Battle Story: Verdun 1916 E-Book

Chris McNab

• Herausgeber: The History Press
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

The Battle of Verdun was one of the bloodiest engagements of the First World War, resulting in 698,000 deaths, 70,000 for each of the 10 months of battle. The French Army in the area were decimated and it is often most tragically remembered as the battle in which the French were 'bled white'. A potent symbol of French resistance, the fortress town of Verdun was one that the French Army was loath to relinquish easily. It was partly for this reason that the German commander chose to launch a major offensive here, where he could dent French national pride and military morale. His attack commenced on 21 February, using shock troops and flamethrowers to clear the French trenches. Starting with the capture of Fort Douamont, by June 1916 the Germans were pressing on the city itself, exhausting their reserves. The French continued to fight valiantly, despite heavy losses and eventually rolled back German forces from the city. In the end it was a battle that saw much loss of life for little gain on either side.

Leseprobe

‘If you haven’t seen Verdun, you haven’t seen anything of war’.

A French infantryman, quoted in Ousby, Verdun

CONTENTS

Title

Dedication

List of Illustrations

Introduction

Timeline

Historical Background

Taking the offence

Falkenhayn’s Plan

The Armies

The Commanders

The Soldiers

The Kit

Tactics

The Days Before Battle

German Preparations

The Battlefield: What Actually Happened?

Driant’s Defence and Douaumont’s Fall

Pétain and the Beginnings of the French Recovery

Expanding the Battle

The Grinding Mill

Recovery

The October Offensive

After the Battle

Tired Victors

Beyond Verdun

The Legacy

Orders of Battle

Further Reading

Copyright

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

1 Situation on Western Front, January 1916.

2 Poilus returning to their billets after a spell on the frontline on the Western Front. (The War Budget, 23 March 1916)

3 The defender of Verdun: General Pétain, with President Poincaré and General Joffre. (The Illustrated War News, 15 March 1916)

4 Phillippe Pétain. (Wikimedia Commons)

5 Erich von Falkenhayn. (Wikimedia Commons)

6 French cavalry, part of the forces in reserve behind Verdun, conduct an attack exercise in 1916. (The Illustrated War News, 29 March 1916)

7 Moroccan Tirailleurs returned from the frontline trenches to rest. (The Illustrated War News, 15 March 1916)

8 French soldier, 1916. (The Illustrated War News, 19 April 1916)

9 German soldier, 1916. (Author’s collection)

10 On a ‘rocking frame’ mount: A single-barrelled ‘revolver-cannon’ employed by the French at Verdun. (The Illustrated War News, 5 April 1916)

11 A French soldier prepares to throw a grenade, while his comrade prepares the fuse of another. (The Illustrated War News, 5 April 1916)

12 Tracking a 6in shell in flight: A French gunner following with his eye a long-range shot. (The Illustrated War News, 22 March 1916)

13 The Poilu’s cup of tea à l’anglaise at the front. (The Illustrated War News, 5 April 1916)

14 French bayonet charge, 1916. (Author’s collection)

15 Battle of Verdun, 21 February 1916–16 December 1916.

16 Fort Douaumont, 1916. (Wikimedia Commons)

17 An angle of the fort against which thousands of German guns hammered in vain. (The War Budget, 20 April 1916)

18 French defence work representative of many miles of the French front. (The Illustrated War News, 15 March 1916)

19 After a heavy bombardment, the German soldiers attacked Verdun over devastated ground such as this. (The War Budget, 30 March 1916)

20 Refugees from bombarded Verdun. (The Illustrated War News, 15 March 1916)

21 Verdun and environs: To the right, the cathedral towers mark the city; to the left, a shell is seen bursting. (The Illustrated War News, 29 March 1916)

22 The destruction of a French church by German shells: The bombardment of Vaux-Devant-Damloup, near Verdun. (The Illustrated War News, 3 May 1916)

23 Wrecked buildings in the village of Douaumont. (The Illustrated War News, 15 March 1916)

24 The French forces at Verdun were continually engaged in preparing, emplacing or repairing barbed-wire defences in the landscape. (The Illustrated War News, 22 March 1916)

25 Mealtime in a French trench dug-out. (The Illustrated War News, 19 April 1916)

26 At Verdun: One of the reasons for General Pétain’s confidence – batteries being held back in reserve. (The Illustrated War News, 22 March 1916)

27 Feeding the French artillery at Verdun: Supplies of ammunition conveyed to the batteries by motor lorry. (The Illustrated War News, 5 April 1916)

28 French efficiency in motor transport: A convoy of motor wagons on their way to the front with munitions. (The Illustrated War News, 22 March 1916)

29 To pave the way for the guns: French motor vehicles transport logs for constructing roads for artillery, near Verdun. (The Illustrated War News, 22 March 1916)

30 At Verdun: An unexploded German shell enclosed in wire netting to prevent accidental discharge by French soldiers. (The Illustrated War News, 22 March 1916)

31 A French field searchlight on its travelling carriage, waiting to be moved to the firing line. (The Illustrated War News, 19 April 1916)

32 Air torpedoes at Verdun: A French soldier preparing to fire one under the direction of an officer. (The Illustrated War News, 19 April 1916)

33 Effects of French heavy guns near Verdun: Remains of a captured German trench wrecked by bombardment. (The Illustrated War News, 22 March 1916)

34 Paris motor buses about to head out to the frontline to deliver provisions. (The Illustrated War News, 15 March 1916)

35 French soldiers repairing wire entanglements. (The Illustrated War News, 24 May 1916)

36 Drinking water for the frontline trenches. (The Illustrated War News, 24 May 1916)

37 Light railways were used by the French for transporting the wounded to a field ambulance. Here we see a stretcher case on a truck. (The Illustrated War News, 5 April 1916)

38 ‘Hecatombs’ – Sacrificed to the moloch of Prussian militarism: Massed infantry attacking at Verdun mown down by the French guns. (The Illustrated War News, 29 March 1916. Drawn by Frederic de Haenen)

39 A French bivouac in a church in the environs of Verdun. (The Illustrated War News, 19 April 1916)

40 Relief column on its way to the frontlines at Verdun. (The War Budget, 16 March 1916)

41 French artillery depot behind the Verdun battle zone. (The Illustrated War News, 15 March 1916)

42 One of France’s famous motor guns in action dropping shells into the German lines 5km (3 miles) away. (The War Budget, 16 March 1916)

43 German prisoners at Verdun: One of the batches lined up in a village for General Joffre’s inspection. (The Illustrated War News, 22 March 1916)

44 German prisoners working under a French guard. (The Illustrated War News, 7 June 1916)

45 ‘The Road-bed’ – cartoon depicting the slaughter at Verdun. (The War Budget, 30 March 1916. New YorkEvening Telegram)

46 Heavy artillery, such as these siege guns held in reserve, were critical to the French victory at Verdun. (The Illustrated War News, 19 April 1916)

47 Supplies of French heavy shells on their way to the firing line: Motor ammunition wagons on the road. (The Illustrated War News, 22 March 1916)

48 ‘The growing pile’ – cartoon depicting the effect of defeat at Verdun on ‘Germany’s hopes’. (The War Budget, 16 March 1916. Montreal Star)

49 The burning debris of a German aeroplane destroyed by the French in the region of Verdun. (The Illustrated War News, 24 May 1916)

50 Section of the Maginot Line, 1944. (Author’s collection)

INTRODUCTION

It is the fate of some towns, cities, regions and even entire nations to have histories written in blood and war. Usually this situation is a by-product of location, the place sitting on some political or social fault line that periodically gives way to violence and upheaval. The area in and around Verdun in northern France is one such place.

The town of Verdun sits some 225km (140 miles) due east of the French capital, Paris, roughly 40km (25 miles) from the German border. Its origins stretch back to the fourth century BC, when Celtic tribesmen founded the settlement named Virodunum, on the banks of the River Meuse. The settlement grew steadily over the next 500 years, the Celts then the Romans appreciating its strategic position for controlling one of the Meuse’s key crossings, and its convenient location between the towns of Reims and Metz. The Huns also recognised Verdun’s inherent advantages, sacking the town comprehensively in AD 450.

If we were to look for the earliest roots of the 1916 battle that is the subject of this book, then the Treaty of Verdun in AD 843 would be a reasonable place to start. The treaty saw the complicated and contentious division of the Carolingian Empire between the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious (r. 814–40). Although this political solution brought a temporary end to the immediate struggles of the Carolingian Civil War, its effect on Verdun itself was to make the town a political ping-pong ball, knocked between the French and the Germans. The town was largely under German authority until 1552, when it was diplomatically acquired for France (along with Metz and Toul) by Henry II (r. 1154–89), although it took more than 100 years for the Germans to acknowledge French sovereignty, as part of the Peace of Westphalia treaties (signed May–October 1648).

By this time, Verdun was also beginning its transformation into a fortified military outpost. Following the construction of a defensive citadel between 1624 and 1636, the great military engineer Sebastien Le Prestre, known as Marshal Vauban, was commissioned by Louis XIV (r. 1643–1715) to transform France’s border defences, including those at Verdun, which would act as a protective sentinel across the approaches to Paris. A map from 1695 shows a classic geometric citadel, surrounded by an equally ornate curtain wall, sat astride both banks of the Meuse, although building these structures would drag on well into the eighteenth century.

The reputation of Verdun’s defences and defenders was dealt a savage blow in the 1790s, amidst the Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802), when the town surrendered to Prussian forces on 3 September 1792. Although it was reclaimed by French troops just over a month later, Verdun’s vulnerability to a determined enemy was apparent. This lesson was reiterated in 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71). Following Emperor Napoleon III’s initial spirited invasion of the Prussian Rhineland with the 200,000-strong Army of the Rhine, the Prussians quickly began to assert their tactical and technological superiority. A series of progressive French defeats led to the surrender of Verdun, with full military honours, on 8 November 1871; the Prussians would stay in occupation until September 1873. Worse still for France, the final Prussian victory in the war not only led to the creation of a unified, and powerful, united German state in Europe, but France’s territorial loss of Alsace and Lorraine to the Germans meant that the Franco-German border was pushed further westwards towards Paris. The Meuse was now the principal physical barrier against a future German invasion and Verdun was a key strongpoint.

Defeat in the Franco-Prussian War galvanised the French to establish a Comité de Défense (Defence Committee), which would oversee the creation of a new chain of fortified border defences, chiefly under the direction of the military engineer Séré de Rivières. The work would continue for several decades, many of the fortifications having to be re-designed during the 1880s and 1890s to respond to new threats from more powerful rifled artillery and high explosives. Nevertheless, by the time a major European war broke out again in 1914, Verdun cast an imposing shadow over the French landscape. It featured a total of nineteen major forts, armed with concrete- and metal-emplaced 155m and 75mm cannon and machine guns, with a total of forty-seven armoured observation posts set about the landscape. The garrison of the Verdun region numbered 65,000 men.

As history now reveals, the global conflict that raged between 1914 and 1918 was one that truly rang the changes in the tactics and strategies of warfare. In the past, when the range and potency of artillery was less and the absence of railways reduced army mobility, massive static defences made a good degree of sense. They acted as breakwaters against which armies would smash themselves, bulwarks to sap the energy from the enemy attempts to advance and claim ground. In the First World War, however, almost every aspect of military operations underwent a revolution. Logistics, air power, artillery, communications, tactical manoeuvre, infantry firepower, command-and-control, uniforms and equipment – everything was modernised by the demands of both the scale of the conflict and the processes of industrialisation inherent in total war. Fortresses such as those at Verdun had an uncertain role in this changing landscape, especially as the offensive became the doctrinal focus of the French high command (see ‘The Armies’ chapter). What fortresses still provided, however, was both a gathering point for major accumulations of troops, and locations that commanded a very real sense of national pride. It was upon these factors that the German forces, in 1916, would precipitate one of history’s most horrific battles. In an engagement of grotesque attrition between February and December 1916, one million men would be casualties, including about 300,000 battlefield deaths. If ever there was a near-perfect demonstration of the brutality inherent in the emerging era of modern warfare, it was to be found at Verdun.

TIMELINE

1914

3–4 August

Germany declares war on France and Belgium

5–10 September

German invasion of France stopped at the First Battle of the Marne

September–December

German, British and French forces establish trench networks running from the Channel coast down to Switzerland

1915

January–November

French forces make a series of offensives throughout the year in the Champagne, Artois and Lorraine

20 June– 13 July

The Germans prosecute their Meuse–Argonne offensive. Neither the French nor German attacks change the lines significantly

16 December

Joffre receives official complaints about the state of the defences at Verdun, and warnings of future German offensives in the region

1916

21 February

The Battle of Verdun begins with a lengthy German preparatory bombardment and an infantry assault

22 February

Bois des Caures overrun

25 February

Fort Douaumont is captured by the Germans. Pétain takes command of the Verdun sector

4 March

Douaumont village is captured

6 March

Germans push their offensive at Verdun down the left bank of the Meuse

6 March– 9 April

Intense fighting continues at Verdun, focused on places such as Forges, Regnéville, Le Mort-Homme, Fort Vaux, Haucourt and Malancourt

9 April

Germans launch a five-division attack on the left bank of the Meuse, establishing positions on Le Mort-Homme

April

French forces make several counter-attacks, although with little change in the frontlines

30 April

Pétain takes command of Army Group Centre; Nivelle becomes commander of Second Army

June

Heavy fighting in the Thiaumont–Fleury–Souville sector

8 June

Fort Vaux surrenders to the Germans

23 June

German offensive captures the Thiaumont Redoubt

1 July

Anglo-French Somme offensive begins further north, drawing off German reserves from Verdun

24 October

French forces launch a major counter-offensive at Verdun, capturing Thiaumont Redoubt and Farm, Fort Douaumont and several other key locations

2 November

French recapture Fort Vaux

15 December

A new French offensive pushes German forces back to the Bois de Chaume. The Germans have by now lost nearly all their territorial gains at Verdun

1917

20–26 August

A major French offensive at Verdun makes several more key gains in the sector, plus inflicts heavy losses on the German defenders

1918

26 September

A Franco-American offensive in the Meuse–Argonne sector puts the Germans into their final retreat. By October the Germans have lost the Bois des Caures

11 November

Armistice signed, bringing war on the Western Front to an end