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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Bildung
- Sprache: Englisch
- Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011
A complete and comprehensive guide to why kids behave and think the way they do-and how to bring out the best in them. In the U.S., more than 10% of children are diagnosed with psychiatric disorders, while countless others remain undiagnosed. Defining what is "normal" and what is not is of great concern to anyone who works with, guides, nurtures, teaches, or parents children. With new discoveries in mental disorders that affect children, Child Psychology & Development For Dummies provides an informational guide to cognitive development at every stage of a child's life, as well as how to diagnose, treat, and overcome the cognitive barriers that impede learning and development. * How to identify and treat mental disorders * Covers behavior disorders, autism, attention deficit disorder, reading disabilities, bipolar disorder, and more * Guidance on helping a child control impulses, develop self esteem, and have good relationships An essential guide for parents, teachers, and caregivers, Child Psychology & Development For Dummies provides a detailed overview of an average child's cognitive development, how to detect abnormalities, and what to do next.
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Child Psychology & Development For Dummies®
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Table of Contents
Child Psychology & Development For Dummies®
by Laura L. Smith, PhD, and Charles H. Elliott, PhD
Child Psychology & Development For Dummies®
Published byWiley Publishing, Inc.111 River St.Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2011 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, Making Everything Easier, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a specific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom.
For general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002.
For technical support, please visit www.wiley.com/techsupport.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011920892
ISBN: 978-0-470-91885-2
Manufactured in the United States of America
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About the Authors
Photo by Matt Foster of Kim Jew Photography
Laura L. Smith, PhD, and Charles Elliott, PhD, are co-authors ofOvercoming Anxiety For Dummies, 2nd Edition, Borderline Personality Disorder For Dummies, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder For Dummies, Seasonal Affective Disorder For Dummies, Anxiety & Depression Workbook For Dummies, and Depression For Dummies (all from Wiley Publishing, Inc.); Hollow Kids: Recapturing the Soul of a Generation Lost to the Self-Esteem Myth (Prima); and Why Can’t I Be the Parent I Want to Be? (New Harbinger Publications). They are members of the board of directors of the New Mexico Psychological Association and affiliated training faculty at the Cognitive Behavioral Institute of Albuquerque. Their work has been featured in various periodicals, including Family Circle, Parents, Child, and Better Homes and Gardens, as well as popular publications such as the New York Post, Washington Times, Daily Telegraph (London), and The Christian Science Monitor.
They have been invited speakers at conferences including: the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI), the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, the International Association for Cognitive Psychotherapy, and the National Association of School Psychologists. They have appeared o” television networks such as CNN and Canada AM. They have also been featured as experts on various National Public Radio programs, as well as “You The Owner’s Manual,” “Doctor Radio,” “The Frankie Boyer Show,” and “The Four Seasons Radio Show.” They have committed their professional lives to making the science of psychology relevant and accessible to the public.
Laura is a clinical and a school psychologist. Previously, she was a special-education teacher, an educational diagnostician, a psychologist at a juvenile detention center, a child psychologist in private practice, a clinical supervisor at various rural school districts, and a consultant to Head Start programs. Throughout these years, she has raised three kids and enjoyed her four grandchildren. She is often asked to provide consultations to attorneys, school districts, and government agencies.
Chuck is a clinical psychologist and a founding fellow of the Academy of Cognitive Therapy. He has written many professional articles and book chapters on the topic of cognitive behavior therapies and pediatric psychology. He has been a director of mental health consultation-liaison at Children’s Memorial Hospital in Oklahoma City, a faculty member at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine (programs for children), a clinical psychologist in private practice, and a faculty member at Fielding Graduate University (psychology).
Drs. Smith and Elliott are available for speaking engagements, expert interviews, and workshops. You may contact either or both of them at www.psychology4people.com
Dedication
To children everywhere and those who care for them.
Authors’ Acknowledgments
We want to take this opportunity to thank our outstanding editors at Wiley Publishing: Acquisitions Editor Michael Lewis; Project Editors Sarah Faulkner, Danielle Voirol, and Linda Brandon; and Copy Editors Kathy Simpson and Sarah Westfall. We also want to thank our publicity and marketing team, which includes David Hobson and Adrienne Fontaine at Wiley, and Technical Editor Angela Tomlin, PhD.
We appreciate Trevor Wolfe, Sara Rodriquez, Allison Wolfe, and Brian Elliott for achieving the four goals of growing up. And of course we’re grateful to our grandchildren — Lauren, Alaina, Carter, and Cade — for keeping us amused and reminding us about what’s really important. Thanks to Kate Guerin for interesting conversations and information about public relations. Thanks to Nathan Rodriguez for putting out fires.
We want to thank Deborah Wearn and Pamela Hargrove for their help in keeping everyone together and willingness to embark on adventures. We appreciate Barbara Warren, Bob and Jeanette Elliott, Tracie Antonuk, Kathy Desmarais, and Geoff Smith for their continued interest and support. Thanks to Betsey, Marty, and Andrew Chavez for being an inspirational family. A special thanks to Judy Frenak for her sisterly interest. Thanks to Sadie and Murphy for taking us on much-needed walks and jogs through Corrales.
Appreciation goes to Jaime J. Diaz, chief operating officer/Midwest New Mexico Community Action Program (NMCAP) and president of the New Mexico Head Start Association, and Pauline Binger, center director/Midwest NMCAP, for their interest and support of research on improving teaching methods and caring about the mental-health needs of the children of New Mexico.
Thanks to Drs. Brad Richards and Jeanne Czajka of the Cognitive Behavioral Institute of Albuquerque for including us in your affiliated training faculty. We look forward to another training session in Santa Fe. Thanks to Mathew Raikes at www.darn-computer.com for his timely, patient expertise on computers. To Dr. Brenda Wolfe and her husband, Ken, thanks for helping us uncork our creativity across the globe.
Finally, we are especially grateful to the many children and parents we’ve seen over the years in our practices. They helped us understand child psychology and development. They also taught us about resilience, courage, and persistence as nothing else could.
Publisher’s Acknowledgments
We’re proud of this book; please send us your comments through our online registration form located at http://dummies.custhelp.com. For other comments, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002.
Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following:
Acquisitions, Editorial, and Media Development
Project Editors: Sarah Faulkner, Linda Brandon
Acquisitions Editor: Michael Lewis
Copy Editors: Kathy Simpson, Sarah Westfall
Assistant Editor: David Lutton
Technical Editor: Angela Tomlin, PhD
Editorial Manager: Christine Meloy Beck
Editorial Supervisor and Reprint Editor: Carmen Krikorian
Editorial Assistants: Rachelle S. Amick, Jennette ElNaggar
Cover Photos: © istockphoto.com/Stefanie Timmermann
Cartoons: Rich Tennant (www.the5thwave.com)
Composition Services
Project Coordinator: Patrick Redmond
Layout and Graphics: Joyce Haughey, Lavonne Roberts
Proofreaders: John Greenough, Sossity R. Smith
Indexer: Silvoskey Indexing Services
Publishing and Editorial for Consumer Dummies
Diane Graves Steele, Vice President and Publisher, Consumer Dummies
Kristin Ferguson-Wagstaffe, Product Development Director, Consumer Dummies
Ensley Eikenburg, Associate Publisher, Travel
Kelly Regan, Editorial Director, Travel
Publishing for Technology Dummies
Andy Cummings, Vice President and Publisher, Dummies Technology/General User
Composition Services
Debbie Stailey, Director of Composition Services
Introduction
We love kids. Fact is, we used to be kids. We’ve had kids, and they’ve had kids. Also, we’ve devoted much of our professional lives to assessing, teaching, and treating kids. We’ve worked with kids in the classroom, in the hospital, and our offices. We’ve seen kids of all ages from infancy through young adulthood. We’ve helped kids deal with learning problems, anxiety, depression, autism, deficits in attention, and behavior problems.
So when the editors of the For Dummies series asked us to consider writing Child Psychology & Development For Dummies, we were delighted. We soon engaged in lengthy discussions and a few sleepless nights about the content and organization of this book. Take a look at most any college textbook on either child psychology or development, and you may find it daunting. Frankly, much of the material is esoteric and as difficult to follow as twisting country roads before Google Maps.
In collaboration with our editors, we took some time deciding on an approach to this book. We realized that most people who are interested in this topic are probably teachers, parents, child-care providers, grandparents, and others who are interested in kids. Thus, you’ll discover that we don’t follow a textbook approach to Child Psychology & Development For Dummies. Rather, like most books in the For Dummies series, this book takes complicated theories and ideas and turns them into practical information that can be applied to the real world of children and those who care about them.
We could have filled these pages with endless details about theorists such as Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, Lawrence Kohlberg, Jean Piaget, B. F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, Lev Vygotsky, John Bowlby, and Mary Ainsworth (among many others). Instead, we took a different tack, weaving science, theory, and our own clinical experience into a sensible look at child psychology and development.
About This Book
This book is about kids from A to Z. We start with the big picture of what makes kids tick and reveal the four major goals of a successful childhood. We also discuss how development proceeds normally with respect to each of those goals at different ages. We describe how families, schools, and communities can optimally support child development.
We also take a look at what can go wrong during childhood. We describe the most common childhood disorders and disabilities. Fortunately, much can be done about these problems, and we tell you about the treatments and interventions that work.
This book is meant to provide lots of information about child development and the problems kids encounter. If you have concerns about a child, we recommend checking with either the child’s pediatrician or a mental-health professional. Don’t attempt to diagnose or try your own treatment ideas without guidance from professionals.
What Not to Read
Most books are intended to be read from cover to cover. If you like doing that, by all means feel free to do so. But you can actually approach this book in almost any way that you want. You can use the comprehensive table of contents to choose what you want to read and in what order.
If you’re looking for text to skip, we recommend that you don’t read the sidebars (text within those gray-shaded boxes) or any paragraph attached to a Technical Stuff icon. Although both items are interesting, skipping them won’t take away from the practical knowledge you gain from the rest of the book.
Conventions Used in this Book
Throughout the book, we use the following conventions:
We use case examples to illustrate our points from time to time. Please realize that these examples represent composites of children and their caregivers confronting all sorts of issues. None of these children actually exists as described. Any resemblance to a particular person is entirely coincidental. We boldface the names of people in our examples to indicate that a case example is starting.
We do our best to avoid using technical jargon. But when we resort to using a term that you may find unfamiliar, we usually italicize the word and give you a brief definition. We try to keep technical terms to a minimum.
All Web addresses are set in monofont to help them stand out. Also, if a Web address had to break across two lines, we didn’t add any extra characters (such as a hyphen) to indicate the break. Just type the address as you see it on the page, ignoring the line break.
Foolish Assumptions
We’re going to go out on a limb here and assume that if you’ve picked up this book, you probably have an interest in kids. Or maybe you’re curious about children because you’re expecting or you have a brand-new grandchild. Perhaps you’re a teacher, parent, counselor, or other type of child-care provider. Maybe you’re looking for ideas about how to manage or discipline kids, or you want to know about a certain type of disability or disorder. It’s also possible that you want to know what types of treatments are available for various kinds of childhood problems.
In other words, if you want to know something about kids, you’ve found the right book. Enjoy.
How This Book Is Organized
Child Psychology & Development For Dummies is organized in 6 parts and 22 chapters. Here’s a quick overview of each part.
Part I: Understanding Children: The Big Picture
In this part, we introduce the topic of child psychology and development. Chapter 1 provides a broad-brushstrokes overview. Chapter 2 tells you what goes into the soup of kids’ development, including biology, psychology, learning, environment, and culture. Chapter 3 lays out the four major goals of childhood — what kids need to master to become well-functioning adults.
Part II: Watching Kids Grow
In Part II, we describe what normal childhood development looks like. Chapter 4 starts with what happens before a kid becomes a kid — at conception — and then describes birth and the rapid developments during the first year of life. In Chapter 5, we discuss the preschool years, ages 1 through 4. Then, in Chapter 6, we review what happens during the middle-childhood years, ages 5 through 12 — years that revolve around making friends, acquiring skills, and developing better self-control. During adolescence, described in Chapter 7, kids go through tremendous changes. Their bodies develop, their sense of who they are matures, they learn to think abstractly, and the importance of peers increases. For parents and teens alike, surviving adolescence is quite an accomplishment.
Part III: Growing Great Kids
This part reviews how parents, families, schools, and communities can give kids the best chance to grow up successfully. In Chapter 8, we describe ways that families can optimize kids’ development. Next, in Chapter 9, we review what schools and teachers can do to help kids achieve their highest potential, as well as show parents some of the various day-care and educational options available to them. Finally, in Chapter 10, we discuss the role that communities can play in helping kids reach adulthood intact.
Part IV: Spotting Troubled Development
Sometimes, troubles pop up in spite of everyone’s best intentions. Kids can be born with problems or develop them over time. This part alerts you to early signs of problems that could lie on the horizon so help can be sought early.
In this part, we discuss common physical challenges, problems that may affect school achievement, emotional disorders, the autism spectrum, and behavioral disorders. We also review the sometimes-horrific effects of child abuse, trauma, and accidental injuries. Our intention is to help those who care about children understand the nature of childhood difficulties.
Part V: Getting the Right Therapies
Perhaps you have or know a child who has one or more of the problems discussed in Part IV. If so, this part reviews the kinds of therapies and interventions that can help. These interventions have been studied and shown to be effective. We don’t want you to waste your time and money on miracle cures that don’t work.
We also discuss how parents, teachers, and professionals can collaborate for even better outcomes. We tell those who care for kids how to communicate effectively. Finally, we tell parents how to work with and assist the efforts of treatment providers.
Part VI: The Part of Tens
If you’re looking for a quick reference, take a look at these helpful lists. Read about ten ways to calm kids, ten signs of gifted kids, and ten signs that a kid needs help.
The Appendix
The Appendix provides a quick overview of major milestones of child development, showing what kids generally should be doing at various ages.
Icons Used in This Book
This icon is intended to grab your attention. It indicates something that we think you’ll find important and want to remember.
The Tip icon alerts you to specific useful actions you can take or interesting insights for your consideration.
These icons appear when you need to be on the lookout for a potential problem.
Not everyone wants to know everything about every topic. This icon indicates material that you may want to delve into further, but you really don’t have to read it.
Where to Go from Here
Child Psychology & Development For Dummies offers you the best, most-up-to-date information we have on what makes kids tick and how normal development usually proceeds. It discusses the problems children encounter and how everyone can help them do better.
Reading this book will help you understand kids better. If a child you care about has a specific problem, however, we encourage you to seek professional guidance from a pediatrician or other health-care provider or a mental-health professional.
Part I
Understanding Children: The Big Picture
In this part . . .
We look at why child psychology matters. We tell you why anyone who’s interested in kids needs to know something about child psychology. We explain how biology mixes with the environment, culture, and experiences to determine how kids turn out.
We also discuss the four goals all kids must master to do well in life. Specifically, they must learn how to relate to others; they need to figure out how to control their emotions and impulses; they need to develop a healthy view of themselves; and they must find the motivation to learn and achieve.
Chapter 1
Exploring Child Psychology
In This Chapter
Understanding the importance of child psychology
Taking a look at child development
Looking for help in all the right places
Child psychology and development captures the interest and imagination of anyone who cares for kids. Kids grow, develop, misbehave, play, learn, and love in rapidly changing yet fascinating ways. Parents, educators, grandparents, health-care providers, and child-care workers also wonder and worry about the kids they care about. Raising a child in today’s world requires more than just good intentions. It calls for a comprehensive knowledge about kids, what motivates them, what goes right, and what can go wrong.
In this chapter, you can discover compelling reasons for diving into the topic of child psychology and development and take a look at the wide range of influences that determine how kids ultimately turn out. Here, you can also find an overview about the nature of normal and abnormal development, which we discuss throughout this book. You can find information about how all people involved with caring for kids can maximize good outcomes.
Good outcomes for kids means mastering four key objectives of childhood — the goals of growing up:
Forming good attachments and relationships
Controlling emotions and impulses
Developing healthy self views
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
