American Independence and the French Revolution (1760-1801) E-Book

Various

• Herausgeber: DigiCat
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

In "American Independence and the French Revolution (1760-1801)", a collection of scholarly essays, various authors delve into the intricate interplay between the American struggle for independence and the subsequent French revolutionary fervor. This volume meticulously examines the ideological, political, and cultural exchanges that shaped revolutionary thought across the Atlantic. Through a blend of close readings of primary texts and broader socio-political analyses, the authors illuminate how Enlightenment ideals catalyzed movements for liberty and democracy in both nations, interweaving narratives of freedom that resonate through history. The book's literary style reflects a rigorous academic tone, augmented by a clear structure aiding in the reader's comprehension of complex historical dynamics. The contributors to this volume come from varied academic backgrounds, each bringing a unique perspective shaped by their research in American and French history, revolutionary studies, and political philosophy. Their collective expertise provides a rich context for understanding not just the historical events, but also the philosophical underpinnings that drove both revolutions. This compilation draws connections that reveal how each revolution's outcomes influenced subsequent political thoughts and movements, thereby transforming the landscape of modern governance. For scholars, students, and enthusiasts of history alike, this book is an indispensable resource. It not only enriches our understanding of pivotal moments in history but also encourages reflective thought on the nature of liberty and the shared human quest for self-determination. Its relevant insights into contemporary political discourse make it a timely and critical read.

Leseprobe

Various

American Independence and the French Revolution (1760-1801)

 

EAN 8596547339557

DigiCat, 2022 Contact: [email protected]

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INTRODUCTION

BRITISH VICTORIES—“A YOUNG MR. BURKE” (1761) . Source. — Letters of Horace Walpole. Edited by P. Cunningham London: Bentley. Vol. iii., pp. 419-421. 1891.

To George Montagu, Esq., Strawberry Hill, July 22, 1761.

HONOURS FOR MR. PITT (1761) . Source. — Correspondence of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. Vol. ii., pp. 146 et seq. London, 1838-1840.

The Earl of Bute to Mr. Pitt, October 6, 1761.

Mr. Pitt to the Earl of Bute, October 7, 1761. [From a rough draught in Mr. Pitt’s handwriting.]

The Earl of Bute to Mr. Pitt, October 8, 1761.

Mr. Pitt to the Earl of Bute, October 8, 1761. [From a draught in Mr. Pitt’s handwriting.]

THE STATE OF THE PRISONS. Source. —Goldsmith’s Vicar of Wakefield (Chap. XXVII.) .

TOWNSHEND’S CONTUMACY (1767) . Source. — Correspondence of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. Vol. iii., pp. 233 et seq. London, 1838-1840.

WILKES RIOTS (1768) . Source. — Calendar of Home Office Papers, 1766-1769. Pp. 322, 323. London, 1879.

Robert Wood to Sir J. Fielding.

RIOTS IN THE NORTH (1768) . Source. — Calendar of Home Office Papers, 1766-1769. Pp. 839, 840. London, 1879.

Duke of Northumberland to H.M.’s Principal Secretaries of State.

The Same to the Same.

Lord Weymouth’s Reply, dated the 14th.

A PETITION TO GEORGE III. FROM THE FREEHOLDERS OF THE COUNTY OF MIDDLESEX (1769) . Source. — Letters of Junius. London: G. Bell and Sons. Vol. ii. 1911.

To the King’s Most Excellent Majesty. The humble petition of the Freeholders of the County of Middlesex.

THE CITY OF LONDON AND THE EARL OF CHATHAM ON PARLIAMENTARY REFORM (1770) . Source. — Letters of Junius. London: G. Bell and Sons. 1910. Vol. i.

COMMENTS ON PARLIAMENTARY HAPPENINGS (DECEMBER, 1770) . Source. — Letters of Junius (Letter LXXXI.) . London: G. Bell and Sons. 1911. Vol. ii.

For the “Public Advertiser,” December 14, 1770.

THOMAS HUTCHINSON TO LORD HILLSBOROUGH (1771) . Source. — Calendar of Home Office Papers, 1770-1772. Pp. 191-193.

Thos. Hutchinson, Governor of [Massachusetts Bay], to Lord [Hillsborough].

Thos. Hutchinson, Governor of [Massachusetts Bay], to [Lord Hillsborough].

Thos. Hutchinson, Governor of [Massachusetts Bay], to Lord [Hillsborough].

REFORMERS IN PARLIAMENT RECOMMENDED TO SINK DIFFERENCES AND PROMOTE UNION (1771) . Source. — Letters of Junius (Letter LIX.) . London: G. Bell and Sons. 1910. Vol. i.

To the Printer of the “Public Advertiser,” October 5, 1771.

DISTRESS CAUSED BY HIGH PRICES (1772) . Source. — Calendar of Home Office Papers, 1770-1772. P. 479.

Forestalling and Engrossing.

MEETINGS OF WEAVERS AND OTHERS TO PETITION THE KING (1773) . Source. — Calendar of Home Office Papers, 1773-1775. Pp. 39-42, and 65.

Sir John Fielding to the Earl of Suffolk.

DESTRUCTION OF TEA (CARGOES) AT BOSTON (DECEMBER, 1773) . Source. — Calendar of Home Office Papers (1773-1775) . Pp. 175 et seq.

Lords of the Admiralty to the Earl of Dartmouth.

Lord Viscount Barrington to the Earl of Dartmouth.

Chairman of the East India Company to Lord Dartmouth.

WAR MATERIAL FOR AMERICA (1774) . Source. — Calendar of Home Office Papers (1773-1775) . Pp. 240 et seq.

Earl of Suffolk to the Earl of Dartmouth.

Earl of Suffolk to the Earl of Dartmouth.

Earl of Suffolk to the Earl of Dartmouth.

Lords of the Admiralty to the Earl of Dartmouth.

AMERICAN EXPEDITION TO CANADA (1775) . Source. — Calendar of Home Office Papers (1773-1775) . Pp. 407-409.

Hugh Finlay to ? Anthony Todd.

RESOLUTIONS FAVOURING THE AMERICAN COLONIES (1775) . Source. —“Speech on Conciliation with America,” Edmund Burke . Vol. i. of his Collected Works. London: G. Bell and Sons. 1909.

THE ARMIES UNDER HOWE AND CLINTON (1777) . Source. — Gentleman’s Magazine. Vol. xlvii. (1777) , pp. 573 et seq.

Return of Cannon, Stores, Ammunition, etc., taken and destroyed on this Expedition.

CHATHAM’S LAST LETTER AND SPEECH (1778) . Source. — Correspondence of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. Vol. iv., pp. 518 et seq. [From a draught in the handwriting of Lord Pitt.]

The Earl of Chatham to the Duke of Richmond, April 6, 1778.

[ Report of the Earl of Chatham’s Last Speech, from the “London Magazine.” ]

KING GEORGE’S MESSAGE AND THE SPANISH MANIFESTO (1779) . Source. — Gentleman’s Magazine. Vol. xlix., pp. 324 et seq.

Copy of the King’s Message. “ George R.

Copy of the Spanish Manifesto.

SOCIETY AT BRIGHTHELMSTON (BRIGHTON) IN 1779. Source. —Diarists quoted in History of Brighthelmston . John Ackerson Erredge. Brighton, 1862.

(A.) The Libraries.

(B.) The Raffles.

THE GORDON NO-POPERY RIOTS (1780) . Source. — Letters of Horace Walpole.

To Rev. William Cole, Strawberry Hill, June 15, 1780.

SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS (1781) . Source. — Gentleman’s Magazine. Vol. li., p. 539.

PRELIMINARIES OF EUROPEAN PEACE (1783) . Source. — Gentleman’s Magazine. Vol. liii., p. 91.

Between Great Britain and France.

Between Great Britain and Spain.

Between Great Britain and the United States of America.

A VIOLENT ELECTION CONTEST (1784) . Source. — Cowper’s Letters. Thomas Wright. London: Hodder and Stoughton. 1904. Vol. ii., pp. 194-197.

To Rev. John Newton, April 26, 1784.

THE COUNTRY POST (1785) . Source. —William Cowper, The Task. Book iv.

HIS MAJESTY’S SPEECH (1787) . Source. — Annual Register. Vol. xxix., pp. 268 et seq. of State Papers .

My Lords and Gentlemen ,

Gentlemen of the House of Commons ,

My Lords and Gentlemen ,

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EAST INDIA COMPANY (1788) . Source. — Speech in the Impeachment of Warren Hastings, Esq. Edmund Burke. Vol. vii. of his Collected Works. London: G. Bell and Sons. 1911.

CORN IMPORTS AND EXPORTS (1789) . Source. — Annual Register, 1789 , pp. 279 et seq.

Exported.

Imported.

THE SPOLIATION OF THE CLERGY IN FRANCE (1790) . Source. — Reflections on the Revolution in France. Edmund Burke. Vol. ii. of his Collected Works. London : G. Bell and Sons. 1910.

SUSSEX ELECTION PETITIONS (1792) . Source. — Oldfield’s Representative History of Great Britain. London, 1816.

(A) Horsham election petition.

(B) Steyning.

THE RIGHT OF THE FRENCH NATION TO SELF-GOVERNMENT (1792) . Source. — Cowper’s Letters. Thomas Wright. London: Hodder and Stoughton. 1904. Vol. iv., pp. 332-335.

To Lady Hesketh, Dec. 1, 1792.

PERORATION IN THE IMPEACHMENT OF WARREN HASTINGS (1794) . Source. — Speech in the Impeachment of Warren Hastings, Esq. Edmund Burke. Vol. viii. of his Collected Works. London: G. Bell and Sons. 1908.

GEORGE III. ASSAULTED BY THE MOB (1795) . Source. — Letters of Princess Elizabeth of England. Edited by Philip Yorke. London: Fisher Unwin. 1898.

To Lady Harcourt, Wednesday, 5th July, 1795.

THE MUTINY AT THE NORE (1797) . Source. — Annual Register. Vol. xxxix., pp. 214 et seq. of History of Europe.

ENGLAND AND THE DIRECTORY (1797) . Source. — Correspondence of the First Earl of Malmesbury , London, 1844. Vol. iii., pp. 577 et seq.

Letter from Lord Malmesbury to Mr. Pitt, Calais. Sept. 18th. 1797.

Letter from Lord Malmesbury to Mr. Canning, Calais, Monday, 9 p.m., Sept. 18th, 1797.

Extract of a Despatch from Lord Malmesbury to Lord Grenville, Calais, 19th Sept., 1797.

THE BATTLE OF THE NILE (OR ABOUKIR BAY) (1798) . Source. — Annual Register. Vol. xl., pp. 142 et seq. of History of Europe .

SUPPLIES GRANTED BY PARLIAMENT FOR NAVY AND ARMY (1800) . Source. — Annual Register. Vol. xlii., pp. 160 et seq. of Appendix to Chronicle .

Navy.

Army.

HIS MAJESTY’S SPEECH TO THE FIRST UNION PARLIAMENT (1801) . Source. — Annual Register. Vol. xliii., pp. 207 et seq. of State Papers .

His Majesty’s Speech to both Houses, on opening the Imperial Parliament, 2d February, 1801.

Gentlemen of the House of Commons ,

My Lords and Gentlemen ,

INTRODUCTION

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This series of English History Source Books is intended for use with any ordinary textbook of English History. Experience has conclusively shown that such apparatus is a valuable—nay, an indispensable—adjunct to the history lesson. It is capable of two main uses: either by way of lively illustration at the close of a lesson, or by way of inference-drawing, before the textbook is read, at the beginning of the lesson. The kind of problems and exercises that may be based on the documents are legion, and are admirably illustrated in a History of England for Schools, Part I., by Keatinge and Frazer, pp. 377-381. However, we have no wish to prescribe for the teacher the manner in which he shall exercise his craft, but simply to provide him and his pupils with materials hitherto not readily accessible for school purposes. The very moderate price of the books in this series should bring them within the reach of every secondary school. Source books enable the pupil to take a more active part than hitherto in the history lesson. Here is the apparatus, the raw material: its use we leave to teacher and taught.

Our belief is that the books may profitably be used by all grades of historical students between the standards of fourth-form boys in secondary schools and undergraduates at Universities. What differentiates students at one extreme from those at the other is not so much the kind of subject-matter dealt with, as the amount they can read into or extract from it.

In regard to choice of subject-matter, while trying to satisfy the natural demand for certain “stock” documents of vital importance, we hope to introduce much fresh and novel matter. It is our intention that the majority of the extracts should be lively in style—that is, personal, or descriptive, or rhetorical, or even strongly partisan—and should not so much profess to give the truth as supply data for inference. We aim at the greatest possible variety, and lay under contribution letters, biographies, ballads and poems, diaries, debates, and newspaper accounts. Economics, London, municipal, and social life generally, and local history, are represented in these pages.

The order of the extracts is strictly chronological, each being numbered, titled, and dated, and its authority given. The text is modernised, where necessary, to the extent of leaving no difficulties in reading.

We shall be most grateful to teachers and students who may send us suggestions for improvement.

S. E. WINBOLT. KENNETH BELL.

NOTE TO THIS VOLUME(1760-1801)

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The difficulty which an editor of period 1760-1801 has to face is the wealth of contemporary sources available. I have drawn largely, as will be seen, on the series of Home Office Papers in the Calendar of State Papers, the series of the Acts of the Privy Council, the Gentleman’s Magazine, and Annual Register. I trust that the foreign relations of England are proportionately represented, though want of space has been against the inclusion of much that naturally suggests itself. In spite of defects, my hope is that teachers and pupils in public schools and universities will find these pages useful.

S. E. W.

Christ’s Hospital,April, 1912.

BRITISH VICTORIES—“A YOUNG MR. BURKE” (1761).Source.—Letters of Horace Walpole. Edited by P. Cunningham London: Bentley. Vol. iii., pp. 419-421. 1891.

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To George Montagu, Esq., Strawberry Hill, July 22, 1761.

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For my part, I believe Mademoiselle Scuderi drew the plan of this year. It is all royal marriages, coronations and victories; they come tumbling so over one another from distant parts of the globe, that it looks just like the handy-work of a lady romance writer, whom it costs nothing but a little false geography to make the great Mogul in love with a princess of ——, and defeat two marshals of France as he rides post on an elephant to his nuptials. I don’t know where I am. I had scarce found Mecklenburgh Strelitz with a magnifying glass, before I am whisked to Pondicherri—well, I take it, and raze it. I begin to grow acquainted with Colonel Coote, and to figure him packing up chests of diamonds, and sending them to his wife against the King’s wedding—thunder go the Tower guns, and behold Broglio and Soubise are totally defeated; if the mob have not much stronger heads and quicker conceptions than I have, they will conclude my lord Granby is become nabob. How the deuce in two days can one digest all this? Why is not Pondicherri in Westphalia? I don’t know how the Romans did, but I cannot support two victories every week. Well, but you will want to know the particulars. Broglio and Soubise, united, attacked our army on the fifteenth, but were repulsed; the next day, the prince Mahomet Alli Cawn—no, no, I mean prince Ferdinand, returned the attack, and the French threw down their arms, and fled, run over my lord Harcourt, who was going to fetch the new queen; in short, I don’t know how it was, but Mr. Conway is safe, and I am as happy as Mr. Pitt himself. We have only lost a lieutenant-colonel Keith; colonel Marlay and Harry Townshend are wounded.... I dined with your secretary yesterday; there were Garrick and a young Mr. Burke, who wrote a book in the style of lord Bolingbroke, that was much admired. He is a sensible man, but has not worn off his authorism yet, and thinks there is nothing so charming as writers, and to be one. He will know better one of these days. I like Hamilton’s little Marly; we walked in the great allée, and drank tea in the arbour of treillage; they talked of Shakspeare and Booth, of Swift and my lord Bath, and I was thinking of Madame Sévigné. Good night! I have a dozen other letters to write; I must tell my friends how happy I am—not as an Englishman, but as a cousin.

Yours ever.

HONOURS FOR MR. PITT (1761).Source.—Correspondence of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. Vol. ii., pp. 146 et seq. London, 1838-1840.

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The Earl of Bute to Mr. Pitt, October 6, 1761.

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Sir,

I take up the pen with more than ordinary desire to succeed in the business I am, by the King’s command, to write to you upon. I earnestly wished to have carried to his Majesty some little opening of your mind; something that might have pointed towards that mark of his royal favour he seems impatient to bestow upon you.1

As that was not in my power, the King has desired me to mention two ideas; wishing to have the one most agreeable to you carried into immediate execution: but, if neither should be suitable to your inclinations, it is hoped that you will not be averse to give his Majesty a little insight into your own thoughts upon this subject. The government of the province of Canada, with a salary of five thousand pounds, seemed to strike the King most; and that for two reasons: the first, as you would preside over a province acquired by your own ability and firmness; secondly, as it would convey to all the world his Majesty’s intentions of never parting with that great and important conquest. The objection of its not being tenable with a seat in parliament is foreseen; but a short bill might remedy that in this new case; in the preamble of which the King’s reasons for this appointment would be set forth. If, however, this should not strike you in the same light it does his Majesty, the next thing I am ordered to mention is the chancellor of the duchy, with the salary annexed to it as before mentioned.

You will please, Sir, to consider these as proofs of the King’s earnest desire to show this country the high opinion he has of your merit. If they do not entirely please, impute it to the want of information I before hinted at; and do me the justice to believe, that I never shall execute any commission with more pleasure than I have done this.

I am, Sir, with the highest regard, Your most obedient humble servant,Bute.2

Mr. Pitt to the Earl of Bute, October 7, 1761.[From a rough draught in Mr. Pitt’s handwriting.]

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My Lord,

Overwhelmed with the extent of his Majesty’s gracious goodness towards me, I desire the favour of your Lordship to lay me at the royal feet, with the humble tribute of the most unfeigned and respectful gratitude. Penetrated with the bounteous favour of a most benign sovereign and master, I am confounded with his condescension in deigning to bestow one thought about any inclination of his servant, with regard to the modes of extending to me marks of his royal beneficence.

Any public mark of his Majesty’s approbation, flowing from such a spontaneous source of clemency, will be my comfort and my glory; and I cannot but be highly sensible of all those circumstances, so peculiarly honourable, which, attending the first of the two ideas suggested to me by his Majesty’s direction, have been mentioned. Commanded, however, as I am by the King, in a manner so infinitely gracious, not to suppress my thoughts on a subject of this extreme delicacy, I trust it will be judged obedience, not presumption, if I express the doubts I have as to the propriety of my going into either of the offices mentioned, or indeed, considering that which I have resigned, going again into any whatever.

Thus much in general I have presumed, not without pain and fear, to submit to his Majesty’s consideration; too proud to receive any mark of the King’s countenance and favour, but above all doubly happy could I see those dearer to me than myself comprehended in that monument of royal approbation and goodness, with which his Majesty shall condescend to distinguish me.

I cannot conclude this letter, already much too long, without expressing my warm thanks to your Lordship for the most obliging manner in which you have conveyed to me his Majesty’s gracious intentions, and assuring your Lordship, that I shall always set a high value on the favourable sentiments which you are pleased to express on my subject. I have the honour to be, with great truth and respect,

Yours, &c.W. Pitt.

The Earl of Bute to Mr. Pitt, October 8, 1761.

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Sir,

I laid the contents of your letter before his Majesty; who was graciously pleased to admit of the reasons you gave for not accepting office, and to approve of the respectful openings some part of the letter afforded.

Having received the King’s commands to consider of the most becoming method of carrying his intentions into execution, I have lost no time in my researches. The English civil list would by no means answer; the Irish had objections: one only thing remained, that could possibly serve the King’s generous purpose. This his Majesty approves of, and has directed me accordingly to acquaint you, that as you declined accepting any office, his Majesty will confer the dignity of peerage on Lady Hester Pitt, to descend through her ladyship to your sons, with a grant of three thousand pounds per annum, on the plantation duties, to yourself and any two other lives you shall name. These unusual marks of the royal approbation cannot fail to be agreeable to a mind like yours. Permit me to assure you, that the communicating of them gives me the greatest pleasure.

I am, Sir, with unfeigned regard,Your most obedient humble servant,Bute.

Mr. Pitt to the Earl of Bute, October 8, 1761.[From a draught in Mr. Pitt’s handwriting.]

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I have not words to express the sentiments of veneration and gratitude with which I receive the unbounded effects of beneficence and grace, which the most benign of sovereigns has condescended to bestow on me, and on those most dear to me.

Your Lordship will not wonder if the sensations which possess my whole breast refuse me the power of describing their extent, and leave me only to beg your Lordship will be so good as to lay me and Lady Hester at the King’s feet, and to offer for us to his Majesty the genuine tribute of the truly feeling heart; which I will dare to hope, the same royal benevolence which showers on the unmeritorious such unlimited benefits may deign to accept with equal condescension and goodness.

I am, &c.W. Pitt.