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This is the third volume of a new series of publications by Delphi Classics, the best-selling publisher of classical works. A first of its kind in digital print, the ‘Masters of Art’ series allows Kindle readers to explore the works of the world’s greatest artists in comprehensive detail. This volume presents the complete paintings and letters of the Dutch master Vincent van Gogh. For all art lovers, this stunning collection offers a personal and unique digital portrait of one of the world’s greatest artists.Features:* the complete paintings of Vincent van Gogh — over 800 paintings, fully indexed and arranged in chronological order* features a special ‘Highlights’ section, with concise introductions to the masterpieces, giving valuable contextual information* beautiful 'detail' images, allowing you to explore van Gogh's celebrated works in detail* numerous images relating to van Gogh’s life and works* includes over 800 letters — explore the artist’s vast and scholarly correspondence with his brother Theo* EVEN includes the detailed biography by van Gogh’s sister-in-law* hundreds of images in stunning colour - highly recommended for Kindle Fire, iPhone and iPad users, or as a valuable reference tool on traditional KindlesCONTENTS:The HighlightsSTILL LIFE WITH CABBAGE AND CLOGSAVENUE OF POPLARS IN AUTUMNTHE POTATO EATERSSKULL WITH BURNING CIGARETTESELF-PORTRAIT WITH STRAW HATTHE WHITE ORCHARDPORTRAIT OF THE POSTMAN JOSEPH ROULINSTILL LIFE: VASE WITH TWELVE SUNFLOWERSVINCENT’S HOUSE IN ARLES (THE YELLOW HOUSE)THE CAFÉ TERRACE ON THE PLACE DU FORUM, ARLES, AT NIGHTPORTRAIT OF DR. GACHETVINCENT’S BEDROOM IN ARLESVINCENT’S CHAIR WITH HIS PIPETHE RED VINEYARDSELF-PORTRAIT WITH BANDAGED EARTHE STARRY NIGHTWHEAT FIELD WITH CYPRESSESIRISESWHEAT FIELD WITH CROWSThe PaintingsTHE COMPLETE PAINTINGSALPHABETICAL LIST OF PAINTINGSThe LettersTHE CORRESPONDENCE OF VINCENT VAN GOGHThe BiographyMEMOIR OF VINCENT VAN GOGH by Johanna Gesina van Gogh
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Seitenzahl: 4335
(1853–1890)
Contents
The Highlights
Still Life with Cabbage and Clogs
Avenue of Poplars in Autumn
The Potato Eaters
Skull with Burning Cigarette
Self-Portrait with Straw Hat
The White Orchard
Portrait of the Postman Joseph Roulin
Still Life: Vase with Twelve Sunflowers
Vincent’s House in Arles (The Yellow House)
The Café Terrace on the Place Du Forum, Arles, at Night
Portrait of Dr. Gachet
Vincent’s Bedroom in Arles
Vincent’s Chair with His Pipe
The Red Vineyard
Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear
The Starry Night
Wheat Field with Cypresses
Irises
Wheat Field with Crows
The Paintings
The Complete Paintings
Alphabetical List of Paintings
The Letters
The Correspondence of Vincent Van Gogh
The Biography
Memoir of Vincent Van Gogh by Johanna Gesina Van Gogh
The Delphi Classics Catalogue
© Delphi Classics 2014
Version 2
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Masters of Art Series
Vincent van Gogh
By Delphi Classics, 2014
Masters of Art - Vincent van Gogh
First published in the United Kingdom in 2014 by Delphi Classics.
© Delphi Classics, 2014.
ISBN: 9781908909596
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form other than that in which it is published.
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Vincent van Gogh was born at “Markt 29” in Zundert, Netherlands. The flag marks the room in which he was born. The house no longer stands.
Zundert today
THE HIGHLIGHTS
In this section, a sample of some of van Gogh’s most celebrated works are provided, with concise introductions, special ‘detail’ reproductions and additional biographical images.
Van Gogh, aged 13
Vincent van Gogh was born on 30 March 1853 in Groot-Zundert, in the predominantly Catholic province of North Brabant in the southern Netherlands. The oldest surviving child of Theodorus van Gogh, a minister of the Dutch Reformed Church, and Anna Cornelia Carbentus, the child was given the name of his grandfather, and of a brother stillborn exactly a year before his birth. Van Gogh's mother came from a prosperous family in The Hague and she was a rigid and religious woman, who emphasised, at times severely, the importance of family.
Van Gogh was a serious and thoughtful child, taught at home by his mother and a governess. In 1864 he was placed in a boarding school at Zevenbergen, where he felt abandoned and begged to come home. Instead, his parents sent him to the middle school in Tilburg in 1866, where he was deeply unhappy. From a young age he was interested in art and was encouraged to draw by his mother. He was taught by Constantijn C. Huysmans, who had been a successful artist in Paris, and was now based at Tilburg. Huysmans’ philosophy was to reject technique in favour of capturing the impressions of forms, particularly nature or common objects. Nevertheless, van Gogh's intense unhappiness seems to have overshadowed the lessons, which would have little lasting effect.
In July 1869 van Gogh's uncle Cent obtained a position for him at the art dealers Goupil & Cie in The Hague. After completing his training in 1873, he was transferred to Goupil's London branch at Southampton Street, and took lodgings at 87 Hackford Road, Stockwell. This was a happy time for the budding artist; he was successful at work and at the age of twenty he was earning more than his father. He became infatuated with his landlady's daughter, Eugénie Loyer, but was rejected after confessing his feelings, as she was secretly engaged to a former lodger. He grew more isolated and religiously fervent. His father and uncle arranged a transfer to Paris in 1875, where he became resentful of issues, such as the degree to which the firm treated art as a mere commodity; he was dismissed a year later.
The early canvas Still Life with Cabbage and Clogs was completed while van Gogh was living in The Hague in December, 1881. Currently housed in the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam, it depicts everyday belongings that are typical of other still life subjects in van Gogh’s early works. The ‘earthy’ dark colours are also characteristic of this period.
After settling in The Hague, van Gogh called on his cousin-in-law, the painter Anton Mauve, who introduced him to painting in both oil and watercolour. She also lent him the money to set up a studio. Nevertheless, the two soon fell out, possibly over a disagreement about drawing from plaster casts, and Mauve appears to have suddenly grown cold towards van Gogh, choosing not to return a number of his letters. The young artist supposed his relative did not approve of his domestic arrangement with an alcoholic prostitute, Clasina Maria “Sien” Hoornik and her young daughter.
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This early canvas was completed in 1884 and presents a lone figure of a woman, head covered and clothed in shadow, walking towards the viewer on the right side of a darkening path. The painting evokes an atmosphere of isolation and melancholy, enhanced by the rich autumnal colours and the theme of the dying day. Threatening shadows slash across the path, heightening the sinister mood.
In October 1884, van Gogh described the work to his brother Theo, an art dealer living and working in Amsterdam, explaining that “the last thing I made is a rather large study of an avenue of poplars, with yellow autumn leaves, the sun casting, here and there, sparkling spots on the fallen leaves on the ground, alternating with the long shadows of the stems. At the end of the road is a small cottage, and over it all the blue sky through the autumn leaves.”
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Created in April 1885, while van Gogh was staying in Nuenen in the Dutch province of Noord-Brabant, this early painting is also housed in the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam. During March and April 1885, van Gogh sketched studies for the painting and corresponded with his brother, who was not impressed with the work. The artist persevered with the painting until the beginning of May, when it was mostly complete, except for minor changes which he made with a small brush later the same year.
Van Gogh said he wanted to depict peasants as “they really were”. He deliberately chose coarse and unattractive models, believing they would be natural and unspoiled in his finished work. In a letter to Theo, he explained, “You see, I really have wanted to make it so that people get the idea that these folk, who are eating their potatoes by the light of their little lamp, have tilled the earth themselves with these hands they are putting in the dish, and so it speaks of manual labour and — that they have thus honestly earned their food. I wanted it to give the idea of a wholly different way of life from ours — civilised people. So I certainly don’t want everyone just to admire it or approve of it without knowing why.”
Writing to his sister Willemina two years later, van Gogh still considered The Potato Eaters his most successful painting: “What I think about my own work is that the painting of the peasants eating potatoes that I did in Nuenen is after all the best thing I did” However, the painting was criticised by his friend Anthon van Rappard soon after it was completed, which was a blow to van Gogh’s confidence. He wrote back to his friend, “you... had no right to condemn my work in the way you did.”
On April 14, 1991, twenty major paintings were stolen from the Vincent van Gogh National Museum, including The Potato Eaters. For unknown reasons, the thieves abandoned the artworks thirty-five minutes after the robbery and the paintings were quickly recovered.
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The windmill at Nuenen today
Housed in the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam, the following plate was completed in 1886, portraying the unusual subject of a skeleton smoking a cigarette. The work has roused many interpretations, including a depiction of mortality and a prophetic cry of the dangers of tobacco. In the next two years, van Gogh painted two other paintings with skulls, illustrating his fascination with the macabre subject.
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One of two other skull paintings (1882)
One of two other skull paintings (1888)
This canvas was completed in the summer of 1887 and is now housed in the Detroit Institute of Arts. The dozens of self-portraits by van Gogh are an important part of his oeuvre, charting a vast range of emotions throughout the artist’s short life. As in all the self-portraits, this painting depicts van Gogh’s face as it appeared in the mirror. This work is particularly lurid in its choice of colours, with a vibrant blue uncharacteristic of van Gogh’s other works in this genre. The artist portrays one eye in shadow, while he peers at the viewer with a searching gaze, at one time suggesting suspicion and at another curiosity.
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In the spring of 1888, while staying in Arles, southern France, van Gogh created a series of paintings now known as The Flowering Orchards. The artist arrived in Arles in February 1888 during a snowstorm, but within two weeks the weather had changed and the fruit trees were in blossom. Appreciating the symbolism of rebirth, van Gogh worked with zeal on fourteen paintings of flowering trees in the early spring.
In April he completed The White Orchard, which now hangs in the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam. Van Gogh wrote at the time in a letter to his brother Theo, “I am working on some plum trees, yellowish-white, with thousands of black branches.” Two days later he wrote of the same painting, “This morning I worked on an orchard of plum trees in bloom; all at once a fierce wind sprang up, an effect I had seen nowhere else but here, and returned at intervals. The sun shone in between, and all the little white flowers sparkled. It was so lovely. My friend the Dane came to join me, and I went on painting at the risk and peril of seeing the whole show on the ground at any moment - it’s a white effect with a good deal of yellow in it, and blue and lilac, the sky white and blue.”
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Van Gogh painted the family of postman Joseph Roulin in the winter of 1888. The family included Joseph Roulin, the postman; his wife, Augustine; and their three children. Van Gogh described the family as “really French, even if they look like Russians.” Over the course of just a few weeks, he painted Augustine and the children several times. Van Gogh used colour for dramatic effect. Each family member’s clothes are portrayed in bold primary colours and van Gogh used contrasting colours in the background to intensify the impact of the work.
Completed in 1888, the following plate is housed in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. It depicts Joseph, the father of the family, who was born on 4 April 1841 in Lambesc. Van Gogh and the postman became good friends and drinking companions. Van Gogh compared Roulin to Socrates on many occasions. In appearance, Roulin reminded the painter of the Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoyevsky, who had the same broad forehead, nose and shape of beard.
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Van Gogh completed two series of still life paintings of sunflowers. The earlier series was executed in Paris in 1887, depicting the flowers lying on the ground, while the second series was undertaken a year later in Arles, portraying bouquets of sunflowers in a vase. Van Gogh had hoped to welcome and impress his artist friend Gauguin with a Sunflowers work, which he hung in the guestroom of his Yellow House where Gauguin stayed.
In a letter to his brother Theo, van Gogh wrote, “It is a kind of painting that rather changes in character, and takes on a richness the longer you look at it. Besides, you know, Gauguin likes them extraordinarily. He said to me among other things, ‘That...it’s...the flower.’ You know that the peony is Jeannin’s, the hollyhock belongs to Quost, but the sunflower is somewhat my own.”
The sunflowers painting now housed in the Neue Pinakothek museum in Munich offers a particularly vibrant palette. The work is accentuated with deep sky blues and golden oranges, representing a time when van Gogh was truly happy, welcoming his friend Gauguin, with dreams of establishing an artists’ commune.
As van Gogh anticipated, his sunflower works have gone on to largely symbolise his corpus of works, with no Van Gogh exhibitions since 1901 voluntarily missing them out. There have been many forgeries of these works and they have also encouraged record-setting prices at auctions.
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This painting depicts the right wing of 2 Place Lamartine, Arles, France — the house van Gogh rented in May 1888. The window on the first floor near the corner with both shutters open is the artist’s guest room, where Gauguin lived for nine weeks later in the same year. Behind the next window, with one shutter closed, is van Gogh’s bedroom. Van Gogh depicts the restaurant, where he used to have his meals, in the building painted pink close to the left edge of the painting. To the right side of the Yellow House, the Avenue Montmajour runs down to the two railway bridges. The first line, with a train just passing, served the local connection to Lunel, which is on the opposite bank of the river Rhône. Sadly, the building was severely damaged in a bombing raid by the Allies on June 25, 1944 and was later demolished.
The painting was executed in September 1888, at which time van Gogh sent a sketch of the composition to his brother Theo, describing, “a sketch of a 30 square canvas representing the house and its setting under a sulphur sun under a pure cobalt sky. The theme is a hard one! But that is exactly why I want to conquer it. Because it is fantastic, these yellow houses in the sun and also the incomparable freshness of the blue. All the ground is yellow too. I will soon send you a better drawing of it than this sketch out of my head.
“The house on the left is yellow with green shutters. It’s the one that is shaded by a tree. This is the restaurant where I go to dine every day. My friend the factor is at the end of the street on the left, between the two bridges of the railroad. The night café that I painted is not in the picture, it is on the left of the restaurant.”
The Yellow House has never left the artist’s estate. Since 1962, it has been held by the Vincent van Gogh Foundation, established by the artist’s nephew, and is permanently housed in the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam.
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A watercolour of the house also by the artist
Completed in Arles, France, in September 1888, this canvas depicts the north-eastern corner of the Place du Forum, looking south towards the terrace of the popular coffee house and the darkness of the rue du Palais. Towards the right, van Gogh portrays a lighted shop, with branches of the trees surrounding the place. After finishing the work, the artist wrote a letter to his sister, saying, “I was only interrupted by my work on a new painting representing the exterior of a night café. On the terrace there are small figures of people drinking. An immense yellow lantern illuminates the terrace, the facade, the side walk and even casts light on the paving stones of the road which take a pinkish violet tone. The gables of the houses, like a fading road below a blue sky studded with stars, are dark blue or violet with a green tree. Here you have a night painting without black, with nothing but beautiful blue and violet and green and in this surrounding the illuminated area colours itself sulfur pale yellow and citron green. It amuses me enormously to paint the night right on the spot. Normally, one draws and paints the painting during the daytime after the sketch. But I like to paint the thing immediately. It is true that in the darkness I can take a blue for a green, a blue lilac for a pink lilac, since it is hard to distinguish the quality of the tone. But it is the only way to get away from our conventional night with poor pale whitish light, while even a simple candle already provides us with the richest of yellows and oranges.”
Café Terrace at Night is the first painting in which van Gogh used starry backgrounds. Later, he went on to use this technique more prominently in TheStarry Night.
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The same view in modern times
This following plate is a portrait of Dr. Paul Gachet, who took care of van Gogh during the final months of his life. There are two authenticated versions of the canvas, both painted in June 1890 at Auvers. They portray the doctor sitting at a table and leaning his head on his right arm, but they are differentiated in colour and style. In the more famous version of the painting, two yellow books as well as the purple medicinal herb foxglove are displayed on the table. The foxglove in the painting is a plant from which digitalis is extracted for the treatment of certain heart complaints, perhaps an attribute of Gachet as a doctor.
In 1890, Theo was searching for a home for his brother after his release from the asylum at Saint-Rémy. Upon the recommendation of Camille Pissarro, a former patient of the doctor, who told Theo of Gachet’s interests in working with artists, Theo sent Vincent to Gachet’s second home in Auvers.
Van Gogh’s first impression of Gachet was unfavourable, as shown when he wrote to his brother, “I think that we must not count on Dr. Gachet at all. First of all, he is sicker than I am, I think, or shall we say just as much, so that’s that. Now when one blind man leads another blind man, don’t they both fall into the ditch?” However, a letter dated two days later to their sister Wilhelmina, he remarked, “I have found a true friend in Dr. Gachet, something like another brother, so much do we resemble each other physically and also mentally.”
Later in the year, van Gogh wrote to Theo, “I’ve done the portrait of M. Gachet with a melancholy expression, which might well seem like a grimace to those who see it... Sad but gentle, yet clear and intelligent, that is how many portraits ought to be done... There are modern heads that may be looked at for a long time, and that may perhaps be looked back on with longing a hundred years later.”
Van Gogh wrote to Paul Gauguin that in the painting the expression on the doctor’s face bears “the heartbroken expression of our time”, which comment has now achieved an element of fame in itself.
In 1990, the portrait fetched a record price of $82.5 million at auction in New York and so the work now resides in a private collection.
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The second version, housed in the Musée d’Orsay, Paris
There are three versions of this painting, which are easily differentiated by the pictures on the wall to the right. The painting portrays van Gogh’s bedroom in Arles, Bouches-du-Rhône, known as his Yellow House. In the room, the door to the right opened to the upper floor and the staircase and the door to the left served the guest room he held prepared for Gauguin. The window in the front wall looked out towards Place Lamartine and the public gardens.
The first version was completed in October 1888 and is housed in the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam. In a letter to Theo, van Gogh wrote, “it simply reproduces my bedroom; but colour must be abundant in this part, its simplification adding a rank of grandee to the style applied to the objects, getting to suggest a certain rest or dream. Well, I have thought that on watching the composition we stop thinking and imagining. I have painted the walls pale violet. The ground with checked material. The wooden bed and the chairs, yellow like fresh butter; the sheet and the pillows, lemon light green. The bedspread, scarlet coloured. The window, green. The washbasin, orangey; the tank, blue. The doors, lilac. And, that is all. There is not anything else in this room with closed shutters. The square pieces of furniture must express unswerving rest; also the portraits on the wall, the mirror, the bottle, and some costumes. The white colour has not been applied to the picture, so its frame will be white, aimed to get me even with the compulsory rest recommended for me. I have depicted no type of shade or shadow; I have only applied simple plain colours, like those in crêpes.”
In April 1889, van Gogh sent the first version to his brother, regretting that it was damaged by the flood of the Rhône, while he was interned at the Old Hospital in Arles. Theo proposed to have it relined and sent back to him in order to copy it. This “repetition” in original scale was executed in September 1889. Both paintings were then sent back to Theo.
The first version never left the artist’s estate. Since 1962, it has been held in the possession of the Vincent van Gogh Foundation, established by Vincent Willem van Gogh, the artist’s nephew, and is on permanent loan to the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam. The second version is housed in the Art Institute of Chicago, whilst the third can be viewed in the Musée d’Orsay, Paris.
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A sketch of the bedroom made to Theo
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Completed in Arles late in 1888 and now housed in the National Gallery, London, this painting depicts the artist’s humble chair and pipe. The work was completed shortly after Gauguin’s departure from the Yellow House. The two artists had quarrelled bitterly, causing Gauguin to write to Theo, “The incompatibility of both our characters means that Vincent and I cannot live together peacefully. It is imperative that I leave.”
Vincent was devastated, seeing his dreams of establishing an artists’ commune with Gauguin shatter and disappear. In response, he painted his and Gauguin’s empty chairs, symbolising the loneliness and isolation that he felt. Van Gogh’s wooden chair is more modest, with the pipe and tobacco adding to its humble image; whilst Gauguin’s more elaborate chair, holding a book and candle, suggests learning and ambition. Van Gogh’s choice of colours for his chair include yellow and violet, hinting at daylight and a metaphorical idea of hope for the future. In contrast, Gauguin’s chair is depicted in darker colours of red and green, which along with the candle, enforce the idea of night-time. Together, the pictures represent day and night, with the painting of Gauguin’s chair suggesting that the absent friend had brought light and happiness to van Gogh’s evenings.
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Gauguin’s chair, completed close to the same time
Completed in early November 1888 in Arles, this canvas is supposedly the only work sold by van Gogh during his lifetime. The Red Vineyard was exhibited for the first time at the annual exhibition of Les XX, 1890 in Brussels, and sold for 400 Francs to Anna Boch, an impressionist painter, member of Les XX and art collector from Belgium. Anna was the sister of Eugène Boch, another impressionist painter and a friend of van Gogh, too, who had painted Boch’s portrait in Arles in the autumn of 1888.
The Red Vineyard was acquired by the famous Russian collector Sergei Shchukin. It was then nationalised by the Bolsheviks with the rest of his collection and eventually passed over to the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow.
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Anna Boch in her studio
This haunting portrait was completed in January 1889 and is housed in the Courtauld Institute Galleries, London. On 23 December 1888, frustrated and ill, van Gogh confronted Gauguin with a razor blade, but in panic, left and fled to a local brothel. Intensely lonely at the time, he often visited the prostitutes at a brothel on Rue du Bout d’Aeles as his single point of sensuous contact with other people. While there, he cut off his left ear, which he wrapped in newspaper and handed to a prostitute named Rachel, asking her to “keep this object carefully.” He staggered home, where he was later found by Gauguin lying unconscious, his head covered in blood.
Van Gogh was taken to a hospital and remained in a critical state for several days. He asked for Gauguin continually, but the Frenchman stayed away. Gauguin told one of the policeman attending the case, “Be kind enough, Monsieur, to awaken this man with great care, and if he asks for me tell him I have left for Paris; the sight of me might prove fatal for him.” Gauguin wrote to Theo, “His state is worse; he wants to sleep with the patients, chase the nurses, and washes himself in the coal bucket. That is to say, he continues the biblical mortifications.” Gauguin left Arles and never saw van Gogh again.
In January 1889, van Gogh returned to the Yellow House, but spent the following month between the hospital and home, suffering from hallucinations and delusions that he was being poisoned. In March, the police closed his house after a petition by 30 townspeople, who called him the ‘redheaded madman’. At this difficult time van Gogh painted this self-portrait, clearly emphasising the bandaged ear, which covers the left side of his face, contrasting strongly with the bright, vivid colours of the Japanese woodcut on the wall. The thick coat covering the artist might suggest that he seeks protection from the outside world, if not the horrors in his mind.
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Housed in the Museum of Modern Art in New York, this is one of the most famous paintings ever created and considered by many to be van Gogh’s masterpiece. Painted in September 1888, it depicts the view outside van Gogh’s sanatorium room window at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence at night, though it would have been painted from memory during the day.
In a letter to Theo, van Gogh explained, “it does me good to do what’s difficult. That doesn’t stop me having a tremendous need for, shall I say the word — for religion — so I go outside at night to paint the stars” In mid-September 1889, following a heavy crisis which lasted from mid-July to the last days of August, he thought to include the painting in the next batch of works to be sent to Theo in Paris. In order to reduce the shipping costs, he withheld three of the paintings, including The Starry Night, revealing his own critical view of the work.
The famous painting depicts the village of Saint-Rémy under a swirling sky, in a view from the asylum towards the north. The Alpilles far to the right fit to this view, but there is little rapport of the actual scene with the intermediary hills which seem to be derived from a different part of the surroundings, south of the asylum. The cypress tree to the left was added into the composition.
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This painting was completed in 1889 and is housed in the National Gallery, London. One of the most popular and widely known series of van Gogh’s paintings contains those works that depict cypresses. During the Summer of 1889, at his sister Wil’s request, he made several smaller versions of Wheat Field with Cypresses. The works are characterised by swirls and densely painted impasto, which was later used to such dramatic effect in The Starry Night.
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This painting was created by van Gogh while he was living at the asylum at Saint Paul-de-Mausole in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, in the year before his death in 1890. There is a lack of the high tension in the piece, which characterises many of his later works. The artist himself called the painting “the lightning conductor for my illness”, because he felt that he could prevent his insanity by continuing to paint.
The painting reveals the strong influence of Japanese woodblock prints, of which he and his brother Theo had a large collection. Many similarities occur between Japanese prints and van Gogh’s works, including pronounced outlines and unusual angles, with close-up views and flattish local colour.
Van Gogh considered this painting a study, which explains why there are no known drawings for it, although Theo clearly thought better of it, quickly submitting the painting to the annual exhibition of the Société des Artistes Indépendants in September 1889.
Irises was initially owned by the French art critic Octave Mirbeau, one of van Gogh’s first supporters, who paid 300 francs for the work. In 1987, Irises became the most expensive painting ever sold, breaking a two and a half year record, when it was sold for $53.9 million to Alan Bond.
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Completed in 1890 and housed in Amsterdam’s Van Gogh Museum, the following plate is often mistakenly believed to be van Gogh’s last work, due to its tragic undertones. Created on an elongated canvas, it depicts a dramatic, cloudy sky filled with crows over a wheat field. The turbulent wheat field fills two thirds of the canvas. Many critics believe van Gogh uses the crows as a symbol of death or his approaching insanity. The road, in contrasting colours of red and green, is said to represent the ‘journey of life’.
In July 1890, van Gogh wrote to Theo van Gogh and Jo Bonger, explaining he had painted another three large canvases at Auvers since visiting them in Paris on July 6. Two of these are described as immense stretches of wheatfields under storm-ridden skies, thought to be Wheatfield under Clouded Sky and Wheatfield with Crows, and the third is Daubigny’s Garden. He wrote that he had made a point of expressing sadness, later adding “extreme loneliness”, but also says he believes the canvases depict what he considers healthy and fortifying about the countryside.
The painting is regarded by some critics as being a precursor of modern art, illustrating how its freedom of brushwork and the haunting meaning it can evoke has influenced artists across the world.
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The house where van Gogh stayed in Cuesmes in 1880, when he decided to become an artist
The paintings are collected in chronological order and organised into sections relating to where van Gogh was living at the time of composition.
Early Works
Nuenen Works
Antwerp Works
Paris Works
Arles Works
Saint-Rémy Works
Auvers-sur-Oise Works
Index of Paintings
Please note:
Oil on canvas on panel39.0 x 41.5 cm.The Hague: Late November-mid-December, 1881
Oil on paper on panel34.0 x 55.0 cm.The Hague: late November-mid December, 1881
Oil on canvas36.5 x 53.5 cm.The Hague: Late November-mid-December, 1881
Oil on paper on panel35.5 x 49.5 cm.The Hague: August, 1882
Oil on canvas on cardboard34.0 x 25.0 cm.The Hague: August, 1882
Oil on panel36.0 x 58.5 cm.The Hague: August, 1882
Oil on canvas34.5 x 51.0 cm.Scheveningen: 21 or 22 August 1882
Oil on canvas on panel24.0 x 32.0 cm.The Hague: August, 1882
Oil on canvas on panel34.5 x 49.0 cm.The Hague: August, 1882
Oil on canvas on panel52.0 x 34.0 cm.The Hague: August, 1882
Oil on canvas on panel51.0 x 33.5 cm.The Hague: August, 1882
Oil on canvas on panel42.0 x 53.0 cm.The Hague: August, 1882
Oil on paper on panel31.0 x 29.5 cm.The Hague: August, 1882
Oil on panel35.0 x 47.0 cm.The Hague: August, 1882
Oil on canvas39.0 x 59.0 cm.The Hague: August, 1882
Oil on paper on panel35.0 x 24.5 cm.The Hague: August, 1882
Oil on paper on panel42.0 x 62.5 cm.The Hague: August, 1882
Oil on canvas on panel48.0 x 65.0 cm.The Hague: April, 1883
Oil on canvas on panel31.5 x 44.0 cm.The Hague: August, 1883
Oil on canvas on panel33.0 x 50.0 cm.The Hague: August, 1883
Oil on canvas60.0 x 45.8 cm.The Hague: August, 1883
Oil on panel33.5 x 48.5 cm.The Hague: August, 1883
Oil on canvas30.0 x 50.0 cm.The Hague: August, 1883
Oil on canvas19.0 x 47.5 cm.The Hague: August, 1883
Oil on canvas25.0 x 45.5 cm.The Hague: August, 1883
Oil on canvas39.5 x 94.5 cm.The Hague: August, 1883
Oil on canvas19.0 x 27.5 cm.The Hague: August, 1883
The Hague: August (?), 1883
Oil on canvas35.0 x 47.0 cm.The Hague: August, 1883
Oil on canvas35.5 x 55.5 cm.Nieuw-Amsterdam: mid September-mid November, 1883
Oil on canvas on panel28.5 x 39.5 cm.The Hague: September, 1883
Oil on canvas27.8 x 36.5 cm.Nieuw-Amsterdam: October, 1883
Oil on cardboard on panel36.0 x 53.0 cm.Drente: October, 1883
Oil on canvas on panel37.0 x 55.5 cm.Drente: October, 1883
Oil on panel30.5 x 39.5 cm.Drente: October, 1883
Oil on canvas37.5 x 55.0 cm.Nieuw-Amsterdam: mid November, 1883
Oil on canvas48.0 x 46.0 cm.Nuenen: January, 1884
Oil on canvas34.5 x 42.0 cm.Nuenen: February, 1884
Oil on canvas on panel37.0 x 45.0 cm.Nuenen: February, 1884
Oil on canvas61.0 x 85.0 cm.Nuenen: March, 1884
Oil on canvas on panel43.0 x 58.0 cm.Nuenen: April, 1884
Oil on canvas on panel41.0 x 57.0 cm.Nuenen: April-May, 1884
Oil on canvas on panel47.5 x 55.0 cm.Nuenen: May, 1884
Oil on canvas on panel33.5 x 44.0 cm.Nuenen: May, 1884
Oil on paper on panel25.0 x 57.0 cm.Nuenen: May, 1884
Oil on canvas on cardboard57.5 x 78.0 cm.Nuenen: May, 1884
Oil on panel19.0 x 41.0 cm.Nuenen: May, 1884
Oil on canvas70.0 x 85.0 cm.Nuenen: May, 1884
Oil on canvas55.0 x 79.0 cm.Nuenen: May, 1884
Oil on canvas60.0 x 80.0 cm.Nuenen: July, 1884
Oil on canvas on panel57.0 x 82.5 cm.Nuenen: July, 1884
Oil on canvas on cardboard35.0 x 47.0 cm.Nuenen: July, 1884
Oil on canvas61.0 x 93.0 cm.Nuenen: July, 1884
Oil on canvas67.7 x 93.2 cm.Nuenen: July, 1884
Oil on canvas on panel47.0 x 61.3 cm.Nuenen: July, 1884
Oil on paper on cardboard57.0 x 82.0 cm.Nuenen: Summer, 1884
Oil on canvas66.0 x 149.0 cm.Nuenen: August-September, 1884
Oil on canvas70.5 x 170.0 cm.Nuenen: September, 1884
Oil on canvas on cardboard67.0 x 126.0 cm.Nuenen: September, 1884
Oil on canvas on panel67.0 x 126.0 cm.Nuenen: September, 1884
Oil on canvas45.5 x 32.5 cm.Nuenen: October, 1884
Oil on canvas on panel99.0 x 66.0 cm.Nuenen: late October, 1884
Oil on canvas41.3 x 32.1 cm.Nuenen: January-February, 1884 and Autumn, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel46.0 x 35.0 cm.Nuenen: October, 1884
Oil on canvas42.7 x 31.7 cm.Nuenen: Autumn-Winter, 1884-85
Oil on canvas on panel30.5 x 40.0 cm.Nuenen: November, 1884
Oil on canvas on panel42.0 x 54.0 cm.Nuenen: November, 1884
Oil on canvas000 x 000 cm.Nuenen: November, 1884
Oil on canvas46.5 x 56.0 cm.Nuenen: November, 1884
Oil on canvas33.0 x 41.0 cm.Nuenen: November, 1884
Oil on canvas on panel31.5 x 41.5 cm.Nuenen: November, 1884
Oil on canvas29.5 x 39.5 cm.Nuenen: November, 1884
Oil on canvas40.0 x 56.0 cm.Nuenen: November, 1884
Oil on canvas on panel31.0 x 41.0 cm.Nuenen: November, 1884
Oil on canvas31.5 x 41.7 cm.Nuenen: November-April, 1884-85
Oil on canvas31.5 x 42.5 cm.Nuenen: September-mid-October, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel31.7 x 42.0 cm.Nuenen: November, 1884
Oil on panel29.5 x 41.5 cm.Nuenen: November, 1884
Oil on canvas on panel41.5 x 31.0 cm.Nuenen: November, 1884
Oil on cardboard75.0 x 100.0 cm.Nuenen: November, 1884
Oil on canvas on panel85.0 x 151.0 cm.Nuenen: November, 1884
Oil on canvas on panel45.0 x 58.0 cm.Nuenen: November, 1884
Oil on canvas60.0 x 78.5 cm.Nuenen: November, 1884
Oil on canvas39.4 x 30.2 cm.Nuenen: December, 1884
Oil on canvas on panel40.0 x 32.5 cm.Nuenen: December, 1884
Oil on canvas on panel35.0 x 26.0 cm.Nuenen: December, 1884
Oil on canvas42.0 x 33.3 cm.Nuenen: November-January, 1884-85
Oil on canvas on panel40.5 x 30.5 cm.Nuenen: December, 1884
Oil on canvas43.5 x 37.0 cm.Nuenen: December, 1884
Oil on canvas on cardboard33.0 x 26.0 cm.Nuenen: December, 1884
Oil on canvas36.5 x 29.5 cm.Nuenen: December, 1884
Oil on canvas on panel47.8 x 34.8 cm.Nuenen: November-May, 1884-85
Oil on canvas on panel36.0 x 26.0 cm.Nuenen: December, 1884
Oil on canvas marouflagued on triplex42.2 x 34.8 cm.Nuenen: March, 1885
Oil on canvas37.7 x 29.5 cm.Nuenen: November-January, 1884-85
Oil on canvas40.0 x 56.0 cm.Nuenen: September-mid-October, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel26.0 x 20.0 cm.Nuenen: January, 1885
Oil on canvas44.0 x 32.0 cm.Nuenen: January, 1885
Oil on canvas35.5 x 26.0 cm.Nuenen: January, 1885
Oil on canvas40.0 x 30.0 cm.Nuenen: January, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel37.5 x 24.5 cm.Nuenen: January, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel25.0 x 19.0 cm.Nuenen: January, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel36.0 x 25.5 cm.Nuenen: January, 1885
Oil on canvas39.5 x 30.0 cm.Nuenen: January, 1885
Oil on canvas40.6 x 31.7 cm.Nuenen: January, 1885
Oil on canvas40.0 x 30.5 cm.Nuenen: January, 1885
Oil on canvas38.0 x 30.0 cm.Nuenen: January, 1885
Oil on canvas on cardboard30.0 x 41.5 cm.Nuenen: January, 1885
Oil on canvas13.5 x 24.0 cm.Nuenen: January, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel53.0 x 78.0 cm.Nuenen: January, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel51.0 x 77.0 cm.Nuenen: January, 1885
Oil on canvas32.0 x 24.5 cm.Nuenen: February, 1885
Oil on canvas41.0 x 33.0 cm.Nuenen: February, 1885
Oil on canvas41.0 x 33.0 cm.Nuenen: February, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel43.0 x 31.0 cm.Nuenen: February, 1885
Oil on canvas41.0 x 31.5 cm.Nuenen: February, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel46.0 x 27.0 cm.Nuenen: February, 1885
Oil on canvas42.5 x 33.0 cm.Nuenen: February, 1885
Oil on canvas33.5 x 44.4 cm.Nuenen: Early April, 1885
Oil on canvas47.0 x 30.0 cm.Nuenen: February-March, 1885
Oil on canvas38.8 x 31.3 cm.Nuenen: March, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel38.0 x 28.5 cm.Nuenen: February-March, 1885
Oil on canvas39.0 x 26.0 cm.Nuenen: February-March, 1885
Oil on canvas40.5 x 31.7 cm.Nuenen: March, 1885
Oil on canvas43.2 x 34.2 cm.Nuenen: March-April, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel41.0 x 27.0 cm.Nuenen: February-March, 1885
Oil on canvas42.0 x 29.0 cm.Nuenen: February-March, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel41.0 x 32.5 cm.Nuenen: March, 1885
Canvas on panel38.5 x 26.5 cm.Nuenen: March, 1885
Nuenen: March, 1885
Oil on canvas42.7 x 33.5 cm.Nuenen: March, 1885
Oil on panel41.0 x 31.5 cm.Nuenen: March, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel47.0 x 34.5 cm.Nuenen: March, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel41.0 x 35.0 cm.Nuenen: March, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel41.0 x 31.5 cm.Nuenen: March, 1885
Oil on canvas39.0 x 30.5 cm.Nuenen: March, 1885
Oil on panel44.5 x 33.5 cm.Nuenen: March, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel28.5 x 18.5 cm.Nuenen: March, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel36.5 x 25.0 cm.Nuenen: March, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel36.0 x 27.0 cm.Nuenen: March, 1885
Oil on canvas on cardboard41.0 x 32.0 cm.Nuenen: March, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel41.0 x 26.0 cm.Nuenen: March, 1885
Oil on canvas on cardboard43.0 x 34.0 cm.Nuenen: March, 1885
Oil on canvas43.8 x 30.0 cm.Nuenen: March-May, 1885
Oil on canvas44.0 x 36.0 cm.Nuenen: March-April, 1885
Oil on canvas34.0 x 44.3 cm.Nuenen: March-April, 1885
Oil on canvas44.0 x 32.5 cm.Nuenen: March-April, 1885
Oil on canvas42.2 x 34.5 cm.Nuenen: March-May, 1885
Oil on canvas43.0 x 30.0 cm.Nuenen: March, 1885
Oil on canvas on cardboard47.5 x 35.5 cm.Nuenen: April, 1885
Oil on canvas on cardboard35.0 x 43.0 cm.Nuenen: April, 1885
Oil on canvas27.5 x 41.5 cm.Nuenen: April, 1885
Oil on canvas33.0 x 41.0 cm.Nuenen: April, 1885
Oil on canvas82.0 x 114.0 cm.Nuenen: April, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel72.0 x 93.0 cm.Nuenen: April, 1885
Oil on canvas65.7 x 78.5 cm.Nuenen: October, 1885
Oil on canvas23.0 x 34.0 cm.Nuenen: April, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel29.5 x 19.0 cm.Nuenen: April, 1885
Oil on canvas65.7 x 97.3 cm.Nuenen: mid May, 1885
Oil on canvas41.0 x 34.5 cm.Nuenen: May, 1885
Oil on canvas40.5 x 34.0 cm.Nuenen: May, 1885
Oil on canvas45.0 x 35.0 cm.Nuenen: May, 1885
Oil on canvas43.5 x 36.2 cm.Nuenen: May, 1885
Oil on canvas65.0 x 88.0 cm.Nuenen: late May-early June, 1885
Oil on canvas42.5 x 32.0 cm.Nuenen: March-May, 1885
Oil on canvas45.5 x 33.0 cm.Nuenen: March-May, 1885
Oil on canvas35.5 x 67.0 cm.Nuenen: June, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel30.5 x 40.0 cm.Nuenen: June, 1885
Oil on canvas44.0 x 59.5 cm.Nuenen: June, 1885
Oil on canvas22.5 x 34.0 cm.Nuenen: June, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel32.0 x 46.0 cm.Nuenen: June, 1885
Oil on canvas47.5 x 46.0 cm.Nuenen: June, 1885
Oil on canvas44.0 x 38.0 cm.Nuenen: June, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel29.5 x 40.0 cm.Nuenen: June, 1885
Oil on panel34.0 x 26.0 cm.Nuenen: June, 1885
Oil on canvas on cardboard31.3 x 42.0 cm.Nuenen: June, 1885
Oil on canvas33.0 x 43.0 cm.Nuenen: June-July, 1885
Oil on canvas60.0 x 85.0 cm.Nuenen: June-July, 1885
Oil on canvas62.0 x 113.0 cm.Nuenen: July, 1885
Oil on canvas63.5 x 76.0 cm.Nuenen: July, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel41.5 x 32.0 cm.Nuenen: July, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel39.0 x 55.0 cm.Nuenen: July, 1885
Oil on canvas45.5 x 31.5 cm.Nuenen: July-August, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel37.5 x 25.7 cm.Nuenen: July-August, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel42.0 x 32.0 cm.Nuenen: August, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel41.8 x 32.5 cm.Nuenen: late July-August, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel31.5 x 38.0 cm.Nuenen: August, 1885
Oil on canvas29.5 x 36.0 cm.Nuenen: August, 1885
Oil on canvas38.5 x 26.5 cm.Nuenen: August, 1885
Oil on canvas40.0 x 30.0 cm.Nuenen: August, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel31.5 x 42.5 cm.Nuenen: August, 1885
Oil on canvas30.0 x 47.0 cm.Nuenen: September, 1885
Oil on canvas45.0 x 60.5 cm.Nuenen: September, 1885
Oil on canvas50.8 x 66.0 cm.Nuenen: September, 1885
Oil on canvas75.0 x 93.0 cm.Nuenen: September, 1885
Oil on canvas35.5 x 45.0 cm.Nuenen: September, 1885
Oil on canvas33.0 x 43.5 cm.Nuenen: September, 1885
Oil on canvas44.0 x 57.0 cm.Nuenen: September, 1885
Oil on canvas33.5 x 44.0 cm.Nuenen: September, 1885
Oil on canvas40.5 x 60.4 cm.Nuenen: September, 1885
Oil on canvas65.5 x 80.5 cm.Nuenen: September, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel30.5 x 47.0 cm.Nuenen: September, 1885
Oil on canvas39.3 x 49.6 cm.Nuenen: September, 1885
Oil on canvas65.0 x 78.5 cm.Nuenen: September, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel58.0 x 85.0 cm.Nuenen: September, 1885
Oil on canvas32.3 x 43.2 cm.Nuenen: September, 1885
Oil on canvas59.0 x 84.5 cm.Nuenen: September-October, 1885
Oil on canvas39.3 x 46.5 cm.Nuenen: late September-early October, 1885 and 1886-87
O il on canvas33.0 x 42.0 cm.Nuenen: September-October, 1885
Oil on canvas31.4 x 43.0 cm.Nuenen: late September-early October, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel64.8 x 86.4 cm.Nuenen: October, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel32.0 x 39.5 cm.Nuenen: October, 1885
Oil on canvas33.0 x 43.0 cm.Nuenen: September-early October, 1885
Oil on canvas33.5 x 50.0 cm.Nuenen: October, 1885
Oil on canvas on panel43.0 x 57.0 cm.Nuenen: October, 1885
Oil on panel42.0 x 49.5 cm.Nuenen: October, 1885
Oil on panel19.0 x 25.5 cm.Nuenen: October, 1885
Oil on panel20.3 x 27.0 cm.Amsterdam: 8 October 1885
Oil on canvas on panel51.0 x 93.0 cm.Nuenen: October-November, 1885
Oil on canvas64.0 x 89.0 cm.Nuenen: November, 1885
Oil on paper on panel32.0 x 50.0 cm.Nuenen: November, 1885
Oil on canvas78.0 x 98.0 cm.Nuenen: November, 1885
Oil on canvas41.0 x 54.5 cm.Nuenen: November, 1885
Oil on panel92.0 x 104.0 cm.Nuenen: November, 1885
Oil on canvas41.5 x 79.0 cm.Nuenen: November, 1885
Oil on canvas42.0 x 30.0 cm.Nuenen: November, 1885
Oil on canvas50.0 x 40.0 cm.Antwerp: December, 1885
Oil on canvas46.0 x 38.5 cm.Antwerp: December, 1885
Oil on canvas44.0 x 33.5 cm.Antwerp: December, 1885
Oil on canvas35.0 x 24.0 cm.Antwerp: December, 1885
Oil on canvas44.5 x 33.5 cm.Antwerp: December, 1885
Oil on canvas60.0 x 50.0 cm.Antwerp: December, 1885
Oil on canvas32.0 x 24.5 cm.Antwerp: Winter, 1885/86
Oil on canvas55.2 x 38 cm.Paris: 1886
Oil on canvas31.5 x 21.5 cm.Paris: 1886
Cardboard on panel44.0 x 30.0 cm.Paris: 1886
Oil on canvas27.0 x 18.5 cm.Paris: 1886
Oil on canvas58.0 x 43.5 cm.Paris: 1886-87
Oil on canvas41.3 x 33.0 cm.Paris: 1886-87
Oil on paper on cardboard33.0 x 41.0 cm.Paris: first half 1886
Oil on canvas26.5 x 21.0 cm.Paris: first half 1886
Oil on canvas38.0 x 55.0 cm.Paris: Spring, 1886
Oil on canvas on panel31.0 x 22.5 cm.Paris: Spring, 1886
Oil on canvas27.0 x 22.5 cm.Paris: Spring, 1886
Oil on canvas47.0 x 38.0 cm.Paris: Spring, 1886
Oil on cardboard on multiplex board35.0 x 27.0 cm.Paris: Spring, 1886
Oil on canvas40.5 x 27.0 cm.Paris: Spring, 1886
Oil on canvas41.0 x 32.5 cm.Paris: Spring, 1886
Oil on cardboard on multiplex board32.5 x 24.0 cm.Paris: Spring, 1886
Oil on canvas35.0 x 27.0 cm.Paris: Spring, 1886
Oil on cardboard on multiplex board33.0 x 41.0 cm.Paris: Spring, 1886
Oil on cardboard on multiplex board35.0 x 27.0 cm.Paris: Spring, 1886
Oil on canvas41.5 x 32.5 cm.Paris: Spring, 1886
Oil on canvas46.5 x 38.5 cm.Paris: Spring, 1886
Oil on canvas46.0 x 38.0 cm.Paris: Spring, 1886
Oil on canvas27.0 x 19.0 cm.Paris: Spring, 1886
Oil on cardboard on multiplex board22.0 x 16.0 cm.Paris: Spring, 1886
Oil on canvas26.0 x 20.0 cm.