapy. Instead of going after specific thought distortions, metacognitive therapy involves finding a new way to look at thinking in general. It teaches that thoughts are simply thoughts. When people engage in patterns of anxious brooding, anxiety and obsessive thinking increases. Those with OCD tend to fixate on their brooding. Metacognitive therapy helps people develop new ways of controlling attention and relating to thoughts. See Chapter 9 for more about metacognitive therapy.
Approaching OCD mindfully
The OCD mind focuses on possible future calamities. The predictions almost never come true. Yet, the obsessive thoughts keep coming and demanding attention.
I worry about shouting obscenities, so maybe someday I’ll lose control and do it in church.
Maybe my thoughts of death will cause harm to someone I love.
Perhaps touching that doorknob will make me sick.
When it isn’t thinking about the future, the OCD mind dwells on possibilities from the past. The mind fills with thoughts about what might have occurred.
Maybe I left the stove on.
Maybe I ran that person over with my car.
Perhaps I was poisoned by that tuna fish sandwich.
Furthermore, the OCD mind judges people, the world, and even OCD itself harshly.
A bad thought is just the same as doing something bad.
Having OCD thoughts means that I’m crazy.
I am a weak person for having these thoughts.
Mindfulness is the practice of existing in the present moment without judgment or harsh evaluations. Thus, as you acquire a mindful approach to OCD, you understand that thoughts are truly just that — thoughts. Thoughts do not make someone good or bad. See Chapter 9 for more information about how to apply mindfulness to your life and your OCD. As you do, you will become more self-accepting and better able to quiet your OCD mind.
Modifying behavior through ERP
A true breakthrough in the treatment of OCD occurred in the mid-1960s when Victor Meyer tested a treatment called exposure and response prevention (ERP) with two patients suffering from severe cases of OCD. These patients had not improved with shock therapy, supportive therapy, or medication. The drastic measure of brain surgery was even being considered. One of the patients was obsessed with cleaning. Dr. Meyer and a nurse exposed this patient to dirt and did not allow her to clean (ergo, the term “exposure and response prevention”). This radical treatment was the first to help decrease the patient’s symptoms. The other patient was obsessed with blasphemous thoughts. She was told to purposefully rehearse those thoughts without doing the rituals that she had used to decrease her obsessions. Like the first patient, this woman was helped by ERP after years of other unsuccessful therapies.
ERP resulted in a substantial reduction in both patients’ OCD. The mental-health profession took notice because OCD treatments previously had shown little ability to help those with this disorder. Suddenly, the prognosis for OCD turned from utterly grim to quite hopeful.
However, ERP requires patients (and sometimes therapists) to get down-and-dirty — literally. Thus, patients may be asked to
Not check the door locks
Refrain from cleaning up
Repeat blasphemous thoughts over and over
Say the number “13” over and over again
Shake hands
Stop arranging their closets in certain ways
Touch grimy surfaces
You may wonder whether carrying out ERP causes some distress. Indeed, it does. Perhaps that’s why the strategy took quite a while to be embraced by large numbers of mental-health professionals. However, the discomfort is worth it because ERP is very effective. You can read all about this strategy in Chapter 10.
Controlling OCD with medications
Medications given for OCD had shown almost no effectiveness until Anafranil (Clomipramine) was found to work in 1966, a date roughly corresponding to when ERP was first tested. Thus, prior to 1966, about the only known strategy for treating OCD was psychosurgery, a rather radical approach involving the cutting of certain connections in the brain. Such surgery sometimes left the patient with devastating side effects, such as an inability to function normally. Obviously, psychosurgery was reserved for the most severe cases. Others were left to fend for themselves.
Today, some of the same medications used for depression (specifically, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or SSRIs) frequently work for OCD. However, they are thought to work in a different manner for OCD than they do for depression. The good news is that if medication is going to work, it will work fairly quickly for OCD.
The bad news is that a substantial number of people do not seem to benefit from medications for their OCD. And those who do benefit find that they relapse quickly if they discontinue the medication. Furthermore, side effects can be significant. For more information about the pros and cons of taking medication for OCD, see Chapter 11.
Sending signals deep into the brain
Prior to the discovery of effective treatments of OCD, severe cases were sometimes referred for brain surgery to get relief. Severe OCD can be excruciatingly painful, so there were some takers. Although there were success stories, other patients were left with little improvement and permanent brain damage. Not a good option unless as a last resort.
However, in 2018, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) as an effective treatment for OCD. Unlike brain surgery, dTMS is non-invasive; in other words, no scalpels are involved. (See Chapter 11 for more information on dTMS.)
Helping People with OCD
If you’re reading this book because your child, a family member, or a close friend has OCD, there is much you can do to help. Here are a few points to keep in mind if you want to do more good than harm:
Don’t try to be a therapist.
Generally speaking, those with OCD should consult a mental-health professional. Those with a very mild case may want to try some of the techniques described in this book on their own. However, treatment plans should either be designed by a professional and/or the person with OCD. At the most, you can make a few suggestions. Even if you are a professional therapist, you don’t want to take on that role for a friend or family member.
Understand OCD.
Even if you’re not taking on the role of a therapist, knowing a lot about this disorder helps a great deal. Understanding OCD can help you feel compassion and acceptance for the one you care about. You will also know that your family member, child, or friend didn’t ask for OCD. No one wants to have this problem.
Encourage; don’t reassure.
You want to encourage the one you care about to participate in treatment. At the same time, you don’t want to do what seems natural — reassure the person that everything will be okay. Please read
Chapter 22
to find out how to devise alternatives to giving reassurance.
Don’t get sucked into rituals and compulsions.
Those with OCD often try to elicit help with their rituals and compulsions. For example, they may ask someone to recheck that the doors are locked or that the oven is turned off. Though complying with the request may seem caring, doing so only makes matters worse.
Chapter 2
Understanding What OCD Is All About
IN THIS CHAPTER
Listening to obsessions
Checking out compulsions
Meeting the OCD cast of characters
Knowing whether your symptoms are OCD
Although it goes by a single name, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is actually a diverse disorder with multiple presentations. OCD can manifest itself as quirky behavior, exaggerated fears, or seriously disturbed thinking. Thus, in one instance, the diagnosis of OCD may be assigned to someone with the odd habit of hanging clothes exactly 1.2 inches apart in the closet, whereas in someone else, OCD may show up as excessive worries about germs and constant hand-washing. Alternatively, OCD could cause someone to check and recheck to see whether the windows and doors are locked, not once or twice but dozens and dozens of times.
You may be surprised to know that everyone occasionally has a few signs of OCD. And some symptoms of OCD are perfectly normal. For example, you may worry about whether you turned off the coffeepot, remembered to pack all the right clothes, brought along your passport, or left a light on as you rush off to the airport for an important business trip. Your mind tells you to stop your car and turn around to check. But, usually, you don’t because you realize that the odds are pretty much in your favor that your worries are exaggerated.
Occasionally feeling compelled to count steps, knock on wood, or arrange items on your nightstand in a particular pattern is also normal. These actions, although possibly unwanted or a little strange, are common. Just because you have one or more symptoms of OCD doesn’t mean that you have the disorder.
This chapter explains OCD in plain words and provides clear examples of its symptoms, and then it sorts out what’s normal and what’s OCD. OCD has two components — obsessions and compulsions. First, obsessions and compulsions are detailed and differentiated. The next section discusses how people with OCD cycle through obsessions, worry, and compulsions. Then, the wildly divergent mutations of OCD are introduced.
OCD can steal the minds and dismantle the lives of those affected. Therefore, this book takes a serious and respectful approach to reviewing the diagnosis and treatment of OCD. At the same time, let’s face it, the OCD brain can come up with some wild thoughts and strange actions. These thoughts and behaviors may look downright bizarre, and occasionally funny, but they are real, often exquisitely painful, and serious. Although nothing is funny about having OCD, taking a lighthearted approach to the disorder can help at times. A bit of humor can reduce the stigma, decrease the anxiety, and help those with OCD face the hard work of getting better.
Seeing the Two Sides of OCD
Technically, OCD involves either obsessions or compulsions, or a combination of both. In reality, almost everyone with OCD has both obsessions and compulsions. Distinguishing between obsessions and compulsions can seem a little tricky, but here goes.
The difference between an obsession and a compulsion is that obsessions are intrusive mental events that make a person feel upset. Compulsions, on the other hand, are behaviors or actions someone engages in either mentally (like counting or repeating words) or physically (like washing hands) in order to feel better. In other words, obsessions start in the mind and then create a negative emotional response, while compulsions are actions (either mental or physical) targeted to soothe negative emotions.
The next two sections examine the nature of obsessions and compulsions in more detail.
Obsessing about obsessions
Obsessions are like uninvited houseguests who refuse to leave. They barge into your mind like mental terrorists. Obsessions make you feel uncomfortable, uneasy, angry, and sometimes frightened. Obsessions come in three forms:
Thoughts:
Thoughts are the words that clang around in your head. For example, if you touch something dirty, you may have the thought “I’m sure to get sick if I don’t do something immediately.” Other obsessional thoughts come in the form of doubting whether you’ve locked the doors or concerns about things not being arranged correctly.
Urges:
These are feelings, impulses, or worries that you’re going to do something inappropriate or undesirable. For example, you may have an urge to harm someone you care about or a need to have everything in a very specific, “just so” order. Other examples of obsessive urges include worries that you may shout out obscenities during a religious ceremony or that you may turn your car into oncoming traffic.
Images:
These are uninvited pictures that form in your mind, often depicting violent, horrifying, morally reprehensible, weird, and unwanted scenes. Disturbing images may include scenes involving inappropriate sexual activities, child abuse, or gruesome murder.
Obsessive thoughts, urges, or images seem to pop into the mind without warning. When they do appear, they cause a lot of distress if you have OCD. Lonnie’s story illustrates how an obsession is experienced by someone who suffers from OCD.
Lonnie
forces themself to attend their niece’s wedding. Lonnie’s not particularly close to family and finds themself seated at a table with seven elderly aunts. The reception has barely started, and they’re already anxious to get home.
The best man toasts the bride and groom, and Lonnie’s mind wanders. Suddenly, Lonnie looks around at their tablemates, and a picture of what they would look like naked pops into their mind. Lonnie’s mind envisions seven women, over 75, with sagging breasts, wrinkled faces, and much worse. Horrified, Lonnie gulps the sweetly spiced punch in front of them. “My God,” they think, “Why do I have thoughts like these all the time? I must be a sick pervert!”
Just as suddenly, Lonnie’s mind suggests a slow, sensual dance with an 85-year-old aunt seated next to them. Then, a second later, comes an image of a steamy hotel room scene with the elderly aunt. I won’t give you the details of the rest of Lonnie’s imagery. Lonnie has a sudden urge to shout out, “Baby, you are so hot!”
“Ick, what’s wrong with me? Am I losing my mind?” Lonnie blushes with embarrassment and almost jumps out of their skin when an aunt touches their arm and asks kindly, “Lonnie, are you okay? You look flushed; is there anything I can do for you?”
Lonnie experienced intrusive, unwanted thoughts, impulses, and images. These are obsessions. Lonnie’s rather strange incident is not an uncommon example of an obsession. Lonnie’s thoughts represent the essential characteristics of obsessions (as opposed to normal, mildly worrisome thoughts and doubts). The thoughts Lonnie associates with their obsession are
Disconnected:
The obsessive thoughts, urges, or images jump into conscious awareness. They seem disconnected to what the person had been doing or thinking. These are not pleasant daydreams; people don’t willfully ask for obsessions.
Unacceptable:
The thoughts are unwanted and unacceptable to the person who has them. Obsessions involve actions or thoughts that are totally uncharacteristic, morally upsetting, violent, or uncomfortable.
Uncontrollable:
The thoughts capture attention. Wow, do they! When an obsession comes along, it’s difficult to think about anything else. Thus, they interfere with whatever a person was trying to think about or get done. Obsessions overpower the mind and feel uncontrollable.
Highly upsetting:
Feelings after the obsessive thoughts, images, or urges are highly upsetting. Worry, guilt, fear, anger, disgust, or sadness often follow obsessions.
Frequently reoccurring:
An obsession tends to reoccur often. People who have obsessions work hard to suppress them. They may avoid situations that they associate with their thoughts or perform rituals to keep their thoughts at bay. Untreated, obsessional thoughts spread like unchecked weeds, choking out healthy, adaptive thinking and increasing the distress of their victims.
This final characteristic, “frequently," truly separates the “obsessions” (that is, mild worries) almost everyone occasionally has from obsessions experienced by people with OCD. For those who suffer from OCD, the frequency of the obsession is what makes life miserable.
The informal use of the word “obsession” often conveys a positive, enthusiastic focus on something pleasant or desirable such as a passion for fishing, coin collecting, a new relationship, or art. The word “obsession” as used in OCD has nothing to do with such positive interests.
Considering compulsions
Compulsions are actions people feel driven to complete in order to deal with obsessions. These actions take the form of behaviors, such as handwashing or repeatedly checking locks, or rituals, such as lining up everything in a cupboard in an unusually precise manner. Unlike obsessions that merely heighten anxiety and distress, compulsions are intended to neutralize obsessions or reduce distress. Compulsions can also come in the form of mental acts (such as counting or repeating phrases).
Compulsions are attempts to
Reduce anxiety:
For example, after suffering from an obsessional worry that the doors are unlocked (thus inviting unwanted intruders) a person may feel compelled to return and recheck their door locks. Once they’ve done so, they feel briefly relieved. But then they leave the house again, and the obsession returns, thus compelling them to go back to check. This cycle may continue numerous times before they’re able to let go and continue with their day.
Respond to an urge:
After using the public restroom a person may obsess about possible germs, contamination, and sickness. They may feel an irresistible urge to scrub their hands. They carry a powerful disinfectant and spend 30 minutes washing their hands, even though they’re red, raw, and oozing from all the washing they do.
Decrease discomfort:
Some compulsions appear out of a need to feel more comfortable or “just so.” For example, a person may have a ritual they feel compelled to perform in order to go to bed. They arrange items on their nightstand over and over until they feel “just right.” In addition, they touch their shoulders five times each and repeat these touches until they feel comfortable. Only then can they allow themself to go to bed.
Seek certainty:
A person may have an obsession that they might run someone over in their car. Almost every time the car goes over a bump in the road they start to worry. They often feel compelled to turn the car around to check. Even then, sometimes they drive off and feel they must return to check again to be absolutely certain they did not injure someone. This compulsion consumes hours of their time each day.
Obtain reassurance:
A 10-year-old may worry obsessively that their parents might not still love them. So, every night, after they’ve been put to bed, they get up and go to their parents’ bedroom and asks if they still love them. They feel compelled to repeat this ritual many times seeking this reassurance. Before they stop, the parents become upset and irritated. But they always give them the reassurance they ask for.
Increase a sense of safety or well-being:
Someone may have frequent obsessional worries that their thoughts might cause harm to their family. So, if they have the slightest negative image or thought about anyone in their family, they feel compelled to repeat the words “Hail Mary; I love my family so much,” 50 times in their mind. Sometimes they lose count and have to start over.
Coming to Terms with OCD
People with OCD have obsessions and/or compulsions. Well, duh! How’s that for stating the obvious? These obsessions and compulsions can vary in both intensity and content over time. Thus, someone may have a terrible problem with compulsive handwashing for two hours every day. After a year or so passes, the handwashing may fall off, but compulsive rituals involving excessive cleaning of the house and arranging the furniture precisely emerge in its place.
For decades, OCD used to be considered as one of the anxiety disorders (which include generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, and panic disorder, among others). That’s because people with OCD usually complain of feeling anxious, uneasy, or distressed. This feeling is often brought on by obsessive fears, thoughts, or images. See the latest edition the book Anxiety For Dummies (Wiley) for more information about anxiety disorders. However, OCD involves more than anxiety. It also includes distorted thinking, as well as repetitious urges and impulses. Therefore, more recent diagnostic categories list OCD and related disorders separately from anxiety disorders.
The OCD worry cycle
In OCD, an obsessive thought, urge, or image occurs, sometimes out of the blue and other times triggered by an event. For example, consider a person who has extreme obsessions about the possibility of hitting someone with their car. While driving, they perceive a slight bump in the road. An image of a lifeless body suddenly flashes in their head. They feel a strong urge to turn the car around and check for a body. Their logical mind is overwhelmed with uneasiness. They give in to the impulse and turn the car around and return to the area they just passed. Seeing no body, they are temporarily relieved and return to driving. But just as they start to move forward, their OCD mind produces another scenario. The image of a body on the side of the road creeps into their mind. When they checked the first time, they did not look along the edges. They cannot tolerate not being sure, so once again they circle back. This time they get out of their car to look on both sides of the road. Again, they have a brief sense of relief. Unfortunately, completing the compulsion results in only a short period of relief, which, in turn, actually increases the likelihood that the compulsion will be turned to again. To illustrate this OCD worry cycle, consider the following example of Cyan.
Cyan
is a bookkeeper who worries excessively about getting AIDS from touching anything that other people may have touched. Thus, they avoid touching doorknobs, shaking hands, and using public restrooms. They work at home to avoid unnecessary contact with germs. They carry hand sanitizer and disinfectant in their bag. Even at home they disinfect countertops and telephones dozens of times each day. They worry that germs float in the air and invade their home.
Whenever an obsessional worry about contamination pops into their mind, Cyan believes that they are at high risk for acquiring AIDS or some other serious illness. Their overestimation of risk leads Cyan to feel intense anxiety and overwhelming dread. That distress causes Cyan to immediately wash their hands with sanitizer and disinfect their computer keyboard, kitchen countertops, and phones. After they have done “enough” cleaning, they feel greatly relieved, but only for a short while. The power of that relief keeps the cycle going. Their obsessive thoughts soon return.
Cyan’s cycle is common in OCD and is depicted in Figure 2-1.
